21.1. In a small sphere of lead with a mass of 8.
00 g are placed surplus electrons, so that their
net charge is -3.20x109 C. a) Find the number of surplus electrons in the sphere. b) How many
surplus electrons are there per lead atom? Lead's atomic number is 82, and its atomic mass is
207 g/mol.
21.2. Lightning occurs when there is a flow of electrical charge (mostly electrons) between the
ground and cumulonimbus (storm clouds). The maximum rate of charge flow in lightning is
around 20,000 C/s; this lasts 100 μs or less. How much charge flows between the ground and the
cloud at this time? How many electrons flow in this period?
21.3. Estimate how many electrons are in your body. Make whatever assumptions you think are
necessary; but state clearly what they are. (Hint: Most of the atoms in your body have equal
numbers of electrons, protons, and neutrons.) What is the combined charge of all these
electrons?
21.4. Particles on a gold ring. You have a ring of pure gold (24 karat) with a mass of 17.7 g. Gold
has an atomic mass of 197 g/mol and an atomic number of 79. a) How many protons are in the
ring, and what is its total positive charge? b) If the ring has no net charge, how many electrons
are in it?
21.5. The average weight of a human being is about 650 N. If two ordinary people each have a
surplus charge of 1.0 coulomb, one positive and the other negative, How far apart would they
have to be for the electrical attraction between them to equal their weight of 650 N?
21.20. Two point charges are located on the x-axis as next: the charge q 1 = + 4.00 nC is at x =
0.200 m, and the charge q2 =+ 5.00 nC is at -0.300 m. What are the magnitude and direction of
the total force exerted by these two charges, on a charge negative punctual q 3 -6.00 nC found at
the origin?
21.21. A positive point charge q is located on the positive part of the y-axis at y =a, is on the
negative side of the y-axis on y=-a. A negative point charge -Q is placed at a certain point on the
positive part of the x-axis. a) On a free-body diagram, indicate the forces acting on the charge –
Q. b) Find the x and y components of the net force exerted by the two charges q and -q on -Q.
(Your answer should only include k, q, Q, a, and the x-coordinate of the third charge.) C) What is
the net force on the charge -Q when it is at the origin (x = 0)? d) Graph the y component of the
net force on charge -Q as a function of x for values of x between -4a and + 4a.
21.33. An electron with initial speed v0 = 1.60x106 m/s is thrown into a uniform field between
the parallel plates in Fig. 21.38. Assume that the field between the plates is uniform and
directed vertically downward, and that the field outside the plates is equal to zero. The electron
enters the field at a point equidistant from the two plates. a) If the electron just pounds the top
plate out of the field, find the magnitude of the electric field. b) Suppose that in Fig. 21.38 the
electron is replaced by a proton with the same initial speed v 0. Would the proton hit any of the
plates? If the proton does not hit either plate, what would be the magnitude and direction of its
vertical displacement, as it exits the region between the plates? c) Compare the paths that the
electron and proton travel, and explain the differences. d) Discuss whether it is reasonable to
ignore the effects of gravity on each particle.
21.71. Three charges are at the corners of an isosceles triangle, as illustrated in Figure 21.43.
±5.00 μC charges form a dipole. a) Calculate the force (magnitude and direction) that the -10.00
μC charge exerts on the dipole. b) For an axis perpendicular to the line joining the ±5.00 μC
charges, at the midpoint of said line, obtain the torque (magnitude and direction) that the
-10.00 μC charge exerts on the dipole.
21.83. If the atoms weren't neutral. . . Since the charges on the electron and the proton have the
same absolute value, the atoms are electrically neutral. Suppose this was not quite true, and
that the absolute value of the charge on the electron was 0.00100% less than the charge on the
proton. a) Estimate what the net charge of this book would be in such circumstances. Make
whatever assumptions you think are justified, but be clear about what they are. (Hint: most
atoms in this book have equal numbers of electrons, protons, and neutrons.) b) What would be
the magnitude of the electrical force between two books placed 5.0 m from each other? Would
this force be attractive or repulsive? Estimate what the acceleration of each book would be if
they were 5.0 m apart and there were no electrical forces on them. c) Discuss how the fact that
ordinary matter is stable shows that the absolute values of the charges on the electron and
proton must be identical with a very high degree of accuracy.
21.107. Two thin rods of length L lie along the x-axis, one between x = a / 2 and x = a / 2 1 L, and
the other between x = -a / 2 and x = -a / 2 -L. Each rod has a positive charge Q uniformly
distributed throughout its length. a) Calculate the electric field produced by the second rod at
points along the positive x axis. (b) Show that the magnitude of the force exerted by one rod on
the other is
(c) Show that if the magnitude of this force is reduced to F=Q 2/4πϵ0a2. (Hint: use the
expansion of ln(1+z)=z-z2/2+z3/3-…, valid for |z|<<1. Consider all expansions at least
to order L2/a2 .) Interpret this result.
PRACTICE NUMBER 2
1. You are given two metal spheres mounted on portable insulating stands. Find a way to give
them equal and opposite charges. You can use a glass rod rubbed with silk but cannot touch the
spheres. Do the spheres have to be the same size for your method to work?
