AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING USED BY FARAH QUINN ON FARAH QUINN

YOUTUBE CHANNEL

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-Of-Code-Switching-
Used-By-Farah-Quinn-In-At-
Karima/cec61440a1892ea25da91eb3986e6ea8b7be0947
sudah ada yang meneliti. Ganti topik Lani

Lecturer

Temmy Thamrin S.S., M.Hum, Ph.D

By

Lailani Indah Budi

1710014211016

ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
BUNG HATTA UNIVERSITY
PADANG
2020
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research

Communication is a part of our daily life. To communicate with other people we need
language as a tool of communication. In this era, people who live in bilingual and
multilingual society use more than one language when communicate with others because the
ability to use more than one language. They like to mix or switch the language to make the
message delivered or to show the ability to speak more than one language.

A code is a language, a variety of a style of language. A code is a class specific language

variation, especially for different strategies of verbal planning. In conversation, a code is a
rule of converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word or phrase) into another
form (Ajibola, 2011: 17).

(Tarjana, 2009: 7) Claimed that Code Switching is one switch from one code to other
while speaking, the situation dictates the use of language. And it is a language switching
because of situation changing (Appel in Chaer, 2010: 107) from formal situation to informal
situation (Nababan, 1991: 31). Different from Hymes (in Chaer, 2010: 107) who says that
code switching not only happen between languages, but also happened by the variations and
styles in language.

Code-switching is a part of the Study of Bilingualism in Sociolinguistics which have

become a completely famous language. Code switching is a phenomenon of language that
occurs because of there are contact and communication in a bilingual society. Many people
use code switching in their conversation. Code switching does not only found occur among
languages however also sorts of language or speech styles contained in a single language.
Code switching happens when speaker or hearer as the features of communication, change
the features of language or when the situation change because of the third person or the
change of topic conversation.
 Nowadays, people can get information in the form of visual or audio data easily. as
millenial, people can get information through social media especialy on youtube. In youtube,
people often find some content creator who usually called youtuber. Many of youtuber who
uses code-switching when they speak in some of the content videos. One of them is Farah
Quinn’s youtube channel. A woman whose full name is Farah Farhanah Quinn is a very
famous indonesia chef and celebrity, known for her culinary television shows on Trans TV
title “Ala Chef”. Farah Quinn has a characteristic when speaking or when presenting the
programs that is using Indonesian that sometimes mix and switch with English. Therefore,
this research aims to highlight the phenomenon of code switching utterances of Farah Quinn,
as the owner of Farah Quinn yotube channel. The purpose of this research is to find out the
types of code switching and the reasons for switching the language by Farah Quinn. Farah
Quinn often switches languange from indonesia to English in her youtube content video.

1.2 Research Questions

Based on the explanation above, this research has two questions to answer :

1. What is the types of code switching made by Farah Quinn on Farah Quinn Youtube
Channel ?
2. What are the Reasons for switching from one language to another in content videos on
Farah Quinn Youtube Channel ?

1.3 Purposes of the Research

In relation to the problems that mention above, the purpose of this study aimed at finding out:

1. To find out the types of code switching made by Farah Quinn on Farah Quinn
Youtube Channel
2. The reasons for using code-switching in content videos on Farah Quinn Youtube
channel.

1.4 Limitation of the Research

In this research, the Researcher focused to analyze about types and Reasons for using
Code-switching based on the utterances found in five videos of Farah Quinn on Farah Quin
Youtube Channel. This research focuses to examine the types of code switching and reasons
of Farah Quinn to use Code switching in content videos of his Youtube channel by using
Romaine and Hoffman’s theory.

1.5 Significance of the Research

This research is expected to enrich the knowledge about code-switching especially,

how to analyze the utterances of language research using code-switching theory as shown on
content videos youtube Farah Quinn. Practically, this research may be employed to help
readers analyze code switching that is used in content videos. The researcher also expect that
this research would be more developed by people who are interested in sociolinguistics
especially in code switching case.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Review of Related Literature

This chapter show the review of related literature that related to this research. The
literature review consists of sociolinguistics, bilingualism and code switching.

2.1.1 Sociolinguistic

Language is a tool that use by people when interact with others in society. Without
language, people will get trouble when they communicate and do their activities toward the
others. According to P.Trudgill (1974:32) sociolinguistics is that part of linguistics which is
concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon. Sociolinguistics is the study
that is concerned with the relationship between language and society. It explain about how
people speak differently in different social context (Holmes, 2011).

In addition (Holmes, 2001, in Zakiyah, 2016) claimed that sociolinguistics is

concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used.
Examining the way people use language in different social contexts provides a wealth
information about the way language works, as well as about the social relationship in a
community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through the language.
Sociolinguistic focuses on how language is used.

