Surveying technology

Level-III

Learning Guide-14
Unit of Competence: Apply Photogrammetry Surveying
Module Title: Applying Photogrammetry Surveying

LG Code: EIS SUR3 M14 0519

TTLM Code: EIS SUR3 M14 TTLM 1120v1

LO 1: Plan and prepare

 Instruction Sheet Learning Guide #14

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Confirming and applying work instructions
 Confirming and applying safety.
 Identifying and obtaining signage.
 Reporting tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks.
 Reporting leveling equipment checked for serviceability.
 Confirming and applying environmental protection
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to:
 Work instructions, including plans, specifications, quality requirements and operational detail
are obtained, confirmed and applied to the allotted task
 Safety requirements are obtained from the site safety plan and organizational policies and
procedures, confirmed and applied to the allotted task
 Signage requirements are identified and obtained from the project traffic management plan and
observed
 Tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with the requirements of the job,
checked for serviceability and any faults are rectified or reported
 Leveling equipment is checked for serviceability, within specified tolerances and any faults are
reported
 Environmental protection requirements are identified from the project environmental
management plan, confirmed and applied to the allotted task
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below 3 to 6.
3. Read the information written in the information “Sheet 1, Sheet 2, Sheet 3 and Sheet
4”.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1, Self-check t 2, Self-check 3 and Self-check 4” in page
-6, 9, 12 and 14 respectively.
5. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation from the “Self-check” proceed to “Operation
Sheet 1, Operation Sheet 2 and Operation Sheet 3 ” in page -15.
6. Do the “LAP test” in page – 16 (if you are ready).

Information Sheet-1
Confirming and applying work instructions
1.1 WORK INISTRUCTION
Work instruction is A detailed set of instructions that describe exactly how a low-level activity must be
carried out. For example, describing precisely how a Request For Change record is created in the Change
Management software support tool.

 A Work Instruction is a document that provides specific instructions to carry out an Activity.
 A Work Instruction is a step by step guide to perform a single instruction.
 A Work Instruction contains more detail than a Procedure and is only created if detailed step-by-
step instructions are needed.
A work instruction is a tool provided to help someone to do a job correctly. This simple statement
implies that the purpose of the work instruction is quality and that the target user is the worker.
Unfortunately, in many workplaces, today’s work instructions have little connection with this
fundamental focus. Factories have encumbered work instructions with content that has been added to
satisfy auditors, lawyers, engineers, accountants and yes, even quality managers. We’ve piled on so
much extraneous material that we’ve lost sight of the intended purpose of work instructions.’ See: 

http://www.explainers.com/Articles/Four-Essentials-Effective-Work-
Instructions.htm
1.2 safety requirement At an international level it is important to consider health and safety
cultural differences and whether the prevailing judicial system is prescriptive or self-
regulatory. Prescriptive systems set precise requirements that need to be followed in order to
comply with health and safety law, whereas self-regulatory systems set general requirements,
leaving the details and practicalities of achieving compliance to each RICS-regulated firm
and RICS member. In particular, consideration should be given to how compliance with the
law will be judged in the event that judgement becomes necessary; for example, following an
accident or near miss, or after the serving of an enforcement authority notice for a perceived
breach of the law.
Health and safety responsibilities should include potential liabilities relating to both civil and
criminal law as relevant in the jurisdiction. The potential financial consequences of personal
injury and the RICS-regulated firm’s or RICS member’s response to obligations affects how
insurance underwriters view the risk they are asked to insure; that is, it may affect the level of
insurance premium and the extent of cover.
Personal responsibilities
Individuals employed by RICS-regulated firms have a direct responsibility to ensure that
corporate health and safety policies and procedures are practiced effectively and
competently. It is therefore essential that individuals have the necessary skills, knowledge,
training and experience to carry out these tasks. When individuals encounter or anticipate an
activity, task or procedure that may lead to the harm of people, property or the environment,
practicalities necessitate that the responsibility to act appropriately remains with the
individuals directly concerned.
Risk assessment does not imply that every risk or event can be foreseen, but it is the first step
towards minimizing potentially dangerous events and putting in place appropriate risk
controls. Sometimes, however, events overtake planning; these situations will have to be
addressed by those immediately affected by them.
Individuals are responsible for knowing and understanding the health and safety risks
appropriate to the tasks they undertake. This knowledge may be gained through: •
appropriate training • keeping up to date with relevant information and • personal experience
which all contribute to ongoing competence. Individuals within an RICS-regulated firm are
obliged to maintain competence levels appropriate to their tasks. Generally, the more senior
position an individual has in an RICS-regulated firm, the greater their responsibility becomes
to those under their supervision – whether employees or other people who could be affected
by the work that is being undertaken. A court may place health and safety responsibility on
senior management in direct proportion to the extent of their operational.

