APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Introduction to Steam Turbines

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 1 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Contents

1 Introduction to Power Plants 2

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement 16
3 Steam Path Parts 25
4 Condenser 43
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump 49
6 Types of Steam Turbines 54
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers 78
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System 88

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 2 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

발전설비 대분류
형태 1차 계통 2차 계통

화력발전

원자력발전

Topping cycle Bottoming Cycle

복합발전

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 3 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Major Factors

 Factors should be considered for power plants T 3

• Thermal efficiency qB

• Environmental problems a qB wT
qB
• Reliability

• Durability 2
wP
• Compactness
1 qC 4

Thermal Efficiency  50%

100%

Boiler losses (10%) Turbine losses (10%) Condenser

• Profile loss exhaust (30%)
• Secondary flow loss
• Leakage loss

[ Heat balance for a typical USC plant ]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 4 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Energy Conversion

1차 계통 2차 계통

Transformer

Chemical Combustion
Thermal Mechanical Electrical
Steam TBN Generator
Energy Energy Energy Energy
Steam
Working Fluid

Fuel

Steam Turbine

Generator

Boiler

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 5 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

The Forms of Input Energy

Hydroelectric power plant : The potential energy of an elevated body of water.

Fossil fuel fired power plant: The chemical energy that is released from the hydrocarbons
contained in fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and boimass fuels. The chemical
energy is converted into thermal (heat) energy when the fossil fuel is burned.

Solar power plant: The solar energy from the sun.

Nuclear power plant: The fission or fusion energy that separates or attracts atomic
particles.

Wind farm: The wind energy generated from natural environment.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 6 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Schematic Diagram of Fossil Power Plant [1/5]

The major systems of a coal-fired power plant
1) Coal receipt and preparation 2) Coal combustion and steam generation
3) Environmental protection 4) Turbine and generator
5) Condenser and feedwater system 6) Heat rejection, including the cooling tower

Cooling tower Steam generator

Steam lines
FGD
Flue gas
DeNOx Coal
desulphurisation Feed water
tank

Flue gas Turbine Generator

injection Air
preheater

Condenser
HP LP
preheater preheater
Electrostatic
precipitator
Draught FD PA Coal
fan mills Feed
Gypsum fan fan Ash
Fly ash removal pump

Cooling water

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 7 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Schematic Diagram of Fossil Power Plant [2/5]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 8 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Schematic Diagram of Fossil Power Plant [3/5]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 9 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Schematic Diagram of Fossil Power Plant [4/5]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 10 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Schematic Diagram of Fossil Power Plant [5/5]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 11 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

A Typical Cial-Fired Boiler

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 12 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Rankine Cycle [1/2]

superheating in
T steam dome 
superheater

vaporization
in evaporator
feed water
heating in expansion of steam
economizer in steam turbine
 compression of
water in pumps
 condensation of steam 
in a condenser

 The prime mover in a steam power plant is a steam turbine that converts part of the thermal energy of steam
with high pressure and temperature to shaft power.

 The thermodynamic cycle for the steam turbine is the Rankine cycle.

 The cycle is the basis for conventional power generating stations and consists of a heat source (boiler) that
converts water to high pressure steam.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 13 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Rankine Cycle [2/2]

 In the steam cycle, water is first pumped to high

pressure. superheating in
T steam dome 
superheater
 It is then heated to the boiling temperature
corresponding to the pressure, boiled (heated
from liquid to vapor), and then superheated
vaporization
(heated to a temperature above that of boiling).
in evaporator
 The economizer is a heat exchanger used to feed water
increase feedwater temperature. heating in expansion of steam
economizer in steam turbine
 The evaporator, which is usually surrounds the compression of

boiler furnace, is to produce saturated steam water in pumps
and supply it to the superheater.  condensation of steam 
 In the superheater the steam is further heated in a condenser
and has its temperature raised to the level s
above the saturation temperature.

 A multistage turbine expands the pressurized steam to lower pressure and the steam is then exhausted either
to a condenser at vacuum conditions or into an intermediate temperature steam distribution system that
delivers the steam to the industrial or commercial application.

 The condensate from the condenser or from the steam utilization system returns to the feedwater pump for
continuation of the cycle.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 14 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Expansion Lines in h-s Diagram

h

IP Turbine

LP Turbine
Boiling and high
heat flux zones

2% Moisture
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%

T
p
Superheat
20%

50%

70%

s
Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 15 / 108
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1 Introduction to Power Plants

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement
3 Steam Path Parts
4 Condenser
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump
6 Types of Steam Turbines
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 16 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Turbine
 Steam turbines are one of the most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies still in general production.

 Power generation using steam turbines has been in use for about 100 years due to higher efficiencies and
lower costs.

 A steam turbine uses a separate heat source and does not directly convert fuel to electric energy.

 This separation of functions enables steam turbines to operate enormous variety of fuels, nuclear energy,
natural gas, oil, coals, wood, wood waste, and agricultural byproducts.

