General Mathematics – Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode

Quarter 1 – Module 4: Exponential Functions
First Edition, 2019

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Published by the Department of Education – Region X – Northern Mindanao

Regional Director: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Development Team of the Module:
Development Team of the Module
Authors: Liza May Duran
Reviewers: Cherry Mae P. Casinillo
Author: Liza May Duran
Ruby L. Quilala
Syville Niňo U. Dumanon
Reviewers: Cherry Mae P.Jay
Illustrator: Casinillo Ruby L. Quilala
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ii
 11
General
Mathematics
Module 4
Exponential Functions

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

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encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
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Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

iii
 Table of Contents

Overview …………………………………………………………………….1
Module Content ………………………………………………………………1
Objectives ………………………………………………………………….....1
General Instructions ………………………………………………………….2
Pretest …………………………………………………………………………2
Lesson 1 ……………………………………………………………………….4
Activity 1 ………………………………………………………………..4
Activity 2 ………………………………………………………………..9
Lesson 2 ……………………………………………………………………..10
Activity 3 ………………………………………………………………13
Lesson 3 …………………………………………………………………...14
Activity 4 …………………………………………………………….20
Enrichment Activity ………………………………………………………….21
Summary/Generalizations …………………………………………………22
Posttest ……………………………………………………………………...23
Glossary ……………………………………………………………………..26
References ………………………………………………………………….27

v
 Overview

Have you observed that news stories, gossips or the latest trends in social
media spread rapidly in modern society? With broadcasts televisions and radios,
millions of people hear about important events within hours! Isn’t it amazing? In many
problems, key variables are related by linear models. There are many other important
situations in which variables are related by nonlinear patterns. One example is given
in the exploration, the spread of information. Other examples include spread of
disease, change in population, temperature, bank savings, drugs in the bloodstream,
and radioactivity.

Module Content

In this module, you are expected to learn on how to represent real-life situations
using exponential functions, distinguish between exponential functions, exponential
equations, exponential inequalities, graphs exponential functions and solves problems
involving exponential functions in real-life situations. Can we do it? But before we start,
let us have a short agreement on what you are going to do in order for you to learn on
this module.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you are expected to do the following:

1. represent real-life situations using exponential functions M11GM-Ie-3
2. distinguish between exponential function, exponential equation, and
exponential inequality M11GM-Ie-4
3. solve exponential equations and inequalities M11GM-Ie-f-1
4. represent an exponential function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph,
and (c) equation M11GM-If-2
5. find the domain and range of an exponential function M11GM-If-3
6. determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential function
M11GM-If-4
7. graph exponential functions M11GM-Ig-1
8. solve problems involving exponential functions, equations, and inequalities
M11GM-Ig-2

1
 General Directions

To achieve the objectives of this module, can you try to follow the steps
below? Great!

 First, bring with you a graphing paper or install a graphing calculator

(Geogebra) on your cellular phone.
 Second, take ample of time reading the lessons carefully.
 Third, read and follow instructions honestly.
 Fourth, answer the pre-assessment on the first part of the module.
 Then, do all the given test and exercises thoroughly.
 And lastly, take note of the definitions of the terms that is being highlighted in
through the discussion.

What I Know
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read the items carefully. Write your answer on the space
provided before each item.
______1. Which of the following functions represent an exponential function?
3𝑥𝑥2
A. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 B. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4
C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 D. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥
______2. Which of the following is an exponential equation?
A. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 B. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 9 C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 D. 128 = 3𝑥𝑥
______3. It is a function of the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 where b>0 and not equal to 1.
A. rational B. linear C. piece-wise D. exponential
______4. Which among the choices below represents an exponential inequality?
A. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 B. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ≥ 9 C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 D. 125 ≤ 5𝑥𝑥−3
______5. What value of x can make the equation 5𝑥𝑥+1 = 125 true?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

For items 6 and 7, refer to the situation below.

