1/13/2021

Data and Computer

Data Transmission
Communications
Chapter 3 – Data Transmission  Toto,
I've got a feeling we're not in Kansas
anymore. Judy Garland in The Wizard of
Oz
Eighth Edition
by William Stallings

Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown

Transmission Terminology Transmission Terminology

 data transmission occurs between a  direct link
transmitter & receiver via some medium  no intermediate devices
 guided medium  point-to-point
 eg. twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber  direct link
 unguided / wireless medium  only 2 devices share link
 eg. air, water, vacuum  multi-point
 more than two devices share the link

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Frequency, Spectrum and

Transmission Terminology
Bandwidth
 simplex  time domain concepts
 one direction  analog signal
• eg. television • various in a smooth way over time
 half duplex  digital signal
 either direction, but only one way at a time • maintains a constant level then changes to another
constant level
• eg. police radio
 periodic signal
 full duplex • pattern repeated over time
 both directions at the same time  aperiodic signal
• eg. telephone • pattern not repeated over time

Periodic
Analogue & Digital Signals
Signals

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Varying Sine Waves

Sine Wave
s(t) = A sin(2ft +)
 peak amplitude (A)
 maximum strength of signal
 volts
 frequency (f)
 rate of change of signal
 Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
 period = time for one repetition (T)
 T = 1/f
 phase ()
 relative position in time

Wavelength () Frequency Domain Concepts

 isdistance occupied by one cycle  signalare made up of many frequencies
 between two points of corresponding  components are sine waves
phase in two consecutive cycles  Fourier analysis can shown that any signal
 assuming signal velocity v have  = vT is made up of component sine waves
 or equivalently f = v  can plot frequency domain functions
 especially when v=c
 c = 3*108 ms-1 (speed of light in free space)

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Addition of Frequency
Frequency Domain
Components Representations
(T=1/f)
 freq domain func of
Fig 3.4c
c is sum of f & 3f
 freq domain func of
single square pulse

Spectrum & Bandwidth Data Rate and Bandwidth

 spectrum  any transmission system has a limited band of
 range of frequencies contained in signal frequencies
 absolute bandwidth  this limits the data rate that can be carried
 width of spectrum  square have infinite components and hence
 effective bandwidth bandwidth
 often just bandwidth
 but most energy in first few components
 narrow band of frequencies containing most energy  limited bandwidth increases distortion
 DC Component  have a direct relationship between data rate &
bandwidth
 component of zero frequency

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Analog and Digital Data

Acoustic Spectrum (Analog)
Transmission

 data
 entities that convey meaning
 signals & signalling
 electric or electromagnetic representations of
data, physically propagates along medium
 transmission
 communication of data by propagation and
processing of signals

Audio Signals Video Signals

 freq range 20Hz-20kHz (speech 100Hz-7kHz)  USA - 483 lines per frame, at frames per sec
 easily converted into electromagnetic signals  have 525 lines but 42 lost during vertical retrace
 varying volume converted to varying voltage  525 lines x 30 scans = 15750 lines per sec
 can limit frequency range for voice channel to  63.5s per line
300-3400Hz  11s for retrace, so 52.5 s per video line
 max frequency if line alternates black and white
 horizontal resolution is about 450 lines giving
225 cycles of wave in 52.5 s
 max frequency of 4.2MHz

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Digital Data Analog Signals

 asgenerated by computers etc.
 has two dc components
 bandwidth depends on data rate

Advantages & Disadvantages

Digital Signals
of Digital Signals
 cheaper
 less susceptible to noise
 but greater attenuation
 digital now preferred choice

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Transmission Impairments Attenuation

 where signal strength falls off with distance
 signalreceived may differ from signal  depends on medium
transmitted causing:  received signal strength must be:
 analog - degradation of signal quality  strong enough to be detected
 digital - bit errors  sufficiently higher than noise to receive without error
 most significant impairments are  so increase strength using amplifiers/repeaters
 attenuation and attenuation distortion  is also an increasing function of frequency
 delay distortion  so equalize attenuation across band of
frequencies used
 noise
 eg. using loading coils or amplifiers

Delay Distortion Noise

 only occurs in guided media  additionalsignals inserted between
 propagation velocity varies with frequency
transmitter and receiver
 thermal
 hence various frequency components
 due to thermal agitation of electrons
arrive at different times
 uniformly distributed
 particularly critical for digital data  white noise
 since parts of one bit spill over into others  intermodulation
 causing intersymbol interference  signals that are the sum and difference of
original frequencies sharing a medium

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Noise Channel Capacity

 crosstalk  max possible data rate on comms channel
 a signal from one line is picked up by another  is a function of
 impulse  data rate - in bits per second
 irregular pulses or spikes
 bandwidth - in cycles per second or Hertz
• eg. external electromagnetic interference
 short duration  noise - on comms link
 high amplitude  error rate - of corrupted bits
 a minor annoyance for analog signals  limitations
due to physical properties
 but a major source of error in digital data  want most efficient use of capacity
• a noise spike could corrupt many bits

Nyquist Bandwidth Shannon Capacity Formula

 consider noise free channels
 consider relation of data rate, noise & error rate
 if rate of signal transmission is 2B then can carry  faster data rate shortens each bit so bursts of noise
signal with frequencies no greater than B affects more bits
 ie. given bandwidth B, highest signal rate is 2B  given noise level, higher rates means higher errors
 for binary signals, 2B bps needs bandwidth B Hz  Shannon developed formula relating these to
 can increase rate by using M signal levels signal to noise ratio (in decibels)
 Nyquist Formula is: C = 2B log2M  SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise)
 so increase rate by increasing signals  Capacity C=B log2(1+SNR)
 at cost of receiver complexity  theoretical maximum capacity
 limited by noise & other impairments  get lower in practise