 The energy is transferred from the steam generator to the turbine through high pressure steam that in turn
powers the turbine and generator.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 17 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Layout of a Steam Turbine

Crossover Pipe
Journal Bearing Pedestal
Generator Gas Generator LP Turbine
Cooler Thrust Bearing Pedestal

Front Bearing Pedestal

IP HP
Lube Oil Unit

Lube Oil Cooler

Generator Auxiliary
Equipment
Condenser

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 18 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Layout of a Steam Turbine

Siemens

SST5-6000 (Siemens), 280 bar 600C/610C, net plant efficiency above 45% (LHV)
The function of the steam turbine is to convert the thermal energy contained in the steam into mechanical
energy for turning the generator.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 19 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Layout of a Steam Turbine

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 20 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Foundation
Foundation is decoupled from the overall structure

Monolitic concrete foundation Spring foundation on transoms Spring foundation on single supports

Spring supported foundation

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 21 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Turbine Components

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 22 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

HP/IP Turbine Components

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 23 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

LP Turbine Components

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 24 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1 Introduction to Power Plants

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement
3 Steam Path Parts
4 Condenser
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump
6 Types of Steam Turbines
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 25 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

A Typical 500 MW Class Steam Turbine

A Steam Turbine Used to Explain Details

Turbine parameters Values

Manufacturer GE
Tandem-compound opposed
Type flow, reheat turbine with two
double flow LP turbines
Number of stages 18

Steam conditions 2400 psig/1000F/1000F

Condenser pressure 1 in.Hga

rpm 3600

Steam flow 3,800,000 lb/h

Turbine capacity 512,094 kW

[ 3-Casing, 4-Flow ST ]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 26 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Flow [1/3]

A Typical 500 MW Class Steam Turbine

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 27 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Flow [2/3]

 High-pressure steam from the secondary superheater outlet is routed through the main steam line to the main
stop valves.

 The main steam line splits into two individual lines upstream of the stop valves, passing the steam to the two
main stop valves.

 The steam passes through the stop valves to the external control valve chest, where four control valves are
located.

 The steam passes through the control valves, and to the main turbine through four lines called steam leads.
Two of these steam leads enter the bottom of the high-pressure turbine, and two enter at the top.

 Each of the four steam leads pass steam to an individual 90 degree nozzle box assembly mounted in quarter
segments around the periphery of the first stage of the high pressure turbine.

 High-pressure steam enters the turbine near the center of the HP section, flowing through the individual
nozzle boxes and the six-stage HP turbine toward the front-end standard.

 The steam then leaves the HP turbine, and returns to the reheat section of the boiler.

 The reheated steam returns to the turbine through single hot reheat line, which splits into two individual lines
upstream of the combined reheat intercept valves.

 Steam flows through the combined reheat intercept valves, and into the five-stage IP turbine.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 28 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Flow [3/3]

 The inlet end of the IP turbine is located near the center of the high-pressure section, next to the HP turbine
inlet.

 Steam flow in the IP turbine is in the direction of the generator; this is opposite to the direction of flow in the
HP turbine.

 Steam is exhausted from the IP turbine into a single crossover pipe, which routes steam from the IP turbine
exhaust to the inlet of the two double-flow LP turbines.

 Steam then enters the center of each seven-stage LP turbine.

 The LP turbines consist of two identical sets of LP turbine stages.

 In each LP turbine; one-half of the steam flows through one set of LP turbine stages in the direction of the
turbine front standard, the other half of the steam flows through the other set of LP turbine stages in the
direction of the generator.

 The steam then exits the LP turbines and is exhausted into the condenser.

 The main turbine shaft is connected to and rotates the main generator.

 Controlling the steam flow to the main turbine controls the generator speed and/or load.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 29 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Path
HP Turbine Section

Diaphragms Steam Flow

(Stationary Parts)
Nozzle
Box

Buckets / Blades
(Rotating Parts)

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 30 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Path
HP Turbine Section
 Steam enters the single-flow HP turbine through separately mounted stop valves and control valves. A steam
lead from each of the control valves routes the steam to the center of the high-pressure casing. Two steam
leads are connected to the upper half of the casing and two to the lower half. Steam is admitted to both
casing halves allowing for uniform heating of the casing and thus minimizing distortion.
 Each control valve regulates the steam flow to one of four nozzle box-opening sections (nozzles/partitions).
The nozzle boxes are located within the HP casing; thus containing the steam before it passes through the
first stage nozzle openings.
 The steel alloy high pressure outer shell is supported on the front standard at the turbine end, and the middle
standard at the generator end.
 The high-pressure inner shell is supported in the outer shell on four shims and is located axially by a rabbit fit.
The inner shell is keyed on the upper and lower vertical centerlines to locate it transversely. This arrangement
maintains accurate alignment of the inner shell under all operating conditions. The nozzle box steam inlets
are equipped with slip ring expansion joints that permit the nozzle boxes to move with respect to the shells
and still maintain a steam-tight fit.
 Buckets are placed in grooves machined into the rotor. Each bucket is pinned to ensure its position is fixed.
 The fixed blades are mounted in interstage diaphragms located between each stage of moving blades. The
interstage diaphragms serve as nozzles to increase the velocity of the steam and to direct the steam flow
onto the next stage of buckets. Each interstage diaphragm is constructed of two halves that are mounted in
grooves in the upper and lower casings. When assembled in the turbine, the diaphragms are sandwiched in
between the rotating wheels.
 Steam leaving the nozzle boxes is directed through the HP turbine blading, with the steam flowing toward the
turbine front standard. The expanded steam exhausts through two nozzles at the bottom of the casing and is
routed to the reheat section of the boiler through the cold reheat line.
Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 31 / 108
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Path
IP Turbine Section