The half-life of a radioactive substance is 72 hours with an initial amount of
55 grams.
______6. Give an exponential function that models the situation above.
72 𝑡𝑡
1 𝑡𝑡 55 72
A. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (55) ( ) C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (2)
2
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
1 72 1 72
B. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (55) (2) D. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (155) (2)
______7. How much of the substance remains after 5 days?
A. 17.3 g B. 17.4 g C. 17.5 g D. 71.3 g
______8. What value of x can the expression 2 be equal to 𝑥𝑥 2 ?
𝑥𝑥

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

2
______9. What happen to the exponential function as the value of x decreases without
bound?

A. The function increases without bound.

B. The function approaches to infinity.
C. The function approaches to the line x=0.
D. The function approaches to the line y=0.
x x 2
_____ 10. What are the possible values of x in which the relation 3  9 is true?
A. all values of x greater than 4
B. all values of x greater than 6
C. all values of x less than 4
D. all values of x less than 6

Answer key on page 25

Your Pre-Test ends here! You may now start learning more about
Representations of Functions and Relations!
3
 Lesson
Exponential Functions In Action
1
Imagine that in a certain school, the school head delivers a message of class
suspension due to typhoon. His first goal is to send the message to two of his
constituents and his constituents send the message to another two, and so on. How
much time is needed so that everyone in the school know the announcement?

What’s In

Did you know that exponential function is a phenomenon that exists whenever
a quantity grows or diminishes at a rate proportional to its present value? Such
examples can be observed in businesses such as the compound interest, loans and
mortgages. It can also be used to describe population growth, radioactive decay and
in many other fields of study.

On this lesson, you are going to explore the characteristics and kinds of
exponential expressions such as equations, functions and inequalities.

What’s New

Activity 1: Paper Folding to the Moon

Directions. Your task in this activity is to perform the given steps or procedures below.
Fill in the given table of the number of folds and its corresponding number of partitions.
Write your answers on your journal notebook and submit next session. Enjoy!
Materials: 1 whole sheet of paper, pen, worksheet
Procedures:

1. Get a sheet of paper. Fold the paper once crosswise.

2. Record the number of partitions using Table 1 as a guide.
3. Fold the paper again, this time lengthwise.
Repeat procedure 2 until the 7th fold. Refer to the Table 1.

4
Table 1 Number of Folds and Its Corresponding Parts
Number Number of “How many times would you have to fold a piece of paper
of Folds Partitions for it to reach the Moon? How much paper do you need?

As it is observed if you fold a paper in half, the number of

partitions is doubled. Let’s say that a 500 page ream of
bond paper is 5 cm high which means that each bond
paper is 0.01 cm and the mean distance of the moon is
384,400 km from the Earth! Converting that figure into
centimeters and number of pages, we have
3.844 x 10^12 pages away. Amazing right!?

Guide questions:

1. How many partitions will you have by folding the paper 8 times? 10 times? X
times? _____
2. How many folds you must perform in order to have 512 partitions? ________
3. What pattern can you observed in Table 1? _______

Answer key on page 24

Definition
An exponential expression is an expression of the form 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 , where
𝑏𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.
An exponential function with base b is the function of the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 or
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
where 𝑏𝑏 > 0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.
Example: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 (base is 2) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 (base 3)
An exponential equation is an equation involving exponential expressions.
Example: 9 = 3𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥+1 = 27 252𝑥𝑥−2 = 125
An exponential inequality is an inequality involving exponential
expressions.
Example: 9 ≥ 3𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥+1 ≤ 27 252𝑥𝑥−2 > 125
Inequality Symbols:
 greater than (>)
 greater than or equal (≥)
 less than (<)
 less than or equal (≤)

5
 What is it?
Example 1. Determine whether the given expression is an exponential function,
exponential equation or exponential inequality.

