CETTM MTNL

ISO-OSI Reference Model

Module id : IDATOSI002

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CETTM
OSI - Open System Interconnect MTNL

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 1950’s Computation - Batch Processing
CETTM MTNL

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CETTM
1960’s - Host Computing MTNL

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CETTM
1970’s - Distributed Processing MTNL

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CETTM
1980’s MTNL

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CETTM
Protocols Between Human beings MTNL

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CETTM
Protocol in Telephone Communication MTNL

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CETTM
Protocol in Data Communication MTNL

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CETTM
ISO & CCITT (ITU-T) MTNL

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CETTM
OSI MTNL

✔ Purpose:
– To provide a common basis for the
coordination of standards development for:
• Systems interconnection, while allowing existing
standards to be placed into perspective within the
overall reference model
✔ Term OSI qualifies:
– Standards for exchange of info among
systems that are “open” to another by virtue
of mutual use of applicable standards

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CETTM
OSI MTNL

✔ Reference model is primarily concerned

with:
– Systems comprising of terminals,
computers, and associated devices and the
means for transferring info between such
systems
✔ OSI does not intend:
– To be a basis for of implementation for
systems
✔ But provides:
– Conceptual and functional framework for
definition of services and protocols which fit
within boundaries established by the model
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CETTM
ISO & CCITT (ITU-T) MTNL

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CETTM
The Wine Cup MTNL

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CETTM
Network Architecture MTNL

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CETTM
ISO Reference Model MTNL

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CETTM MTNL

computers

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CETTM
Physical Media - no Specs. MTNL

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CETTM
Physical Layer MTNL

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CETTM
DTE & DCE MTNL

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CETTM
The Physical Layer MTNL

✔ Responsibility:
– transmission of raw bits over a
communication channel.
✔ Issues:
– mechanical and electrical interfaces
– time per bit
– distances

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CETTM MTNL

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CETTM
DATA Link Layer MTNL

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CETTM
The Data Link Layer-Data Link Control MTNL

✔ Responsibility:
– provide an error-free communication link
✔ Issues:
– framing (dividing data into chunks)
• header & trailer bits
– addressing

10110110101 01100010011 10110000001

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CETTM
Function of Data Link Layer MTNL

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CETTM
The Data Link Layer-Data Link Control MTNL

✔ Media Access Control - needed by multi-

access networks.
✔ MAC provides DLC with “virtual wires” on
multi-access networks.

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CETTM
Multi-access vs. Point-to-point MTNL

✔ Point-to-point
– only 2 systems involved
– no doubt about where data came from !
✔ Multi-access means shared medium.
– many end-systems share the same
physical communication resources (wire,
frequency, ...)
– There must be some arbitration
mechanism.

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CETTM
Mechanism of Secure Data Transfer MTNL

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CETTM
Frame Structure in HDLC MTNL

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CETTM
Sequence of HDLC MTNL

Connect Data Link

SABM: Set Asynchronous Balanced

Mode
UA: Unnumbered Acknowledgement

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CETTM
Sequence of HDLC MTNL

Data Transfer

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CETTM
Sequence of HDLC MTNL

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CETTM
Adjacent Layer Data Unit Mapping MTNL

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CETTM
Layer Interaction MTNL

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CETTM
Elements of Layer Operation MTNL

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CETTM
Elements of Layer Operation ... MTNL

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CETTM
Elements of Layer Operation ... MTNL

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CETTM
Procedure of ISO Communication MTNL

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CETTM
Relation Between 4 Primitives MTNL

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CETTM
Network Layer MTNL

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CETTM
Network MTNL

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CETTM
Network MTNL

“ ... communication system for connecting end-

systems”

End-systems a.k.a. “hosts”

PCs, workstations
dedicated computers
network components

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CETTM
The Network Layer MTNL

✔ Responsibilities:
– path selection between end-systems
(routing).
– subnet flow control.
– fragmentation & reassembly
– translation between different network
types.
✔ Issues:
– packet headers
– virtual circuits
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CETTM
Relation Between Layers MTNL

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 Connection Oriented and
CETTM Connectionless MTNL

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CETTM
Connection Type Network MTNL

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CETTM
Connectionless Type Network MTNL

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CETTM
X.25 Packet Switching Protocol MTNL

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CETTM
X.25 Contd.. MTNL

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CETTM
Transport Layer MTNL

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CETTM
The Transport Layer MTNL

✔ Responsibilities:
– provides virtual end-to-end links between
peer processes.
– end-to-end flow control
✔ Issues:
– headers
– error detection
– reliable communication

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 Transport Layer in OSI Reference
CETTM Model MTNL

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CETTM
The Role of Transport Layer MTNL

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CETTM
Data Transfer in Transport Layer MTNL

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CETTM MTNL

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CETTM
Sequence of Class 0 MTNL

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CETTM
Session Layer MTNL

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CETTM
The Session Layer MTNL

✔ Responsibilities:
– establishes, manages, and terminates
sessions between applications.
– service location lookup

✔ Many protocol suites do not include a

session layer.