The role of sociolinguitics is to manage a language as the functions in society. It can

be said that sociolinguistics deals with language as means of communication.

2.1.2 Bilingualism

Bilingualism is an individual’s ability to use more than one language variety.

Bilingualism is simply defined as the ability to use two languages. Trudgill (as cited in
Isnaini, 2019) claimed that bilingualism means the ability of an individual to speak two or
more languages. Titone (as cited in Isnaini, 2019) states that bilingualism is the individual’s
capacity to speak second language while following the concept and structures of that
language rather than paraphrasing his or her mother tongue. Nowadays, being a bilingual is a
demand of time. As millennial, the ability to speak more than one language is a common
phenomenon. Social interaction always involves communication among the society members
by using language. The role of culture can cause the appearance of various types of language.
Therefore, the role of culture has a great influence toward the use of language in society. This
phenomenon is called as the development of communication. Indeed, it commonly happens in
almost all society (Rahmaniah, 2016 in Isnaini, 2019).

2.1.3 Code Switching

The definition of code-switching is bilingual or multilingual people who talk by

switch the code whether at the words, sentences, intelligence , condemnation , or block
speech (Baker and Jones, 1998). Code-switching occur when there is a change from one
language to another clause of language. Code-switching is the use of more than one language
in an utterance. As Brown and Attardo (2000) claimed that code-switching can occur between
different languages, dialect or styles within one sentence or adjacency pair.

According to Myers and Scotton (1993), code switching is switching one code usage
to another language code. If someone uses language code A, for exampleEnglish, then
switches to use language B, for example Russian, then that process is called code-switching.
In addition, Kitu (2014) says that code- switching is one aspect of language dependency in
multilingual society and almost impossible for a speaker to use language purely without the
slightest use of other language or other elements of language (p.52). From the description of
code-switching it can be concluded that code-switching is the process of switch one language
to another language which is caused by certain things based on the situation or place. Code-
switching is a language code that is used by bilingual people who switch two languages.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 Types of Code Switching

According to Romaine (as cited in Isnaini, 2019) there are three types of code-switching,
that is intra sentential-switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag switching. Each of types
will be explained bellow:
 a. Intra-sentential code-switching (code switching which occurs within a sentences).

Intra sentential switching refers to the switching that occurs inside the same clause or
sentence which then contains elements of both languages. It means intra- sentential is an
alternation clause that can appear in first, middle, or even in a last sentence. For example :

What’s so funny? Come, be good. Otherwise, or yu bai go long kot. ‘What’s so funny?
Come, be good. Otherwise, or you’ll go to court.’ Based on the example above, code
switching occur in the last of sentence. After an English sentence (What’s so funny?
Come, be good. Otherwise) then switches into Chinese Language (yu bai go long kot)
(Stockwell, 2007).

b. Inter-Sentential Code Switching (code switching which occurs between sentences).

Inter sentential code switching is code switching which occur at clause/sentence boundary
when one clause being in one language, the other clause in the other language. It means that
inter-sentential codes switching is the switch involving movement from one language to other
between sentences. The following example shows inter-sentential code switching from one
language to another language:

We’re going to Nicky’s House at nine and maybe to the bomb [a nightclub]
afterwards. (Short pause). ‘Kristina bleibt allerdings zu hause sie muss noch arbeiten’
(Unfortunately Kristina is staying at home because she still has to do some work). The
example shows if the conversation switches at a sentence boundary, marked with a
short pause, at the point where the topic changes to refer the speaker’s German
housemate. (Stockwell, 2007).

c. Tag Switching

Tag switching involves inserting tag in one language into an utterance which is otherwise
entirely in the other language, e.g. you know, I mean, right, etc. For example:

“I’m pleased to see you’re getting Bewegungsmelder, ja” (Security light, yes)
(Stockwell, 2007).

2.2.2 The Reasons for using Code Switching

 According to Hoffman (as cited in Isnaini, 2019), there are a number of reasons why
people switch their language such as talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else,
showing empathy about something, interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence
connector), repetition used for clarification, expressing group identity, and intention of
clarifying the speech content for interlocutor.

a. Talking About a Particular Topic

People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in
another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express his emotional
feelings in a language that is not his daily language. People may switch code within a speech
event to discuss a particular topic” (Holmes, 2000 in Isnaini, 2019 ). According to Holmes
(2001), topic switch is the function of the topic of conversation by using certain language.
The example is taken from Empat Mata program on Trans7:

Nita Thalia : Jadi begitulah ceritanya. Maaf jadi curhat.