1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 (Exponential function with a base 2)

2. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 3 (Not an exponential function since the variable is not in the
exponent)
3. 32 = 2𝑥𝑥−2 (Exponential equation)
4. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
(Exponential function with a base e also known as natural
exponential function)
5. 64 ≤ 2𝑥𝑥+3 (Exponential inequality)
Some of the commonly known applications of exponential functions are the
computations on population growth, exponential decay and compound interest.

Example 2 (Exponential Growth). In the beginning, God created the first man and
woman on Earth. Suppose their number doubles every 2 years. Give an exponential
function that models the situation. How many people on Earth will be after 30 years?
Solution.
Initially,

At t=0 Number of people on Earth=2

At t=2 Number of people on Earth =𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 =4
At t=4 Number of people on Earth=𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 =8
At t=6 Number of people on Earth=𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒 =16
At t=8 Number of people on Earth=𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓 =32
Have you figured the pattern already? What pattern can you derive from this?

Figure 1. Amount of population (y) per period of time (x)

6
 𝑡𝑡
The exponential model on this situation is 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (2)2 . After 30 years, the number of
30
people on Earth is given by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (2) 2 = (2)15 = 32, 768.

KINDS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS/MODELS

A. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH and DECAY

The exponential growth and decay can be modeled by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)𝑥𝑥 where a is the
initial amount, b is the growth factor, and x is the number of intervals. The half-life
of the substance is the time it takes for half of the substance to decay.

What kind of exponential functions are given in the examples?

In Example 1 (exponential growth), the initial amount a is 2 and the growth factor is 2
since it uses the term double and x is ranging from 1,2,3,4, and so on until it reach to
15.

Example 2 (Exponential Decay). The half-life of a radioactive substance is 1200

years. If the initial amount of substance is 300 grams, give an exponential model for
the amount remaining after t years. What amount of substance remains after 1000
years?
Solution:
Given: 𝑎𝑎 = 300 g
1
𝑏𝑏 = (ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)
2

1000 5
𝑥𝑥 = =
1200 6

1 𝑥𝑥
Exponential Model Use: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (300) (2)

1 𝑥𝑥
To find the amount of substance remains after 1000 years, let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (300) (2)
5
1 6
= (300) ( )
2
(replace x by 5/6)
= 168.37 grams (solve for f(x) as the amount of remaining substance)
Thus, the amount of substance remains after 1000 years is 168.37 grams.

Figure 1. Amount of substance (y) per period of time (x)

7
B. COMPOUND INTEREST

If a principal P is invested at an annual rate r, compounded annually, then the

amount after t years is given by
𝑨𝑨 = 𝑷𝑷(𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓)𝒕𝒕 .

EXAMPLE 3. Determine the amount of money that will be accumulated if a principal

of ₱10,000 is invested at an annual rate of 5% compounded yearly for 10 years.
Solution
Given: 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑃𝑃) = ₱10,000 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (𝑟𝑟) = 5% 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.05 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (𝑡𝑡) = 10 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

Find: Amount after 10 years

To solve for A, substitute the values given in the formula. Then,
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑟)𝑡𝑡 = 10,000 (1 + 0.05)10 = ₱16,288.95.

Hence, there will be ₱16,288.95 after 10 years.

C. NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

The natural exponential function is the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 .

EXAMPLE 4. The population of the Philippines can be approximated by the function

𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = 20000000𝑒𝑒 0.0251𝑥𝑥 (0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 40) where x is the number of years since 1955. Use
this model to approximate the Philippines population during the years of 1955, 1965,
1975 and 2005. Round off answers to the nearest thousand.

Solution.
x=time in years 1955 (x=0) 1965 (x=10) 1975 (x=20) 2005 (x=50)

P(x) 20,000,000 25,706,000 33,040,000 70,156,000

Congratulations! You have finished the lesson. Now let me know

how much you learn! Please turn to the next page and answer the
activity.

8
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 2

GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Answer as directed. Write your answers on your Activity

Notebook.