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 Dialog Unit, Activity and
CETTM Synchronization MTNL

Mj: Major SYNC point , Mn: Minor SYNC point

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CETTM
The Role of Session Layer MTNL

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 Session Connection Establishment
CETTM Sequence MTNL

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CETTM
Data Transfer Sequence MTNL

DT: Data Transfer GT: Give

Token
PT: Please Token
SSDU: Session Service Data Unit

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CETTM
Data Transfer Sequence-Duplex MTNL

(b) Duplex

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 Session Connection Release Sequence
CETTM MTNL

FN: Finish, DN: Disconnect

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 Session Connection Release Sequence
CETTM MTNL

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CETTM
Presentation Layer MTNL

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CETTM
The Presentation Layer MTNL

✔ Responsibilities:
– data encryption
– data compression
– data conversion
✔ Many protocol suites do not include a
Presentation Layer.

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CETTM
Semantics and Syntax MTNL

World of Semantics

World of Syntax

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CETTM
The Role of Presentation MTNL

Presentation
Protocol

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 Abstract Sequence and Transfer
CETTM Sequence MTNL

The Abstract syntax

and Transfer syntax
of ASN 1

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CETTM
Application Layer MTNL

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CETTM
The Application Layer MTNL

✔ Responsibilities:
– anything not provided by any of the other
layers
✔ Issues:
– application level protocols
– appropriate selection of “type of service”

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CETTM
Message Handing System MTNL

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CETTM
Mail and E-mail MTNL

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CETTM
Concept of MHS MTNL

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CETTM
MHS Functional Model MTNL

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CETTM
Message Flow in MHS MTNL

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CETTM
Structure of IP Message MTNL

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CETTM
Repeater MTNL

Source Destination
Application Application
Presentation Repeater Presentation
Session Session
Transport Signal Transport
Amplifier
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical

Segment 1 Segment 2

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CETTM
Repeater MTNL

✔ Copies bits from one network to another

✔ Does not look at any bits
✔ Allows the extension of a network beyond
physical length limitations

REPEATER

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CETTM
Bridge MTNL

Source Destination
Bridge
Application Signal Application
Presentation Amplifier Presentation
Session and Session
DL Header; EC
Transport Examination Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical

Segment 1 Segment 2

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CETTM
Bridge MTNL

✔ Copies frames from one network to another

✔ Can operate selectively - does not copy all
frames (must look at data-link headers).
✔ Extends the network beyond physical length
limitations.

BRIDGE

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CETTM
Router MTNL

Source Router Destination

End-to-End Communication
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Bridge Data Link
Physical Repeater Physical

Segment 1 Segment 2

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CETTM
Router MTNL

✔ Copies packets from one network to another.

✔ Makes decisions about what route a packet
should take (looks at network headers).

ROUTER

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CETTM
Gateway MTNL

Source Destination
Gateway
Application Application
Presentation HL7-GW Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical

Segment 1 Segment 2

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CETTM
Internet Reference Model MTNL

Application Application
Presentation Process
Session
Transport Host-to-Host
Network Inter-Network
Data Link Network
Access
Physical

OSI Model Internet Model

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CETTM
Internet Protocols MTNL

Process/ FTP, Telnet, SMTP, NNTP,

Application SNMP, DNS, POP3, SIP, ...

Host-to-Host TCP UDP

Routing
Internet
ARP, RARP
IP ICMP

Network Ethernet II, 802.x, FDDI, ATM,

Access ISDN, X.25, Frame Relay

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CETTM
Summary MTNL

Layer Characteristic
(1)Physical Layer
Mechanical and Electrical means to
Physical-connection for Bit Transfer
(2) Data Link Layer
Structure of Bit Stream transmitted in Ph-
Layer (“Data Frame”)

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CETTM MTNL

(3) Network Layer

Routing for T-Layer
Multiplexing Network Connection to DL-
connection
(4) Transport Layer
Transparent data Transfer for Upper Layer
(5) Session Layer
Dialog Facility (Duplex, Half-duplex)

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CETTM MTNL

(6) Presentation Layer

Syntax Conversion
Abstract Syntax Transfer Syntax
Syntax Check
(7) Application Layer
Interface with Application Process (User)

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