Tukul : Oh gapapa, kitakan care. Balik maning nang laptop. Tukul spoke in Javanese “Balik
maning nang laptop” after saying Indonesian. It shows that he uses Javanese to switch the
topic which is able to stress what is said in the next.

b. Quoting Somebody Else

People often quote words, sentences, and expressions that they like from well-known
person. Sometimes, the quote comes from different language such as English wise word.
Oftentimes, the use of it is because they want to express and emphasize someone’s idea to
look better. For instance in Susanto (2008, p.71): “Janed, sampai pusat Pak Rektor bilang
maneh, sangune wes ono ta? When I reached the central administration, Mr. Rector said
again, “You have received the traveling funds, haven’t you?”

The example above is code-switching which is quoted as a direct quotation of another

person’s speech. Speaker is quoting the original speech from his rector statement and it is
proven that there is a quotation mark in that sentence as a direct quotation.

c. Showing Empathy about Something

 People often switch their language to express empathy about something. Code-switching
is used to express solidarity between people from different or the same ethnic groups. In
some cases using another language, English, is more convenient to show their empathy rather
than using their L1 or mother tongue such as Indonesian vice versa. For instance: “Semoga
sukses teman. Fighting, you can do it!” [Good luck my friend. Fighting, you can do it!]. In
the utterances, the friend wants to encourage his friend to be more confident and optimistic to
do something.

d. Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connector)

An interjection is word or expression, which is inserted into a sentence to convey

surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention. An interjection is also called as a short
exclamation like “Damn!”, “Hey!”, “Well”, “Look!” etc. An interjection is a kind of sentence
fillers or sentence connector that is frequently used by people naturally. Therefore, Language
switching marks an interjection mark or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally.
The following example is the usage of interjection in sentences: “Dompetku ketinggalan di
taksi! Damn!” [My wallet was left in the taxi! Damn!].

According to Susanto (2008), as an interjection in Indonesian version includes exclamations

or sentence fillers such as: nah, lah (conceding the obvious), lho (an exclamation of surprise),
anu (indicating hesitation), and tag question, for example: yotoh, nggih toh (p.71).

e. Repetition used for clarification

Repetition is not only served to clarify what has been said, but also to amplify or
emphasize a message. When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his speech to
be understood better by the listener, he can sometimes use both of the languages (code) that
the masters to say the message. Frequently, a message in one code is repeated in the other
code literally. For example: English – Hindi (Gumperz, 1982), Father calling his small son
while walking through a train compartment, “Keep straight. Sidhajao” (keep straight). (p.78).

f. Intention of Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual or multilingual, the loss
of code-switching and code-mixing occurs. It means to make the contents of his speech run
smoothly and can be understood by the listener, a message in one code is repeated in the
other code in somewhat modified form.

g. Expressing Group Identity

Code-switching is also used to express group identity. The way of communication of

particular academic in their disciplinary groupings is obviously different from the other
groups. Sometimes, people tend to use different languages to imply a certain social status or
to distinguish themselves from other social classes. In other words, the way of
communication of one community is different from the people who are out of the community.

2.2.3 Previous Researches

There are several researcher who have conducted the research about code switching.
Dealing with this research, the observer take some relevant researcher which have been
investigated.

The first researcher is Putri (2019) with her thesis “An Analysis Of Code Switching
Used In Nebeng Boy Youtube Channel”. In her thesis she found 2 types of code switching
consist of 55 data found in Nebeng Boy YouTube Channel. There are 43 intra-sentential data
and 12 inter-sentential data.

The second researcher is Isnaini (2019) with her thesis “The use of Indonesian-
English code switching by Youtuber Nessie Judge”. In her thesis she analyze the type and the
most dominant type that used and also the reasons of Nessie Judge to use Code-switching in
her utterances in Video Content Youtube.

The last researcher is Azizah (2020) with her thesis “An Analysis Of Code Switching
Found In My Stupid Boss Film. In her thesis she classified data based on the types of code
switching and the functions of code switching. The results of analysis is first, five types of
code switching based on Hoffman theory, Second, the functions of code switching in My
Stupid Boss film.

In this study, the reasercher looked for the code switching on Farah Quinn video
Youtube Channel exactly the type and reasons of code switching. To make this research
different from the previous research, the researcher gather data based on five video from
Farah Quinn youtube channel, The researcher sought types of code switching which argued
by Romaine and the researcher also looked for the reasons of code switching by using
Hoffman theory. The tittle of this research is “AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING
USED BY FARAH QUINN ON FARAH QUINN’S YOUTUBE CHANNEL”.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the aspect that related to the research
method. Those aspect are: Method of the Research, Source of the Data, Technique of
Collecting and Coding the Data, and Technique of Analyzing the Data.