Reference :- www.http//.surveying-safely-2nd-edition-rics
1.3 obtaining signage
WEARING OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
The rule, as stated in the Safe Work Practices and Compliance Standards Handbook, requires
all personnel to wear the appropriate personal protective equipment during all operations
where exposure to hazardous conditions exists. Frequently, surveyors operate tools which, if
not used correctly, could cause harm. Where there is a possibility that an eye injury could
occur during the performance of assigned duties, the Department is required to supply its
employees suitable face shields or goggles. However the Department is not required to
provide individuals with prescription safety glasses. Steel-toe safety boots are not required
and are not furnished by the Department. High-top leather work boots provide the most
protection and should be worn. All personnel working or visiting locations designated by the
resident engineer as "Hard Hat Areas" shall wear approved protective helmets. Helmets shall
meet or exceed specifications contained in the Safe Work Practices and Compliance
Standards Handbook. These helmets will be inspected on a regular basis and shall be
replaced immediately if found to be defective. Helmets shall be worn while working
underneath overpasses and at any other time the party chief deems it necessary.
USE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Basically, there are two categories: warning signs and channelizing devices.
WARNING SIGNS
Warning signs shall be installed prior to the start of all survey work that is on pavement and
with in 15 feet of the edge of the traveled way. They shall be used all the time you are
working in traffic. Since surveyors are constantly moving on the highway, it is important that
warning signs be moved as the work progresses. When you are through for the day, or at any
time work ceases, these devices shall be turned, removed or covered. This simple procedure
will prevent a host of potential problems for surveyors as well as motorists. Whenever the
activities are changed such that a particular sign or other warning device is no longer
appropriate, the sign or device shall be turned, removed or covered, and replaced if necessary
with the appropriate device. There are four signs used most frequently; WORKERS AHEAD,
SURVEY CREW, FLAGGERS AHEAD, and STAY IN YOUR LANE. Signs warning of
lane closings ahead may be used also. As far as sizes of various signs and placement height,
The FDOT Maintenance of Traffic Committee prefers us to refer to the Roadway and Traffic
Design Standards, Series 600. This precludes having to revise the Safety Handbook when the
standards change. The SURVEY CREW AHEAD symbol or legend shall be the principle
advance warning sign used for traffic control through survey work zones and may replace the
ROADWORK AHEAD sign when lane closures occur, at the discretion of the party chief.
Type B light or dual orange flags shall be used at all times to enhance the SURVEY CREW
AHEAD sign, even with mesh signs.
Channelizing Devices
There are five types of channelization devices available: cones, vertical panels, plastic drums,
and Type I and Type II barricades. Vertical panels and cones are to be used only when a
portable device is needed for lane closure operation that will last only one day or when the
more durable Type I or Type II barricades are not available. Type I & II barricades should be
used whenever appropriate. They are, however, difficult to carry and stack. Cones are orange
in color and shall meet Department requirements. For the most part, cones are used to
channel traffic through and around a work area. Occasionally, the need arises for the
 surveyor to close off or separate traffic. Cones are used to accomplish this. Plastic drums
should be used only when other types of devices are not available. Drums are not practical on
a daily basis because of their size. Generally, they should be used only during heavy
construction and maintenance operations. If it is necessary to place an instrument or other
tripod within the traveled way or within 15 feet of the traveled way, the tripod will be
protected by cones according to field conditions. For horizontal control surveys between
active traffic lanes or within shared left turn lanes, cones shall be used to protect tripods at 50
feet intervals for at least 200 feet towards the flow of traffic. For Elevation Surveys between
active traffic lanes or within shared left turn lanes, cones may be used at the discretion of the
party chief to protect prism holder and flagger(s) at up to 50 feet intervals along the break
line throughout the work zone.