A. Determine whether the given expression is an exponential function, exponential

equation or exponential inequality. Choose your answer among the choices
below. (2 points each)
A. Exponential Function C. Exponential Equation
B. None of these D. Exponential Inequality

1. 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝟗𝟗 ______ 6. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 = 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙+𝟐𝟐 ______

2. 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ______ 7. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏 ______
3. 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝟒𝟒𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 ______ 8. 𝒚𝒚 ≥ 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙 ______
4. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 ______ 9. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ≤ 𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟐𝟐 ______
5. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙 ______ 10. 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒 ______

B. Solve the following problems. Show all your solutions. (5 points each)

1. A population in a barangay starts with 1,000 individuals and triples every 10

years. Give an exponential model to represents the population. What is the
population of the barangay after 20 years?

2. A bank offers a 2% annual interest rate, compounded annually for a certain

amount. Give an exponential model if ₱20,000.00 is invested under this
condition. How much money will there be in the account after 5 years?

3. The half-life of a radioactive substance is 1200 years. If the initial amount of the
substance is 300 grams, give an exponential model for the amount remaining
after t years. What amount of substance remains after 1000 years?

Answer key on page 25

9
 Lesson Solving Exponential Equations
2 And Inequalities

To start our discussion, we will be using some properties of exponential

functions to solve its equations and inequalities.
Take a look at this!

Property 1 (One-to-One Property)

If 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 ≠ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 , then 𝒃𝒃𝑥𝑥1 ≠ 𝒃𝒃𝑥𝑥2 . Similarly, if 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 , then 𝒃𝒃𝑥𝑥1 = 𝒃𝒃𝑥𝑥2 .

What is it

EXAMPLE 1
A. Solve the equation 2𝑥𝑥 = 8.
Solution By looking at the equation, you must think of the value of x in such a way
that when you raise 2 by that number, the answer is 8. What do you think is the
number? That’s right! That number should be 3 since 23 is 2 x 2 x 2 which is 8.
Thus, x is equal to 3.

B. Solve the equation 4𝑥𝑥+1 = 16.

Solution Write both sides with 4 as the base.

4𝑥𝑥+1 = 16 (Copy the given equation)

4𝑥𝑥+1 = 42 (Express the equation having the same base)
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 2 (Use of One-to-one property)
𝑥𝑥 = 2 − 1 (Addition Property of Equality)
𝑥𝑥 = 1 (Solved value of x)
Thus, the value of x is 1 to make the equation true.

C. Solve the equation 125𝑥𝑥−1 = 25𝑥𝑥+3 .

125𝑥𝑥−1 = 25𝑥𝑥+3 (Copy the given equation)

53(𝑥𝑥−1) = 52(𝑥𝑥+3) (Express the equation having the same base)

3(𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 2(𝑥𝑥 + 3) (Use of One-to-one property)

10
 3𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 6 (Distributive Property)

3𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 = 6 + 3 (Combine all the variables in one side and constants on
the other)
𝑥𝑥 = 9 (Solved value of x)
Solution Note that both 125 and 25 can be expressed with the base 5.
2
D. Solve the equation 9𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥+3 .
Solution Both sides of the equation can be expressed with the base 3.

2
9𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥+3 (Copy the given equation)
2)
32(𝑥𝑥 = 3(𝑥𝑥+3) (Express the equation having the same base)
2(𝑥𝑥 2 ) = (𝑥𝑥 + 3) (Use of One-to-one property)
2𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑥 + 3 (Distributive Property)
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0 (Equate to 0.)
(2𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 0 (Factor the equation to get the value of x)
(2𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 0 or (𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 0 (Addition Property of Equality)*
3
𝑥𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥𝑥 = −1 (Solved values of x)
*Addition Property of Equality- adding both sides of the equation with the same
number to make the equation true.
EXAMPLE 2

A. Solve the inequality 3𝑥𝑥 < 9𝑥𝑥−2.

3𝑥𝑥 < 9𝑥𝑥−2 (Copy the given inequality)