3.1 Method of the Research

This study uses descriptive qualitative method. According to Bodgan and Biklen
(1982 in Sugiyono, 2012) qualitative research is a descriptive research and the data collected
is in the form of words rather than a number. According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994)
Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials
case study, personal experience, introspective, life story interview, observational, historical,
interactional, and visual texts-that describe routine and problematic moments and meaning in
individuals' lives. Based on the explanation above, the researcher employed qualitative
method. The researcher analyzed the transcript from five video on Farah Quinn youtube
channel. The research question of this research is “what” that is why the researcher
employed qualitative approach.

3.2 Source of the Data

Primary and secondary data is the types of data source that used in doing research.
Primary data is factual and original collected with an aim for getting solution to the problem
at hand. Primary data refers to the data originated by the researcher for the first time. Primary
data sources include surveys, observations, experiments, questionnaire, personal interview etc
(Ajayi, 2017)

Meanwhile, the secondary data is just the analysis and interpretation of the primary
data. secondary data is collected for purposes other than the problem at hand. secondary data
is the already existing data collected by the investigator agencies and organisations earlier its
mean that data is one which relates to the past. secondary data collection sources are
government publications, websites, books, journal articles, internal records etc (Ajayi, 2017).
The data can be taken from internet, books, magazines or social media. The researcher used
secondary data because the source of data is the transcript of the utterances from video which
is uploaded on youtube.

The researcher took the data deriving from five video which upload in her youtube
channel. The first video entitled fine dining table manners, this video publish on February 8th
2020, the link of this video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CkHoXAGeTk . The
second is “Bocadillo Con Queso” bersama ibu duta besar Colombia Madame
@natalipazcabrera (“Bocadillo Con Queso” with Minister of Colombia Madame
@natalipazcabrera), this video published on July 17th 2020 and the link of this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwVB-1p_sDI . The third is Do’s & Don’t at Hotel
Breakfast, this video publish on May 28th 2020, and the link of this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sX7fDOePS4 . The fourth is Guidelines Untuk Hotel
Buffet Etiquettes ( Guidelines for Hotel Buffet Etiquette), this video published on March 10th
2020, the link of this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hy8o_7AxkFo . The last is
puding roti tawar zebra (zebra bread pudding) this video published on November 30 2019 and
the link of this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRSbKDxj2YA . These five video
taken from Official Youtube Channel of Farah Quinn. The data are taken from an observation
and the researcher uses note taking technique to find the data containing code switching in
related video. As such, she transcribed the utterances of the conversations into a written text
as a document.

3.3 Technique of Collecting and Coding the Data

This research employed documentation method because the data source which was
taken from Farah Quinn’s video YouTube channel. The video was used to take Farah Quinn’s
utterance and the other people on the video which contains as code switching. In collecting
the data, there are some steps that had done by Researcher, the First is the Researcher opened
youtube and looked for Farah Quinn’s youtube channel. Then, the researcher watched five
videos that related to this research and tried to understand the utterances produced by Farah
Quinn. Next, the researcher Collect the utterances containing code-switching in the five
videos. Last, the Researcher transcribed the video and checked the content of the transcript
with the video.
 To make the classification of data analysis, the Researcher developed a coding system
to each datum. The Researcher made a code for types and Reasons of code switching. The
following is the data coding :

1. Types of code switching

The alphabetic capital letters was employed to classify the types of code switching. It
is presented as follows:

a. IaSCS: Intra-sentential code-switching

b. IeSCS : Inter-Sentential Code Switching

c. TS : Tag Switching

2. The Reasons for using Code Switching

The alphabetic capital letters was employed to classify the reasons of code switching.
It is presented as follows:

a. TAPT : Talking About a Particular Topic

b. QSE : Quoting Somebody Else

c. SEAS : Showing Empathy About Something

d. Intj : Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connector)

e. RUFC : Repetition Used For clarification

f. ICSCFI : Intention of Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

g. EGI : Expressing Group Identity

3.4 Technique of Analyzing the Data

After getting the data the researcher tried to analyze them. The Researcher used content
analysis in the technique of data analysis because the Researcher analyzed the video and read
the transcript that Researcher had written. There are some steps that researcher had done to
analyze the data, as follow :
1. First, the researcher watched five video on youtube Farah Quinn,

2. The researcher made the transcription of the utterances of the conversations.

3. Then, the researcher analyzed the types of code-switching of the transcribed utterances
based on Romaine’s theory of code-switching.

4. Finally, the researcher analyzed the reasons of code-switching of the utterances made by
Farah Quinn on her Youtube Channel based on Hoffman’s theory of code-switching.