Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
3.3. Design of Primary Beam
3.3.1. Structural system & model
Structural system
Fig. Local plan Fig. Primary beam layout and cross-sections
Structural model
Transient design situation (construction stage): simple beam in and out of bending plane,
with span L=b;
Persistent design situation (operational stage): simple beam in bending plane with
uniform lateral supports at the top flange level. The flange in compression is laterally
restrained by RC slab connected to the beam by welded bolt studs – type Nelson.
3.3.2. Loads
a) Operational stage
Characteristic permanent loads (Self weight)
Reaction force from SB (S.W. covering + RC slab+steel sheeting+instalations (
uniformly distributed)+SBeam):
d
2 Rgk ,SB 2g k ,i ,[kN ]
2
(or taken as reaction force from previous calculations for statical model of the slab - simple beam)
S.W. Primary Beam
g k ,5 ' 0,75 kN / m - approximate value or this self-weight should be calculated on the base of
assumed initial cross-section of primary beam and self-weight of the steel per m3.
Characteristic variable loads (Imposed loads + partition walls)
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Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
Reaction force from SB (uniformly distributed)
d
2 Rqk ,SB 2qk ,i ,[kN ]
2
b) Construction stage - casting of concrete
Permanent loads (Self weight)
s.w. steel sheeting:
s.w. Primary Beam:
s.w. Secondary Beam:
s.w. RC slab (fresh concrete):
g k , fresh concrete 26 kN / m3
qk g k , fresh concrete hequiv . flat slab
Variable loads
s.w. lumped fresh concrete
Inside the working area 3 m x 3 m (or the span length if less) -10% of the self-weight of the concrete
but not less than 0,75 kN/m2 and not more than 1,5 kN/m2. Position of lumped fresh concrete
determines should be the most unfavorable for the calculated member.
qk ,1 g k , fresh concrete 26 kN / m3
Outside the working area - 0,75 kN/m2
Fig. Variable loads pattern
3.3.3. Load combinations
a) Operational stage
ULS design combinations
1.35Gk 1.5Qk Gd Qd
SLS design combinations
1.0Gk 1.0Qk Gk Qk
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Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
b) Construction stage
ULS design combinations
1.35Gk 1.5Qk Gd Qd
SLS design combinations
1.0Gk 1.0Qk Gk Qk
3.3.4. Statical calculations of the internal forces
a) Operational stage
b) Construction stage
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Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
3.3.5. Cross-section composition, according design requirements for
Operational stage
Having in mind relatively long span and intense forces the Primery beam will
be designed with built-up plane section. The built-up cross-section is assembled
by welding of independent steel plates. During the design procedure two
processes run simultaneously - cross-section determining and fulfilling of
design requirements. Beam will be designed only as a member of gravity
forces bearing system and presented approach leads to the most economical
solution.
a) Assumed initial proportions of cross-section
In this project the assumed approach is applying of fully effective cross-section.
In such case could be used section class 3, composed directly for the current for ULS and SLS
requirements.
Assumed section class – 3
- minimum requirements for outstand parts in compression:
cf
10 14
tf
- minimum requirements for two sides supported parts in compression:
c
83 w 124
tw
Recommended section dimensions and proportions
t w 5 10 mm
t f 1.5t w - requirement for reducing of deflections of heat affected flange due to welding;
b f (0.3 0.5)hw - relates to preferred ratio between self weight of beam flanges and web
b) Determination of cross-section dimensions, corresponding to the initial
proportions and ULS and SLS design requirements
Determination of the optimum height - hopt
This height meets requirement for minimum self weight of the steel beam with I shaped cross section
and enough bending resistance. Formula corresponds to the assumed ratio between area of flanges and
web. According to the researches the best ratio is ∑Af=Aw.
hopt 1.05 3 wWrequired , y
M max, y
Wrequired , y M
fy 0
83 w 124
w 100 120
Determination of the minimum height – hmin
This height meets simultaneously the ULS requirement for enough bending resistance and SLS
requirement for enough stiffness.
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Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
pd l 2 I
M Ed , y ,max ; Wel , y y 2
8 h
M f
d Ed , y ,max y
Wel , y M0
5 pk l 4
wmax wu
384 EI y
pk f y
k
pd M 0
l
if wmax wu G Q , then
350
5 kl2
hmin
24 Ewu
Assumed cross section properties
hmin h hopt , rounded to 5mm ;
h
tw (5; 6;7;8;9;10) mm
w
Proving of assumed web dimensions by shear resistance design check
Let’s assume shear force is beared only by the web:
V S 1.5VEd , z fy
max Ed , z ,max y , then
I y tw hwtw 3 M 0
1.5VEd , z 3 M 0
tw
hw f y
If slenderness of stiffened web (stiffened by transverse intermediate and end-post stiffeners) is
beyond the limits below
hw 72
for unstiffend or
tw
hw 31 k 1.2 for S 235 S 355
tw 1.0 for S 460 and higher
the web should be checked for resistance to shear
buckling as well.
Shear resistance of cross-section
In difference with the shear resistance, shear buckling
resistance should be proved for the maximum shear force
at distance hw/2 from the stiffener (transverse rib) in the
considered web panel.
VEd , z
1
Vbw, Rd
wt w hw f wy t w hw f wy
Vbw, Rd
3 M1 3 M1
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Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
w f w contribution of the web to shear buckling resistance
hw
w for stiffened web
37.4t w k
Av f y / 3
w modified slenderness
Av cr
cr E k critical shear buckling stress
2E
E 2
elastic critical plate buckling stress
h
12 1 2 w
tw
4 a
k k 5.34 2 , for 1
hw
5.34 a
k 4.0 , for 1
2
hw
Poisson ' s ratio
w depends on the stiffness of end post (end trasversal rib)
see 5.2 and 5.3 - EN 1993-1-5
The given beam to column joint detail is flexible, so non-rigid end post.
In conclusion, acceped dimensions of the web are.............
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Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
Calculation of the required flange area and the flanges dimensions
W t h
Af ,req req w w ;
hw 6
b f 180 mm width should be enough for welding of bolted
studs and bearing of corrugated steel sheets
b f (0.3 0.5)hw
1.5tw
t f b f tw
2 14
In conclusion, acceped dimensions of the flange are.............
Assumed cross section properties
……………………………
3.3.6. Finnal bending resistance
Iy
Wy
M Ed , y
1
M el , Rd , y
3.3.7. Design verification for bending-shear interaction, in case of significant
bending moments and sher forces at the same beam cross section
VEd , z
If 0.5, then int eraction should be verified , but if
Vbw, Rd , z
M Ed , y Af f y
1, where M f , Rd , y h0 ,
M f , Rd , y M 0
it means the flanges can bear whole bending momens indepentanly
and web whole shear.
Otherwise combined design check:
M f , Rd , y 2
1 1 23 1 1
M
pl , Rd , y
M Ed , y
1
M pl , Rd , y
2
Af f y hw t w f y
M pl , Rd , y h0
M 0
2 M0
VEd , z
3
Vbw, Rd , z
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Steel Sructures and Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings Academic year:
Project:
with Steel Structures 2019-2020
3.3.8. Lateral torsional buckling resistance verification for Construction
Stage
M Ed , y ,max
1
M b ,Rd , y
,
fy
M b,Rd , y LTW y ;
M 0
where buckling length corresponds to the spacing between lateral supports. Initially, this length could
be equal to the beam length, having in mind presence of vertical braced frames in the longitudinal
direction between columns. If the design ratio isn’t fulfilled, the length could be reduced by applying
of horizontal braced frames between secondary beams only for construction stage.
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