3𝑥𝑥 < 32(𝑥𝑥−2) (Express the equation having the same base)
𝑥𝑥 < 2(𝑥𝑥 − 2) (Since the base 3>1, then the direction of inequality
is retained)
𝑥𝑥 < 2𝑥𝑥 − 4 (Distributive Property)
4 < 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 (Combine similar terms)
4 < 𝑥𝑥 (Solved value of x)
Thus, the solution set to the inequality is {𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∥ 𝑥𝑥 > 4}

11
 Property 2 (Exponential Inequality)
If 𝑏𝑏 > 1, then the exponential function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is increasing for all x. This means that 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 if and
only if 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑦𝑦.
If 0 < 𝑏𝑏 < 1, then the exponential function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is decreasing for all x. This means that 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 > 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 if
and only if 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑦𝑦.

Solution Both 3 and 9 can be written using 3 as the base.

1 𝑥𝑥+5 1 3𝑥𝑥
B. Solve the inequality (10) ≥(
100
) .
Solution
1 12 1
Since 100 = 10 , then we write both sides of the inequality with the base 10
.

EXAMPLE 3. Solving Problems Involving Exponential Equations and

1 𝑥𝑥+5 1 3𝑥𝑥
( )
10
≥(
100
) (Copy the given inequality)

1 𝑥𝑥+5 1 2(3𝑥𝑥)
( )
10
≥( )
10
(Express the equation having the same base)
1
𝑥𝑥 + 5 ≤ 2(3𝑥𝑥) (Since the base 10 <1, then the direction of inequality is reversed)

𝑥𝑥 + 5 ≤ 6𝑥𝑥 (Distributive Property)

5 ≤ 6𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 (Combine similar terms)
5 ≤ 5𝑥𝑥 (Divide both sides by 5)
1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 (Solved value of x)
Thus, the solution set to the inequality is {𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∥ 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 1}
Inequalities

A. The half-life of Zn-71 is 2.45 minutes. At 𝑡𝑡 = 0, there were 𝑦𝑦0 grams of Zn-71,
1
but only 256 of this amount remains after some time. How much time has
passed?
Solution Using exponential models that you have learned previously, we can
determine that after t minutes, the amount of Zn-71 is
1 𝑡𝑡/2.45
𝑦𝑦0 ( )
2
.

12
 1 𝑡𝑡/2.45
Initial amount 𝑦𝑦0 ( ) time of half-life
of substance 2
1 𝑡𝑡/2.45 1
𝑦𝑦0 ( )
2
= 𝑦𝑦
256 0
(Copy the given equation)

1 𝑡𝑡/2.45 1
( )
2
=
256
(Cancel 𝑦𝑦0 since it is common to both sides of the
equation)
1 𝑡𝑡/2.45 1 8
( )
2
=( )
2
(Use the One-to-One Property)
𝑡𝑡
2.45
=8 (Distributive Property)

𝑡𝑡 = 8(2.45) (Solve for t)

𝑡𝑡 = 19.6 Thus, 19.6 minutes have passed since 𝑡𝑡 = 0.
1 𝑡𝑡/2.45 1
We solve the equation 𝑦𝑦0 (2) = 𝑦𝑦 .
256 0

What’s More

ACTIVITY 3

DIRECTIONS. Solve the following exponential equations and inequalities.

1
1. 169𝑥𝑥 = 13𝑥𝑥 4. 7𝑥𝑥 = 49
3 𝑥𝑥+1 25
2. (5) =
9
5. 43𝑥𝑥+2 < 64
49 𝑥𝑥+1 9
3. (81) ≥
7

Answer key on page 25

13
 Lesson Graphing Exponential Functions
3

What’s In
Can you still recall on plotting of points in the Cartesian plane?
Let us start! Look at the Cartesian plane below!