Reff. Surveying safety hand book.

Self-Check -1 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
1. ________________ are assets in a community that help meet certain needs for
those around them.(3 points)
A. Air spaces C. Local resources
B. Local maps D. Services
2. List out the purposes of mobilizing local resources at least five points.(5 points)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 and 5 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 and 5 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Short Answer Questions
 Information Sheet-
Identify aerial Photograph
2
The term “photogrammetry" is derived from the three Greek words phot which means light, gramma
which means something drawn, and metrein, the noun of measurement. Photogrammetry can be
defined as the science and art of determining qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects from
the images recorded on photographic emulsions without coming in physical contact with the objects.
Here information is obtained through processes of recording patterns of electromagnetic radiant
energy, predominantly in the form of photographic images. Objects are identified and qualitatively
described by observing photographic image characteristics such as shape, pattern, tone, and texture.
Photogrammetry also allows for the extraction of three-dimensional features from remotely sensed
data.
2.1 Recognizing use of aerial photographs.
Aerial Photography is defined as art, science and technology of taking aerial photographs from an air-
borne platform. Probably Gasper Felix Tournachon "Nadar" took very first aerial photograph in 1858 of a
village of Petit Bicetre (France) from a balloon. The art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and the environment through the processes of recording, measuring,
and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant energy and other
phenomena. the art and science of extracting meaningful information about objects and phenomenon
from imagery, either in analog or digital form, and other spatial measurement systems like laser and
radar data. It is generally perceived as making measurements on photographs.

2.2 Use of aerial photography is recognized

2.2.1 Vertical Aerial PhotographVertical aerial photography
is an aerial photography technique where the shots are
taken from directly above the subject of the image.
Allowable tolerance is usually + 3° from the
perpendicular (plumb) line to the camera axis. This
method of aerial photography is also referred as
“overhead aerial photography.” In vertical aerial
photograph, the lens axis is perpendicular to the
surface of the earth. In vertical photograph, we may
see flat and map-like image of the rooftops and
canopies of the building and structure being
photographed. There are three common ways that
vertical aerial photography can be conducted: (i) Low
 Altitude – For this particular shot, the resulting images will show bigger and closer shots
of the subject and its surroundings, (ii) Medium Altitude – Here, the resulting images of
the subj ect and the surroundings are smaller than those produced in low altitude vertical
aerial photography, (iii) High Altitude – The images of the subject and its surroundings
produced from high altitude vertical aerial photography are way smaller than those
produced from low altitude and medium altitude vertical aerial photography.
Nonetheless, they are able to cover a wider section of the land.
2.2.2 Oblique Photography
The word oblique means having a sloping direction or angular position. Therefore,
Photographs taken at an angle are called oblique photographs. Oblique Photography is of
two types.
A. Low Oblique Aerial Photography: Low
oblique aerial photograph is a photograph
taken with the camera inclined about 30°
from the vertical. In this type of photograph
horizon is not visible. The ground area
covered is a trapezoid, although the photo is
square or rectangular. No scale is applicable
to the entire photograph, and distance
cannot be measured. Parallel lines on the
ground are not parallel on this photograph;
therefore, direction (azimuth) cannot be
measured. Relief is detect able but distorted
B. High Oblique Aerial Photography: The
high oblique is a photograph taken with the
camera inclined about 60° from the vertical.
In this type of aerial photograph horizon is
visible. It covers a very large area. The
ground area covered is a trapezoid, but the
photograph is square or rectangular.
Distances and directions are not measured on
this photograph for the same reasons that
they are not measured on the low oblique.
Relief may be quite detectable but distorted
as in any oblique view.