Diaphragms
(Stationary Parts)
Steam
Flow

Nozzle
Block

Buckets / Blades
(Rotating Parts)

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 32 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Path
IP Turbine Section

 Steam is routed to the IP turbine through two parallel combined reheat intercept valves. During normal
operation, the reheat stop and intercept valves are fully open.

 The outlets of the combined reheat intercept valves are welded directly to the bottom half of the HP turbine
casing, near the center.

 Steam enters the IP turbine and passes through a nozzle block, which directs the steam onto the first stage of
IP turbine blades. Throughout the turbine, the turbine stages are numbered sequentially beginning with the
first stage of the HP turbine. Therefore, the first stage of the IP turbine is the seventh turbine stage.

 The IP turbine moving blades are attached to the common HP and IP turbine rotor. The blades are placed in
grooves machined into the rotor and held in position by pinning. Interstage diaphragms are located between
each stage of moving blades.

 The steam expands as it passes through each of the IP turbine stages and exhausts through a single
crossover pipe in the upper casing. The crossover pipe directs the steam to the LP turbines. The steam flow
through the IP turbine is toward the generator end, which is opposite to the flow in the HP turbine. By
arranging the flows in the HP and IP turbines in opposite directions, the axial thrust caused by the pressure
drop through the turbine stages is reduced.

 A portion of the steam flowing through the IP turbine is extracted at the 9th and 11th stages of the turbine and
supplied to feedwater heaters 7-6A, 7-6B and deaerating heater No. 5 respectively. The 11th stage extraction
steam is also the normal low-pressure steam supply to the boiler feed pump turbines and a source of fire
protection to the mills.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 33 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Path
LP Turbine Section

LP - B LP - A

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 34 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Path
LP Turbine “A” Section

Steam Flow
Atmosphere Relief Diaphragm
(Breakable Diaphragm, or Low Pressure
Rupture Disc) Exhaust

Inner
Casing

Bearing Bearing
No.3 No.4

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 35 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Path
LP Turbine Section

 The function of the LP turbines is to convert part of the remaining energy contained in the steam exhausted
from the IP turbine to mechanical energy for rotating the generator.

 The LP turbines are double-flow units with seven-stages. IP turbine exhaust steam flows through the
crossover pipe to the LP turbines. This steam enters each LP turbine at the center of the casing. Inside the
turbine, the steam flow is split, flowing across seven stages of blading to each end. The exhaust steam
leaving the LP turbines is then drawn through the exhaust hood to the main condenser.

 The LP turbine casing consists of two halves, upper and lower. The casing halves are machined and bolted
together to ensure a steam-tight fit. The upper half is provided with two rupture discs, which relieve to the
turbine room atmosphere if the turbine exhaust pressure exceeds 5 psig. The lower casing half consists of an
inner and outer casing. The inner casing is the exhaust hood. Exhaust steam enters the main condenser
through this hood.

 Exhaust hood spray is required to limit exhaust hood temperatures during startup and low loads, since the
steam flow through the turbine is not adequate to remove heat generated by the rotating turbine blades. The
condensate system supplies water to the exhaust hood sprays.

 The LP turbine rotor is a single solid forging. The rotating blades are placed in grooves machined in the rotor.
Each blade is pinned to ensure its position is fixed. The fixed blades are placed in grooves machined into the
turbine casing. They are also pinned to ensure their positions are fixed.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 36 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Nozzle Box

#1
#3
43 42

Turbine C.W.

Number of nozzle

42 43
#4 #2

[ 500 MW (3,500 psig, 1,000F) ]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 37 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Stage

Stage = 1 row of nozzle + 1 row of bucket

Nozzle = Stationary blade
Bucket = Rotating blade
Bowl = Entrance of a stage
Shell = Exit of a stage
Dovetail = Lock the bucket with a rotor shaft
Seal = reduce the steam leakage

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 38 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Diaphragm

Diaphragms are fitted into the casing and contain the

Diaphragm : Partitions between two adjacent nozzles used to create the pressure drop and velocity
bucket rows in a turbine's casing are called increase at each stage of the turbine.
diaphragms. They hold the nozzles and seals The rotor shaft passes through each diaphragm and a
between the stages. Usually labyrinth-type seal is created at each stage between the diaphragm
seals are used. One-half of the diaphragm is and rotor by a labyrinth seal.
fitted into the top of the casing, the other half
The diaphragms are supported within the casing by rugs
into the bottom.
and location keys that allow for expansion as the
turbine heats and cools.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 39 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Diaphragm