QII QI

QIII QIV

How many parts are there in the x-y plane? Is it four? No, there are seven parts in
the coordinate plane!
Can you name them?
These are the following:

a. Quadrant I (x,y)
b. Quadrant II (-x,y)
c. Quadrant III (-x,-y)
d. Quadrant IV (x, -y)
e. X-intercept (x,0) or (-x,0)
f. Y-intercept (0,y) or (0, -y)
g. Origin (0,0)

The x-coordinate is called the abscissa and the y-coordinate is the ordinate.
What do you think is the use of the Cartesian plane? (graphing)

You are right! We can illustrate the graph of a function using the x- and y-plane.
So, let us start with our topic on exponential functions.

14
 One way to graph exponential functions is with the use of the table of values to
show the points. Consider the examples below.

What’s More

How do you graph an exponential function?

1. Sketching the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 .

Steps:

1. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. The table of
values for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 is as follows:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8 16
2. Plot the points found in the table and connect using a smooth curve.

a. Plotting of points from the table of vales in Step 1.

15
 b. connecting the points through the smooth curve.

What can you observed in the graph above?

That’s right! The graph is increasing. Observe also that for all values of x, it gives a
positive y- values. And also, as the values of x decreases without bound, the function
approaches to the horizontal axis but never actually touch reach the line. Hence, the
line y=0 is called the horizontal asymptote.

Do you know what an asymptote is? Try to read again the underlined sentence above.
Did you get it now?

Asymptotes are line where the graph approaches but never touches. Well, it sounds
like your crush, right? But anyway, are you having fun so far? Let us continue!
How would you call a point that is located exactly on the y-axis?
The point that is on the y-axis is (0, 1). This point is called the y-intercept.
1 𝑥𝑥
2. Sketch the graph of 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = (2) . Can you fill in the corresponding values of y?
Just follow the steps above.

1. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function. The table of
1 𝑥𝑥
values for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 is as follows:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y

16
 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect using a smooth curve in the
Cartesian plane below.

What can be observed in the graph above? Fill in the blanks.

The graph is____________. For all values of x, it gives a ____________ y-values.

As x increases without bound, the value of the function approaches to_____.
Hence, the line y=0 is called the_______________.

How would you call a point that is located exactly on the x-axis? Does exponential
function has this point?

The point where the graph crosses the x-axis is called the x-intercept. And
exponential function has no x-intercept. Why do you think so?

Note that, exponential functions do not have x-intercept since its graph has
horizontal asymptote. This implies that the graph does not intersect the x-axis.

17
REMARKS: In general, the graph of the function depends on the value of the base
(e.i., b>1 or 0<b<1)

b>1 0<b<1

3. Transformation of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙

We’re almost there! This time let us have a comparison of our graphs to determine
its transformation. What do you know about transformation?
Sketch the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 in one plane.

Observe the graph above and together, let us analyze its behavior.

 All the graphs are increasing since b>1.

 The y-intercept of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 is _____.
 The y-intercept of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 is _____.
 The y-intercept of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 is 1.

18
  The line y=0 is the horizontal asymptote.
 The functions f, g and h have no zero. This means that there is no x-values
that makes the function 0.
 The base determines the steepness of the graph. Observe that in every 1 unit
change in x, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 increases by 2 times, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 increases
by 4 times.

Definition.
Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. The transformation of an exponential
function with the base the base b is the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑. It is defined as the
process where the graph of the function changes position without changing its
shape or size.

Transformations Involving Exponential Functions

Type of Equation Description
Transformation
Horizontal Translation 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙+𝒄𝒄 Shifts the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 c
units to the left, if c>0 and to
the right, if c<0.
Vertical Translation 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄 Shifts the graph 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 c
units upward, if c>0 and downward,
if c<0.
Reflection 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = −𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 Reflects the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙
about the x-axis.
Reflects the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃−𝒙𝒙 about the y-axis.
Vertical Stretching or 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒙𝒙 Multiplying y-coordinates of
Shrinking 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 by c.

