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Young's Modulus of Elasticity (Y)

1. The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including Young's modulus, shear modulus, bending of beams, stress, strain, and stress-strain curves. 2. It defines Young's modulus as the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain for small changes in length of a wire. Shear modulus is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain. 3. Beams under bending experience bending moments and shear forces. Stress is defined as force per unit area while strain is the change in length per original length.

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76 views9 pages

Young's Modulus of Elasticity (Y)

1. The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including Young's modulus, shear modulus, bending of beams, stress, strain, and stress-strain curves. 2. It defines Young's modulus as the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain for small changes in length of a wire. Shear modulus is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain. 3. Beams under bending experience bending moments and shear forces. Stress is defined as force per unit area while strain is the change in length per original length.

Uploaded by

BVoc Automobile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (Y)


When a wire is acted upon by two equal and opposite forces in the direction of
its length, the length of the body is changed. The change in length per unit length
(Δl/l)  is called the longitudinal strain and the restoring force (which is equal to the
applied force in equilibrium) per unit area of cross-section of wire is called the
longitudinal stress.

For small change in the length of the wire, the ratio of the longitudinal stress to the
corresponding strain is called the Young’s modulus of elasticity (Y) of the wire.
Thus,

Let there be a wire of length ‘l’ and radius ‘r’. Its one end is clamped to a rigid
support and a mass M is attached at the other end. Then

3. Modulus of Rigidity (η)


When a body is acted upon by an external force tangential to a surface of the body,
the opposite surfaces being kept fixed, it suffers a change in shape of the body, its
volume remains unchanged. Then the body is said to be sheared.
The ratio of the displacement of a layer in the direction of the tangential force and
the distance of the layer from the fixed surface is called the shearing strain and the
tangential force acting per unit area of the surface is called the ‘shearing stress’.
For small strain in the ratio of the shearing stress to the shearing strain is called
the ‘modulus of rigidity‘ of the material of the body. It is denoted by ‘η’.

Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular to its longitudinal (x) axis. For
design purposes, the beam's ability to resist shear force is more important than its ability to
resist an axial force. Axial force is the force in the beam acting parallel to the longitudinal
axis.

The following is a drawing of a simply-supported beam of length L under a uniform load, q:


Bending Moment

Bending moment at a section is defined as the algebraic sum of the moments


about the section of all the forces (including the reaction) acting on the beam,
either to the left or to the right of the section.

Mechanical Properties Of Materials


Mechanical properties are the physical properties of the material which describes its behaviour
under the action of loads on it.
There are many mechanical properties of materials and some key properties among them are
given below.
1. Strength
It is the capacity of the material to withstand the breaking, bowing, or deforming under the action
of mechanical loads on it.
2. Elasticity
It is the property of a material to come back to its original size and shape even after the load
stops acting on it.
3. Plasticity
It is the property of a material that makes it to be in the deformed size and shape even after the
load stops acting on it.
4. Ductility
It is the property of a material that allows it to deform or make into thin wires under the action of
tensile loads plastically.
5. Tensile strength
It is the property of a material that allows it to deform under tensile loading without breaking
under the action of a load.
Pure Bending:

Bending will be called as pure bending when it occurs solely because of coupling on
its end. In that case there is no chance of shear stress in the beam. But, the stress that
will propagate in the beam as a result will be known as normal stress. Normal stress
because it not causing any damages to beam. As shown below in the picture.

Assumption

 The material of the beam that is subjected to bending is homogenous


(same composition throughout) and isotropic(same elastic properties in
all directions).
 The beams have a symmetrical cross section and they are subjected to
bending only in the plane of symmetry.
 The beam is made up of a number of fibers that run longitudinally to
each other and are all straight initially. On bending, they do so in the
form of circular arcs, with a common centre of curvature.
 The effect of Shear stresses is neglected. The bam is subjected to pure
bending.
 No warping of the cross section takes place. That is, transverse
sections through the beam taken normal to the axis of the beam ramin
plane after the beam is subjected to bending.
 The dimensions of the beam are very small as compared to the radius
of curvature of the beam.

Stress
Stress is defined as the force per unit area of a material.
i.e. Stress = force / cross sectional area:

where,

σ = stress,

F = force applied, and

A= cross sectional area of the object.

Units of s : Nm-2 or Pa.

Strain

Strain is defined as extension per unit length.

Strain = extension / original length

where,

ε = strain,

lo = the original length

e = extension = (l-lo), and

l = stretched length

Strain has no units because it is a ratio of lengths.


Young Modulus

Instead of drawing a force - extension graph, if you plot stress against strain for
an object showing (linear) elastic behaviour, you get a straight line.

This is because stress is proportional to strain. The gradient of the straight-line graph is
the Young's modulus, E

E is constant and does not change for a given material. It in fact represents 'stiffness'
property of the material. Values of the young modulus of different materials are often
listed in the form of a table in reference books so scientists and engineers can look
them up.

Units of the Young modulus E: Nm-2 or Pa.


Bulk Modulus

Bulk modulus is termed as the proportion of volumetric stress related to the volumetric strain of
a specified material, while the material deformation is within elastic limit.

It is denoted with a symbol of K. It has the dimension of force per unit area. It is expressed in

the units of   in the English system and N/m2 in the metric system.

The bulk modulus concept is mostly applied in liquids. Modulus of elasticity is used in solids
and K values are differs in gases.

Formula:

Here, dp is the change in pressure, dV is the change in volume, and V is the initial volume.
Stress strain curve of Ductile material

The significance for the points on the graph are given below:
Proportional Limit: This limit is represented by point A on the graph. Up to this limit,
the stress and the strain induced in the specimen are directly proportional to each other,
i.e. the specimen obeys Hooke’s law. Beyond this point, the stress is not proportional to
the strain.
Elastic Limit: This limit is represented by point B on the graph. Upto this limit, the
material is said to be elastic. This implies that the specimen regains its original shape
and dimensions after the removal of the external load. There are no residual
deformations seen in the specimen, on removal of the load. After this point, the material
is said to become plastic.
Yield Point: Contrary to what the name suggests, this is a region rather than a point. It
is limited by the upper yield point ‘C’ and the lower yield point ‘D’. The stress – strain
curve in this part of the graph is almost horizontal, which implies that there is an
appreciable increase in strain for a negligible increase in stress. Yielding starts at ‘C’
and ends at ‘D’. After the point ‘D’, the material, due to strain hardening again starts
taking load and the curve rises, as seen in the figure. The material now is said to be
plastic and the deformation is of nearly permanent nature.
Ultimate Stress: This is shown by the point ‘E’ on the graph. It represents the
maximum stress that a material can take before it fails. The specimen however does not
fail at this point. After this point, the curve starts dropping.
Breaking Point: This is the point at which the specimen fails. After the ultimate stress
point, necking of the specimen takes place, which causes a loss in the load carrying
capacity of the specimen and ultimately causes it to fail. This point is represented on the
curve, by point ‘F’.

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