다이아프램(Diaphragm)
• Inner ring과 outer ring 사이에 노즐을 조립한
하나의 열
• Outer ring은 터빈 케이싱에 조립되어 고정,
inner ring은 축을 둘러싸고 있으며 labyrinth
seal을 설치하여 증기누설 방지

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 40 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Nozzle
노즐(Nozzle)
• 증기 가속을 통해 증기의 압력에너지를 운
동에너지로 변환시킴
• 따라서 노즐 입구와 출구 사이에 압력 차이
발생하며, 압력 차이가 클수록 다이아프램
c1
을 튼튼하게 제작해야 함 p1 1
• 노즐을 빠져나온 증기는 회전방향 운동성분
이 매우 큰 운동에너지를 가짐
Nozzle Row

2 c2
p2 2 w2
u
r
Bucket Row

u
x
w3 3
p3 c3 3

Nozzle Row Bucket Row

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 41 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Bucket

Diaphragm
버켓(Bucket)
Cover
• Rotating blade를 의미
Tip
• 노즐을 빠져나온 고속의 증기에 포함되어 있는 운동
에너지, 열에너지, 압력에너지를 기계적인 일로 변환

Active Length
• 버켓은 회전동력을 발생시켜 로터를 회전시키며, 로
터의 회전동력이 발전기를 구동하여 전기 생산

Short bucket Long bucket

Root
• Active length is longer
Dovetail than 10 inches.

• Bucket vibration should

• Active length is less
be considered carefully.
than 10 inches.
Nozzle Row Bucket Row
• Radial velocity
component is employed
Stage in the design stage.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 42 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1 Introduction to Power Plants

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement
3 Steam Path Parts
4 Condenser
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump
6 Types of Steam Turbines
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 43 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Condenser

Once-through Condenser

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 44 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Condenser
 The steam condenser is a major component of the steam cycle in power generation facilities.

 It is a closed space into which the steam exits the turbine and is forced to give up its latent heat of
vaporization.

 It is a necessary component of the steam cycle for two reasons. One is that it converts the used steam back
into water for return to the steam generator as feedwater. This lowers the operational cost of the plant by
allowing the clean and treated condensate to be reused, and it is far easier to pump a liquid than steam. Two
is that it increases the cycle efficiency by allowing the cycle to operate with the largest possible delta-T and
delta-P between the heat source (boiler) and the heat sink (condenser).

 Because condensation is taking place, the term latent heat of condensation is used instead of latent heat of
vaporization. The steam’s latent heat of condensation is passed to the water flowing through the condenser
tubes.

 Condensate subcooling is defined as the saturation temperature corresponding to the vapor pressure at the
condenser inlet hood minus the actual temperature of the condensate in the hotwell.

 After the steam condenses, the saturated liquid continues to transfer heat to the cooling water as it falls to the
hotwell. This is called as subcooling, and a certain amount is desirable. A few degrees subcooling prevents
condensate pump cavitation.

 Ideally, condensate subcooling should not occur since this means that, during the condensation process,
excessive heat has been removed from the cycle without generating any additional power and the subcooled
condensate must be reheated in the first feedwater heater.

 This decreases the turbine output and increase the turbine heat rate.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 45 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Condenser
 The most common design is the straight-through, single-pass condenser.

 This condenser design provides cooling water flow through straight tubes from the inlet water box on one end,
to the outlet water box on the other end.

 The cooling water flows once through the condenser and is termed a single pass.

 The separation between the water box areas and the steam condensing area is accomplished by a tube
sheet to which the cooling water tubes are attached. The cooling water tubes are supported within the
condenser by the tube support sheets.

 Condensers normally have a series of baffles that redirect the steam to minimize direct impingement on the
cooling water tubes.

 The bottom area of the condenser is the hotwell. This is where the condensate collects and the condensate
pump takes its suction.

 If non-condensable gases are allowed to buildup in the condenser, vacuum will decrease and the saturation
temperature, at which the steam will condense, increases.

 Non-condensable gases also cover the condenser tubes, thus reducing the heat transfer surface area of the
condenser. This surface area can also be reduced if the condensate level is allowed to rise over the lower
condenser tubes.

 A reduction in the heat transfer surface has the same effect as a reduction in cooling water flow.

 If the condenser is operating near its design capacity, a reduction in the effective surface area results in
difficulty maintaining condenser vacuum.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 46 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Condenser
 The temperature and flow rate of the cooling water through the condenser controls the temperature of the
condensate. This in turn controls the saturation pressure (vacuum) of the condenser.

 To prevent the condensate level from rising to the lower condenser tubes, a hotwell level control system may
be employed. Varying the flow of the condensate pumps is one method used to accomplished hotwell level
control. A level sensing network controls the condensate pump speed or pump discharge flow control valve
position. Another method employs an overflow system that spills water from the hotwell when a high level is
reached.

 The sudden reduction in steam volumes, as it condenses, would maintain the vacuum. Pumping the water
from the condenser as fast as it is formed would maintain the vacuum.

