L6-Wind Power-1

Energy Conversion
Lecture 6: Wind Power
Content
 Wind power status
 Types of wind turbine generator
 Power in the wind and power extracted
 Wind turbine generator, speed control
 Average power in the wind and energy estimates
 Wind turbine performance calculation
2
Some history
Claude Monet The Zaan River at Zaandam, Denmark, Spring 1871 3
Some history
4
Wind around the world
Wind resources in southeast Asia
6
Wind resources in Cambodia
World total installed capacity
8
World total installed capacity
Content
10
Types of wind turbine
11
Horizontal Axis
 Upwind turbine
◦ Complex yaw control system.
◦ Keep blade facing wind.
◦ Operate more smoothly.
◦ Deliver more power.
 Downwind turbine
◦ Let the wind control left-right motion (the yaw).
◦ Orient itself correctly to wind direction.
◦ Wind shadowing effect by the tower, cause the blade to flex.
◦ Increase noise and reduce power output.
12
Number of Blades
 Multi-blade windmill need high starting torque and low
wind speed for continuous water pumping function.
 As rpm increases, turbulence caused by one blade

affects efficiency of the blade that follows
 Fewer blades allow the turbine to spin faster =>

smaller generator.
 Two and three blades are the most common in modern

wind turbine.
13
Some pictures of horizontal axis

wind turbine
14
Vertical axis
 Advantages :
◦ Always turn into the wind direction  no
control
◦ the generator and gearbox can be placed near
the ground  easy maintenance
 Disadvantages:
◦ Self starting is impossible
◦ The pulsating torque generated by the rotor 
Mechanical problem
15
Some pictures of vertical wind

turbine
16
Inside wind turbine
17
Content
18
Power in the Wind
19
Power in the wind (cont)
20
Power in the wind (cont)
 Power in the wind depends on,
◦ Air density,
◦ Area that wind flow through (i.e. swept area of
the turbine rotor), and
◦ Wind speed.
 Power increases as the cube of wind speed.
 Will it be correct to calculate power using

average wind speed?
21
Example 1
 Compare the energy at 15◦C, 1
atmpressure, contained in 1 m² of the
following wind regimes:
◦ a. 100 hours of 6-m/s winds (13.4 mph),
◦ b. 50 hours at 3 m/s plus 50 hours at 9
m/s (i.e., an average wind speed of 6 m/s)
22
Power vs wind speed
23
Power VS Swept Area

 Power increases as proportional to swept
area of the rotor.
 This implies that power is proportional to

square of the diameter; the bigger, the
better.
 This explains economies of scale of wind

turbines.
24
Power VS air density
 Power in the wind depends on,
◦ Air density,
◦ Area that wind flow through (i.e. swept area of
the turbine rotor), and
◦ Wind speed.
 At 15°C and 1 atmosphere, ρ= 1.225 kg/m³.

 Density = weight/volume,
25
Power VS air density (cont)

 Air density varies according to ideal gas law
◦ P: absolute pressure (atm)

◦ V: volume (m³)
◦ n: mass (mol)
◦ R: ideal gas constant (m³·atm·K¯¹·mol¯¹)
◦ T: absolute temperature (K, K = °C +273.13 )
26
 So air density depends pressure (P) and

temperature (T)
27
28
Impact of Tower Height
 Wind speed near the ground is greatly
affected by the friction that air experiences.
 Smooth surface, such as sea --> less
friction.
 Rough surface, such as city with tall
buildings --> more friction.
 Wind speed as a function of,
◦ Height,
◦ Earth’s surface.
29
Impact of Tower Height (cont)

 Power law, often used in US.
◦ H = reference height of 10m.
◦ v = reference wind speed at H .
◦ α= friction coefficient
 Alternative law used in Europe.

◦ z = roughness length
30
31
32
Example
 An anemometer mounted at a height of 10
m above a surface with crops, hedges, and
shrubs shows a wind speed of 5 m/s.
Estimate the wind speed and the specific
power in the wind at a height of 50 m.
Assume 15◦C and 1 atmof pressure.
33
Albert Betz’s Formulation
34
Power Extracted from the Wind
35
Rotor Efficiency
36
Maximum Rotor Efficiency
37
Betz’s Law
38
Tip-Speed Ratio
39
Example
 A 40-m, three-bladed wind turbine produces 600
kW at a wind speed of 14 m/s. Air density is the
standard 1.225 kg/m3. Under these conditions,
◦ At what rpm does the rotor turn when it operates with
a TSR of 4.0?
◦ What is the tip speed of the rotor?
◦ If the generator needs to turn at 1800 rpm, what gear
ratio is needed to match the rotor speed to the
generator speed?
◦ What is the efficiency of the complete wind turbine
(blades, gear box, generator) under these conditions?
40

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Energy Conversion

Lecture 6: Wind Power

Claude Monet The Zaan River at Zaandam, Denmark, Spring 1871 3

Wind resources in southeast Asia

World total installed capacity

 As rpm increases, turbulence caused by one blade

 Fewer blades allow the turbine to spin faster =>

 Two and three blades are the most common in modern

Some pictures of horizontal axis

Some pictures of vertical wind

Power in the wind (cont)

 Power increases as the cube of wind speed.

 Will it be correct to calculate power using

Power VS Swept Area

 This implies that power is proportional to

 This explains economies of scale of wind

 At 15°C and 1 atmosphere, ρ= 1.225 kg/m³.

Power VS air density (cont)

◦ P: absolute pressure (atm)

 So air density depends pressure (P) and

Power VS air density (cont)

Impact of Tower Height (cont)

 Alternative law used in Europe.

Impact of Tower Height (cont)

Albert Betz’s Formulation

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