2. In question 1, find a way to give the spheres equal charges of the same sign. Again, do the
spheres need to be of equal size for the method to work?
3. A charged rod attracts dry cork dust particles, which, after touching the rod, are often
violently away from it. Explain.
4. The experiments described in section 27-2 could be explained by calculating four kinds of
charge, that is, on glass, silk, plastic, and skin. What is the argument against this?
5. A positive charge approaches an insulated conductor without charge. The conductor is
grounded while the load is held close. Is the conductor positively or negatively charged, or not
charged at all if (a) the charge is removed and then the ground connection and then the charge
is removed?
9. Why don't electrostatic experiments work well on humid days?
5. Figure 10 shows two charges, q1 and q2, separated by a fixed distance
d. (a) Find the value of the electric force acting on Suppose that q1 =
q2 = 21.3 mC and d = 1.52m. (b) A third charge q3 = 21.3mC is introduced
and positioned as shown in Figure 10b. Calculate the intensity of the
electric force q1 now.
6.Dos esferas conductoras idénticas, que tienen cargas de signo opuesto,
se atraen entre sí con una fuerza de O. 108 N cuando están separadas por
50.0 cm. Las esferas se conectan súbitamente con un alambre conductor
delgado, que luego se retira, y después las esferas se repelen entre sí
con una fuerza de 0.0360 N. ¿Cuáles eran las cargas iniciales de las
esferas?
12. Dos cargas fijas, de +1.07 HC y —3.28 gC, tienen una
separación de 6*.8 cm. ¿Dónde puede estar una tercera
carga de modo que no actúe sobre ella ninguna carga neta?
13. Dos cargas puntuales libres +qy +4q están separadas por
una distancia L. Se coloca una terc«a carga de modo que
todo el sistema esté en equilibrio. (a) Halle el signo,
magnitud, y la ubicación de la tercera carga. (b)
tre que el equilibrio es inestable.
6. Dos esferas conductoras idénticas.@y@portan cantidades iguales de
carga y están fijas a una distancia muy
grande en comparación con sus diámetros. Se repelen en-
be sí con una fuerza eléctrica de 88 mN. Supóngase, ahora,
que tina tercera esfera idéntica.@la cual tiene un mango
aislante y que inicialmente no está cargada, se toca prime-
retira. Halle la fuerza entre las esferas [email protected]éa-
se la figura 11.
Tres partículas cargadas se encuentran en una línea recta
y están separadas por una distancia d como se muestra en
la figura 12. Las cargas q, y q, se mantienen fijas. La carga
q» la cual puede moverse libremente, está en equilibrio
bajo la acción de las fuerzas eléctricas. Halle q, en térmi-
nos de q,.
Dos esferas conductoras idénticas, que tienen cargas de
signo opuesto, se atraen entre sí con una fuerza de 108 N
cuando están separadas por 50.0 cm. Las esferas se conec-
tan súbitamente con un alambre conductor delgado, que
luego se retira, y después las esferas se repelen entre sí con
una fuerza de 0.0360 N. ¿Cuáles eran las cargas iniciales
de las esferas?
Dos cargas fijas, de +1.07 HC y —3.28 PC, tienen una
separación de 6*.8 cm. ¿Dónde puede estar una tercera
carga de modo que no actúe sobre ella ninguna carga neta?
Dos cargas puntuales libres +q y +4q separadas por
una distancia L. Se coloca una terc«a carga de modo que
todo el sistema esté en equilibrio. (a) Halle el signo,
magnitud, y la ubicación de la tercera carga. (b)
tre que el equilibrio es inestable.
Dos diminutas bolas semejantE de masa m colgando
de hilos de seda de longitud L y portan cargas q
como en la figura 14. Suponga que es tan pequeño que
tan 8 puede ser reemplazado por su igual aproximado, sen
9. (o) Para esta aproximación demuestre que, para el
equilibrio,
g2L
2 "omg
Un cubo de arista a porta una carga puntual q en cada Demuestre que la
fuerza eléctrica resultante sobre cualquiera de las cargas está dada por
0.262q2 dirigida a lo largo de la diagonal del cubo hacia afuera del
mismo.
Halle la carga total en coulombs de 75.0 kg de electrones.
26. La fuerza electrostática entre iones separados por una distancia de
5.0 x m es 3.7 x N.
a) Halle la carga sobre cada ion. (b) ¿Cuántos electrones faltan en cada
ion?
27. Se piensa que un neutrón está compuesto de un quark "arríba- de carga
y dos quarks "abajo" cada uno de los cuales tiene una carga de —Le. Si
los quarks abajo están con una separación de 2.6 x m adentro neutrón,
¿cuál es la fuerza eléctrica de repulsión entre ellos?
29. Un electrón está en el vacio cerca la superficie de la Tierra. ¿En
dónde estaría situa&) un segundo electrón de modo que la fuerza neta
sobre el primer electrón, debida al otro electrón y a la gravedad, sea
cero?