 However, it is impossible to prevent the entrance of air and other non-condensable gases into the condenser.
In addition, some method must exist to initially cause a vacuum to exist in the condenser. This necessitates
the use of an air ejector or vacuum pump to establish and help maintain condenser vacuum.

Jet Pump

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 47 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Condenser Vacuum Pump

 A vacuum pump may be any type of motor-driven air compressor. Its suction is located on the top of the
condenser, and it discharges to the atmosphere.

 A common type uses rotating vanes in an elliptical housing. Single-stage, rotary-vane units are used for
vacuums to 28 inHg. Two stage units can draw vacuums to 29.7 inHg.

 The vacuum pump has an advantage over the air ejector in that it requires no source of steam for its
operation. They are normally used as the initial source of vacuum for condenser start-up.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 48 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1 Introduction to Power Plants

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement
3 Steam Path Parts
4 Condenser
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump
6 Types of Steam Turbines
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 49 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Boiler Feedwater Pump

SULZER Pumps

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 50 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Types of Boiler Feedwater Pumps

SULZER Pumps

Diffuser Casing Segmental Ring

Volute Casing Horizontal Split

Diffuser Casing High Speed Barrel Casing

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 51 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Boiler Feedwater Pump

SULZER Pumps

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 52 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Boiler Feedwater Pump

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 53 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1 Introduction to Power Plants

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement
3 Steam Path Parts
4 Condenser
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump
6 Types of Steam Turbines
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 54 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1. Classification by Exhaust Type

1) Condensing Steam Turbine
 The primary type of turbine used for central power generation is High pressure
the condensing turbine. steam
 Condensing turbines exhaust steam directly to condensers that
maintain vacuum condition, that is significantly below Power output
atmospheric pressure.

 An arrays of tubes, cooled by cooling water, condensates the

steam into water and creates condenser vacuum.

 As a result of condensation, the volume of the exhaust steam

reduces by several order of magnitude, and since the process
takes place in a closed vessel, a steady-state vacuum is Condenser
created and maintained, which keeps the process and cycle
going.

 The term ‘condensing’ refers to the condensing system that is

attached to the unit and acts to condense the exhaust steam.

 The condensing turbines have large exhaust areas since the

steam is expanded to low pressures, extracting as much of the
useful energy as reasonably possible to being exhausted.

 Under the vacuum pressure, specific volume of steam is very

high, thus longer blades are required at the last stage before Condensing steam
steam goes into the condensers. turbine (65 MW)

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 55 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1. Classification by Exhaust Type

1) Condensing Steam Turbine
 An exhaust hood or diffuser is provided downstream last stage blade to minimize exhaust loss by reduction of
the steam velocity.

 The steam exhausted into condenser has a quality of near 90%, and this is the main cause of the water
droplet erosion of blades.

 The large power plants for electricity generation are this type of turbine because of maximum power output
and electrical generation efficiency.

 The power output of condensing turbines is sensitive to ambient conditions.

 Condensing turbines are used for all coal-fired, oil- and gas-fired steam turbines, all nuclear steam turbines,
and most of combined cycle plants.

 The size range of the condensing turbines is from as small as 5 MW, up to 1500 MW units employed in power
utility.

 For combined cycle plants, the maximum size will be 200~250 MW.

 Typical condensing pressure are 0.75 inHga for the coldest condensing systems, up to a maximum of 10
inHga for air-cooled condensing system.

 As a small amount of air leaks into the system when it is below atmospheric pressure, a relatively small pump
removes non-condensable gases from the condenser.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 56 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1. Classification by Exhaust Type

Heat Balance for a Condensing Turbine

Single Pressure
Supplementary Firing
Condensing Turbine

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 57 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1. Classification by Exhaust Type

2) Back Pressure Steam Turbine

 The term “back-pressure” refers to turbines that exhaust steam High pressure
at atmospheric pressures and above. steam
Power
output
 At these pressure, the specific volume of the steam is relatively
small, and consequently blade height and exhaust piping are
also relatively small.

Low pressure
 Backpressure steam turbines do not have condenser, and this steam to process
is the reason why the backpressure turbine is called as non-
condensing turbine.

 Backpressure turbine exhausts its entire steam flow to the

industrial process steam.

 Usually, the steam sent for process is not much above

saturation temperature.

 Backpressure turbine has less number of turbine stage and

smaller casing. Thus, it is cost effective. Backpressure steam
turbine (28 MW)

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 58 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1. Classification by Exhaust Type

2) Back Pressure Steam Turbine

 The specific application establishes the discharge pressure, and 50, 150, and 250 psig are the most typical
pressure levels.

 District heating system most often use the lower pressures, and industrial processes use the higher
pressures.

 Industrial processes often include further expansion for mechanical drives, using small steam turbines for
driving heavy equipment that runs continuously for long periods.

 Power generation capability reduces significantly when steam is used at appreciable pressure rather than
being expanded to vacuum in a condenser.

 Discharging steam into a steam distribution system at 150 psig can sacrifice slightly more than half the power
that could be generated when the inlet steam conditions are 750 psig and 800F, typical of small steam
turbine systems.