Stretches the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) =

𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙
if c>1 and shrinks if c<1.

19
 ACTIVITY 4

DIRECTIONS. Consider the given exponential function. Sketch the graph of

ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥+2. Determine its domain, range, x-intercept and asymptote.

20
 Enrichment Activity

Read the following situation and write a reflection based on the questions
below.

Radioactive Substances
In July 2002, National Geographic ran an article about the problems
that America faces with its ever-growing amount of nuclear waste. Currently
the United States has over 77,000 tons of waste. Environmentalists talk about how the
radioactive material will be dangerous for thousands of years because of its long half-
life. In fact, it will take 240,000 years for plutonium 239 to become safe!
When scientists talk about half-life, they are referring to how long it will take for
half of a sample to decay. In the case of nuclear waste, it refers to how long it takes
for half of the radioactive material to turn into lead.

Waste Material
In the Philippines, about 35,580 tons of garbage daily and on average each
person produces 0.5 and 0.3 kg of garbage in urban and rural areas, respectively.
Imagine this rate after 10 years. Moreover as the population increases, the amount of
garbage produce also increase.

Bacteria
The most common example is the growth of bacteria colonies. Bacteria multiply
at an alarming rate. If we assume that bacteria can double every hour and if we start
with just a single bacteria, then after one day there will be over 16 million bacteria!

Your Task

In your own community, conduct a survey on the possible application of

exponential functions. Create a situation similar to the above situations and predict
what will happen after a certain time. What value can be obtained from this situation?
What can you do to improve/prevent a situation like this?

Reflect on the following.

1. What is the importance of exponential growth and decay in the life of human
beings?
2. How do you know whether the exponential function is growth or decay?

21
 Let us summarize…

An exponential equation is an equation involving exponential expressions.

An exponential inequality is an inequality involving exponential expressions.

The transformation of an exponential function with the base the base b is the form
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑.

Asymptotes are line where the graph approaches but never touches.
The natural exponential function is the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 .
Transformations Involving Exponential Functions

Type of Equation Description

Transformation

Horizontal 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙+𝒄𝒄 Shifts the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 c units

Translation to the left, if c>0 and to the right, if
c<0.
Vertical 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄 Shifts the graph 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 c units
Translation upward, if c>0 and downward, if
c<0.
Reflection 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = −𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 Reflects the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙
about the x-axis.

Reflects the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙

𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃−𝒙𝒙
about the y-axis.
Vertical 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒙𝒙 Multiplying y-coordinates of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) =
Stretching or 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 by c.
Shrinking
Stretches the graph of 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 if
c>1 and shrinks if c<1.

22
 Posttest

GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read the items carefully. Write your answer on the space
provided before each item.
______1. Which of the following functions represent an exponential function?
2𝑥𝑥 3
A. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 2 B. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 D. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥+1
3
______2. It is a function of the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 where b>0 and not equal to 1.
A. Rational B. Linear C. Piece-wise D.
Exponential
______3. Which among the choices below represents an exponential inequality?
A. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 B. 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ≥ 9 C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 D. 125 ≤
253𝑥𝑥+3
______4. What value of x can make the equation 5𝑥𝑥+1 = 125 true?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
For items 5 and 6, refer to the situation below.

The half-life of a radioactive substance is 24 hours with an initial amount of 100

grams.
______5. Give an exponential function that models the situation above.
24 𝑡𝑡
1 𝑡𝑡 100 24
A. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (100) ( ) C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ( )
2 2
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
1 24 1 72
B. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (100) ( ) D. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (100) ( )
2 2
______6. How much of the substance remains after 5 days?
A. 3.125 g B. 7 g C. 12.5 g D. 50 g
_____ 7. John and Peter are solving (0.6)𝑥𝑥−3 > (0.36)−𝑥𝑥−1. Shown below are their solutions.
Who get the correct answer?
John Peter