 The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure.

 These are commonly found at facilities where large amount of low pressure process steam is needed.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 59 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1. Classification by Exhaust Type

Condensing vs. Backpressure Turbine

Condensing steam
turbine (65 MW)

Backpressure steam
turbine (28 MW)

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 60 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1. Classification by Exhaust Type

Heat Balance for a Backpressure Turbine

Single Pressure
Supplementary Firing
Backpressure Turbine

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 61 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
1) Reheat Turbine [1/4]

High pressure steam

Power
HP IP
output

Cold reheat Hot reheat LP

steam steam

Reheater To condenser To condenser

 Reheat turbines are special condensing units applied to large, high pressure power plants.

 Reheat is becoming common for the large combined cycle power plants, where inlet pressures and
temperatures are rising to those commonly found in traditional fossil power plants.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 62 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
1) Reheat Turbine [2/4]

 In the reheat turbine, all the steam expanded through the high pressure turbine is removed from the unit, and
taken as cold-reheat to the reheater of a boiler or HRSG for reheating.

 Usually, cold-reheat steam is reheated back to the original inlet steam temperature, and admitted back into
the IP turbine as hot-reheat steam, at the same temperature as the inlet although at a lower pressure.

 Reheat turbines maintain acceptable levels of wetness in the LP turbine, while the increased length of steam
expansion line results in increased power and efficiency although it requires a significant increase in
equipment cost.

 The reheat steam flows to the IP turbine or reheat turbine where it expands and exhausts into a crossover
pipe that supplies the steam to the LP turbine.

 The steam expands through the LP turbine and exhausts to a condenser.

 Thus, the single reheat cycle has HP, IP, LP turbines.

 It requires reheat stop valve and intercept valve to control the unit during startup and transients.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 63 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
1) Reheat Turbine [3/4]

GE D11 reheat steam turbine

for combined cycle application

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 64 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
1) Reheat Turbine [4/4]

RH1 HP
RH2

 In a double reheat cycle, the steam from the boiler flows to the HP turbine where it expands and is exhausted
back to the boiler for reheating.

 The reheat steam flows to the IP turbine or the first reheat turbine where it expands and is exhausted back to
the boiler again for reheating.

 The second stage of reheated steam flows to the IP turbine or the second reheat turbine where it expands
and exhausts into a crossover pipe that supplies the steam to the LP turbine.

 The steam expands through the LP turbine and exhausts to a condenser.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 65 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
2) Extraction Turbine
 The extraction turbine has opening(s) in its casing
for extraction of a portion of the steam at some
intermediate pressure before condensing the
remaining steam.

 The term extraction means that the removing

steam from an intermediate stage of the turbine
during the expansion of the steam through a
turbine,

 In most power plants, some steam is extracted

from the turbine expansion process and supplied to
heat exchangers for feedwater heating.

 In this case, the turbine is also called as a

regeneration turbine.

 This type of extraction varies in pressure and flow

as a function of load.

 This variation is acceptable and therefore no effect

is made to regulate the pressure.

 This type of extraction called uncontrolled, or non-

automatic extraction.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 66 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
2) Extraction Turbine

 The steam extraction pressure may or may not be

automatically regulated. High pressure steam

 Turbines supplying steam for process applications

typically must supply steam at a constant pressure.
Power output
 Since the steam pressure varies with load unless
controlled, valve is included in the turbine steam
expansion path to control the pressure.

 This valve restricts the flow to the downstream stages

as required to maintain the pressure of the extraction
stage. Medium/low pressure
steam to process Condenser
 This type of turbine is called a controlled or automatic
extraction turbine.

 If several controlled extraction points are required in any one turbine, multiple internal control valves are
provided.

 Regulated extraction permits more steam to flow through the turbine to generate additional electricity
during periods of low thermal demand by the CHP system.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 67 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
3) Admission Turbine

 In large, often complex, industrial plants, additional steam at intermediate pressures may be admitted (flows
into the casing and increases the flow in the steam path) to the steam turbine for additional power generation.

 Often this happens when using multiple boilers at different pressure, because of their historical existence.
These steam turbines are referred to as admission turbines.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 68 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

2. Classification by Cycle
3) Admission Turbine
GEA18786 (June/2011)

207D-17 Steam Turbine

109D-14 Steam Turbine

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 69 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

3. Classification by Rotor Arrangement

1) Tandem-Compound Turbine

[ Tandem-compound ]

Sectional Arrangement of TC4F-40 1,000 MW Steam Turbine for 60 Hz Use

 The tandem-compound unit has all turbines and generator in-line, connected to the same shaft.

 All turbines drive the same generator and thus operate at the same speed.

 Units typically are tandem-compound because the cross-compound arrangement cannot be justified
economically.

 The cost of the cross-compound units is significantly higher than tandem-compound unit because of the need
for separate generators and larger foundations.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 70 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

3. Classification by Rotor Arrangement

2) Cross-Compound Turbine
[ Cross-compound ]

Generator
1800 rpm

Reheater

Generator
3600 rpm

 The cross-compound unit has two turbine generator alignments.

 This type of arrangement is used to increase turbine efficiency.

 The cross-compound arrangement typically consists of HP and IP turbines operating at 3600 rpm driving a
generator.

 The exhaust steam of the IP turbine crosses over to a LP turbine that operates at 1800 rpm, driving a
separate generator.

 The LP turbine operating at the slower speed allows the use of longer LSBs with expansion to higher
moisture percentages and less exhaust losses.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 71 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

4. Classification by Blade Type

Impulse Type vs. Reaction Type

[ Impulse Turbine,  = 0% ] [ Reaction Turbine ,  = 50% ]

enthalpy change in the rotor

= x 100 (%)
enthalpy change in the stage dp
q  dh 

h h
  2 3 100% 
h1  h3 Thermodynamic process occurred in
compressor and turbine is adiabatic process.
T2  T3 And ignoring density changes.
 100% 
T1  T3
dh  dp
p2  p3
 100% 
p1  p3
Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 72 / 108
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

5. Classification by Flow Designation

 The turbine can be classified

by the number of directions
steam flows to exhaust from
the turbine.

 The number of directions

(paths) required depends on
the amount of steam and
specific volume of the steam.

 Double-flow turbines have two

steam flow paths.

 The steam enters the center of

the turbine and flow in two
opposite directions, thus this
type of turbine is also called an
opposed-flow turbine.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 73 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Flow Designation
HP/IP Steam Turbine Arrangement

• Lower cost
• Shorter length
0 or 1
• Lower weight
• Reduced maintenance

Combined opposed-flow HP/IP

• Reduced potential for thermal stress

• Lower impact on differential expansions
• Preferred on large units
• Can accommodate more stages
• Used for split flow design

Separate HP and double-flow IP

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 74 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Flow Designation
Steam Turbine Arrangement

Two-casing, single-flow ST Two-casing, double-flow ST

Three-casing, 4-flow ST

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 75 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Flow Designation
Steam Turbine Arrangement

Four-casing, 4-flow ST

Five-casing,
6-flow ST

Four-casing, 4-flow ST,

double reheat ST

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 76 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Flow Designation
Typical Steam Turbine Arrangement

Gross Number of Turbine Pressure Sections

Output Reheat Steam Pressure, psig (MPa)
(MW) Stages HP IP RH LP

50~150 0 or 1 1,450 (10.1) 1SF -- -- 1SF

150~250 1 1,800 (12.5) 1SF 1 SF -- 1DF
250~450 1 2,400 (16.6) 1SF 1 SF -- 1DF
450~600 1 2,400 or 3,500 (16.6 or 24.2) 1SF 1 SF -- 2DF
Fossil
1 2,400 (16.6) 1DF 1 DF -- 2DF
600~850
1 or 2 3,500 (24.2) 1SF 1 SF 1 DF 2DF
1 2,400 (16.6) 1DF 1 DF -- 3DF
850~1100
1 or 2 3,500 (24.2) 1SF 1 SF 1 DF 3DF
600~900 -- 1,000 (7.0) 1DF -- -- 2DF
Nuclear
900~1300 -- 1,000 (7.0) 1DF -- -- 3DF

Data is for tandem-compound units.

1SF = one single-flow turbine; 1DF = one double-flow turbine; 2DF (3DF) = two (three) double-flow turbines

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 77 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1 Introduction to Power Plants

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement
3 Steam Path Parts
4 Condenser
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump
6 Types of Steam Turbines
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 78 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Pulverized-Coal Firing System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 79 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Boiler
Drum-Type Boiler Once-through Boiler

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 80 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Configuration of a Coal-Fired Boiler

Superheated Reheated
Steam Steam Steam
Drum


 Reheater T
  HP Turbine 
Exhaust Steam


Flue Gas Ducting

Blow Economizer  
Furnace Tubes

Down Deaerated Boiler

Waterwall

Feedwater

Downcomer


Flue Gas

Coal
Air Fan
Coal-air Hot Air Preheater
Ambient s
Mixture
Inlet Air
Pulverizer Header

Inlet Ash
Header Hot Air

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 81 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Circulation Method
superheating in
T steam dome superheater 3

vaporization in
feed water evaporator
heating in  
economizer expansion of steam in
steam turbine
compression of
2 water in pumps
4
1 condensation of steam in
 a condenser

s


(a) Natural circulation (b) Forced circulation

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 82 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Spiral Furnace Design

[ Vertical Tube Design ] [ Vertical Type water Wall ] [ Spiral Type water Wall ] [ Spiral Wound Design ]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 83 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Concept of USC

p Pcr = 22.09 MPa,

TK Tcr = 374.14C
USC

SC

K(Critical Point)

Water Superheated Steam

Sub-Critical

Wet
Steam

f x g 

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 84 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Characteristics of Supercritical

There is no distinction between water and steam in supercritical units

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 85 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Once-through Boiler

 There is no boiler drum in the once-through boiler.

 Water flows through the evaporation section

without any recirculation.