(0.6)𝑥𝑥−3 > (0.62 )−𝑥𝑥−1 (0.6)𝑥𝑥−3 > (0.62 )−𝑥𝑥−1

(0.6)𝑥𝑥−3 > (0.6)2(−𝑥𝑥−1) (0.6)𝑥𝑥−3 > (0.6)2(−𝑥𝑥−1)

(0.6)𝑥𝑥−3 > (0.6)−2𝑥𝑥−2 (0.6)𝑥𝑥−3 > (0.6)−2𝑥𝑥−2

𝑥𝑥 − 3 > −2𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 − 3 < −2𝑥𝑥 − 2

3𝑥𝑥 > 1 3𝑥𝑥 < 1

1 1
𝑥𝑥 > 𝑥𝑥 <
3 3

A. John B. Peter C. Both John and Peter D. Neither John nor Peter

23
_____8. Determine the amount of substance remaining after 12 hours in situation
number 5-6.
A. 7.05 g B. 7.5 g C. 70.71 g D. 71.70 g
_____9. Solve for x : 16
2 x 3 x2
4 .
5 21 8 17
A. 2 B. 8 C. 3 D. 4
_____10. Which of the following best describes the graph of an exponential function
at the left?

A. The function is decreasing, define for all values of x

and as the function approaches 0, x increases without
bound.

B. The function is increasing, defined for all values of

x, and as the function approaches 0, y increases
without bound.

C. The function is increasing, defined for all x values,

attains only positive y-values and the line y=0 is the
horizontal asymptote.

D. The function is decreasing, defined for all x values

and attains x and y values.

Answer key on page 25

24
 KEY ANSWERS

PRETEST ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 3

1. D 1. 256; 1024 1. 0
2. D 2. 9 2. -2
3. D 3. 2 raised to the 3. -3
number of folds
4. D ACTIVITY 2 4. (-∞, 1/3)
5. B PART A 5. [-3/2, ∞)
6. B 1. B
7. A 2. A
8. B 3. A
9. C 4. A
10. C 5. A
POSTTEST 6. C
1. D 7. C
2. D 8. D
3. D 9. D
4. A 10. A
5. C PART B
6. A 1. 4000
7. B 2. ₱ 22, 081.62
8. C 3. 168.37 grams
9. C
10. B

25
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Exponential Decay and Growth. The exponential growth and decay can be modeled
by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)𝑥𝑥 where a is the initial amount, b is the growth factor, and x is the
number of intervals. The half-life of the substance is the time it takes for half of the
substance to decay.

Exponential Equation. An exponential equation is an equation involving exponential

expressions.

Exponential Expression. An exponential expression is an expression of the form

𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑, where 𝑏𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.

Exponential Function. An exponential function with base b is the function of the form
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 or 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 where 𝑏𝑏 > 0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1.

Exponential Inequality. An exponential inequality is an inequality involving

exponential expressions.

Exponential Transformation. Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. The

transformation of an exponential function with the base the base b is the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑎𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑. It is defined as the process where the graph of the function changes
position without changing its shape or size.

26
 References
A. Books / Manuals / Other Printed Materials

Crisologo, L., Hao, L., Miro, E., Palomo, E., Ocampo, S., and Tresvalles, R. General
Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Department of Education- Bureau of Learning
Resources, Ground Floor Bonifacio Bldg, DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue,
Pasig City, Philippines 1600. Lexicon Press Inc. 2016. [email protected].
B. Websites

Eisegel. "Paper Folding To The Moon | Scienceblogs". 2009. Scienceblogs.Com.

https://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/08/31/paper-folding-to-the-
moon.

Nykamp DQ, “The exponential function.” From Math

Insight. http://mathinsight.org/exponential_function.

C. Mobile Application(s)

International Geogebra Institute. Wolfauser 90, 4040 Linz, Austria. “GeoGebra

Calculator”. Google Store, Version 5.0.366.0-3D (2017).
http://www.geogebra.org/. Accessed on October 12, 2019.

27