 The steam separator ensures safe operation and

control of the boiler.

 It will prevent water from entering the superheater,

and provides a means of blow down for the HP
section during low loads and transient conditions.

 The separator is dry in normal operating

conditions.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 86 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Boiler Efficiency - Exercise

[Exercise]
A boiler generates 4,994,457 lb/hr of steam, and burns 374,920 lb of coal per hour having a heating value of
13,700 Btu/lb. The pressure of the main steam is 3515 psia and the enthalpy is 1421.7 Btu/lb. And the
temperature of feedwater is 505F, and the enthalpy is 496.12 Btu/lb. What is the boiler efficiency.

[Solution]

보일러 효율은 다음과 같다. Thermal Energy

= Energy Conversion Rate
W hg  h f 
Chemical Energy
 Boiler  100 [%]
Q H

W = steam flow, lb/h

Q = fuel flow, lb/h
H = heating value of fuel, Btu/lb
hg = enthalpy of main steam, Btu/lb
hf = enthalpy of feedwater, Btu/lb

문제에서 주어진 값들을 대입하면, 보일러 효율은 90%이다.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 87 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

1 Introduction to Power Plants

2 Steam Turbine Arrangement
3 Steam Path Parts
4 Condenser
5 Boiler Feedwater Pump
6 Types of Steam Turbines
7 Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers
8 Nuclear Steam Supply System

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 88 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Arrangement of Nuclear Power Plant

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 89 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Fluid Flow in a Nuclear Power Plant

2 5
4
7

3 6 G
1

14 8

11 10
13 12 9

1-nuclear reactor, 2-steam generator, 3-HP turbine, 4-steam separator, 5-reheater,

6-LP turbine, 7-generator, 8-condenser, 9 -condensate pump, 10-LP FWH,
11-LP FWH, 12-BFP, 13-HP FWH, 14-main circulating pump

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 90 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Schematic of a Nuclear Power Plant

A. Primary circuit B. Secondary circuit C. Tertiary circuit 1. Reactor 2. Fuel assemblies 3. Control rods
4. Pressurizer 5. Steam generator 6. Primary pump 7. Feedwater primary circuit
8. Feedwater secondary circuit 9. Steam secondary circuit 10. High- pressure turbine
11. Low-pressure turbine 12. Condenser 13. Feedwater pump 14. Generator 15. Exciter 16. Transformer
17. High voltage line 18. River 19. Intake cooling water 20. Cold cooling water 21. Warm cooling water
22. Cooling water 23. Upward airflow 24. Steam 25. Outlet cooling water

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 91 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Schematic of a Nuclear Power Plant

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 92 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

NSSS

APR 1400
Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 93 / 108
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Principle of a Pressurizer

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 94 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Ideal Rankine Cycle - Nuclear


T p 3= p 2

qH 3
 
2
2s 

p 4= p 1 

1 qL 4s 4

Process 12s : Isentropic compression in pump

Process 2s3 : Constant pressure heat addition in steam generator
Process 34s : Isentropic expansion in turbine (adiabatic turbine)
Process 4s1 : Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser (h4>>h1)

This saturated-steam cycle is a basic Rankine cycle for nuclear power plants with non-reheat system.

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 95 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Moisture Separator

Spinner Blades
(Swirler)

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 96 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Path Lines of Steam Flow

Vin (m/s) =
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 97 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Water Droplet Trajectories

Vin = 5m/s

dp (m) =
5 10 20 30 40 50 70 100

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 98 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Dryer

Flow

Spacer Vane Pocket

Cross Section of Dryer Vane

(Chevron Vane)

Dryer Bank

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 99 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Droplet Trajectories in a Dryer Vane

dp =
4 m

10 m

15 m

20 m

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 100 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Droplet Trajectories in a Dryer Vane

dp =
4 m

10 m

15 m

20 m

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 101 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Quality


(Required) Quality

 around 25 %
  around 96~98 %
 should be higher than 99.75 %

Calculated Quality
 around 25 %
 96 % (assumed)
 99.95 %

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 102 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Steam Turbine Arrangement

Four-Casing, Six-Flow Steam Turbine [Nuclear-APR 1400]

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 103 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

Heat Balance -1000MW Nuclear Unit

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 104 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

MSR - Horizontal

Steam Turbine
(APR 1400)

MSR (GE)
MSR (Horizontal)

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 105 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

State Changes in Nuclear Steam Turbines

Moisture Separator Reheater

To From
Feedwater Main
Heaters  Steam

  Steam
Dryers
LP Turbines

 HP Turbine 


   
Main Steam

Condensate
Pump

Condensers 
To
Feedwater
Heaters 

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 106 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

원자력발전

Moisture Removal Groove Bucket

Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 107 / 108

APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_0000010
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000010WP_000001

질의 및 응답

작성자: 이 병 은
작성일: 2016.6.21 (Ver.7)
연락처: [email protected]
Mobile: 010-3122-2262
저서: 실무 발전설비 열역학
증기터빈 열유체기술
발전용 가스터빈
Steam Turbine 2. Introduction 108 / 108