2.3 Information available on an aerial photograph is considered

Unlike a map, features on an aerial photograph are not generalized or symbolized. Air photos
record all visible features on the Earth's surface from an overhead perspective. Although the
features are visible, they are not always easily identifiable. The process of studying and gathering
the information required identifying the various cultural and natural features is called photo
interpretation. With careful interpretation, air photos are an excellent source of spatial data for
studying the Earth's environment. Aerial photographs provide a three dimensional overall view
of the ground at almost any scale demanded by the user.
This property makes aerial photographs to be of great value for the following activities.
a) Topographical mapping f) Military intelligence
b) Regional geological mapping g) Archaeology and civil engineering studies
c) Regional soil mapping h) In Urban Studies
d) Forestry Resources
e) Land use studies i) In Climate Change
2.3 Accuracy of aerial photography is checked as per specification.
aerial products, which can be registered typically with linear or low order models, the poorly
constrained camera orientation resulting from the unstable blimp platform produces
significant image warping and curvature to rectify the image to a planar coordinate system.
With exceptionally high GCP densities and an evenly distributed network of tie-points,
higher (3rd and 4th) order models can produce relatively high quality imagery (i.e. co-
registration errors commensurate with the obtainable pixel resolution: circa 10–2 m
resolution). However, these demands will frequently exceed the logistical limits of most
survey work as for example, a 1 1 km survey area would require nearly 4000 GCPs. Using
coarser GCP networks and less demanding aerotriangulation and 2nd order polynomial
models yields absolute errors of 0.5–1 m (significantly larger than the obtainable pixel
resolution). While errors of such magnitude may present challenges for applications like
grain size extraction from imagery (e.g. Carbonneau, 2005, Verdu et al., 2005) or
construction of digital elevation models from stereo pairs, they are perfectly suitable for
providing relatively high-resolution imagery for mapping and contextual purposes. This
suggests that intermediate and largerscale geometries (e.g. bar and channel scale in the case
of fluvial applications) could be relatively well identified using this low-cost approach. The
application of such a technique across a reasonable length reach will be explored in the
second experiment in more detail.
 Self-Check -2 Written Test

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in
the next page:
1. In which of the following aerial photographs the Nadir and the principle points coincide
(a) Vertical (b) Near-vertical (c) Low-oblique (d) High-oblique

2. In which of the following aerial photographs the horizon appears

(a) Vertical (b) Near-vertical (c) Low-oblique (d) High-oblique

3. list at list 5 point of the necessity of photography.

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 and 5 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 and 5 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________

Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________

Short Answer Questions
 Information Sheet-3 Scribe Features
3.1 Features according to the desired specifications are scribed.
The aerial mapping consultant will survey all planimetric features identifiable by means of
the aerial survey conducted unless limited under contract scope of work. The CDOT Micro
Station configuration provides a full list of Micro Station features Any further feature
identification requirement shall be conducted as described under Required features that
cannot be identified by aerial survey methods will be field collected by means of a post-aerial
or pre-aerial ground survey. Likewise, required features mapped within the aerial project
scope that could not be positively or fully identified by the photogrammetrist shall be field
identified in a Post-Aerial survey. The map compilation process shall use Micro Station
Levels with feature descriptors as indicated in 4.6.3 to ensure their identification for the post-
aerial ground survey. It should be anticipated that completion of the feature identification
will require ground surveys. The aerial mapping consultant is responsible for determining
which features can be identified. The CDOT Region Survey Coordinator or designee shall
work closely with the aerial mapping consultant when determining which features require
further identification.
The following major planimetric features shall be labeled:
1. Cities
2. Towns
3. Villages
4. Street
5. Roads
6. Rivers
7. Streams
8. Railroads
9. Other features of importance
10. State and federal numbered highways
11. Primary control monuments
All names and numbers shall be legible, not smaller than 1/8 inch in height at intended output
scale, clear in meaning and shall not interfere with map features.
3.2 Identifying scribing instrument for the desired use.

Basics of Aerial Camera

According to McGraw-Hill Dictionary, an aerial camera is a highly
specialized camera, designed for use in aircraft and containing a
mechanism to expose the film in continuous sequence at a steady
rate. They are referred to as "passive sensors" because they detect
and capture the natural light reflected from objects. An aerial
camera is a mechanical optical instrument with automatic and
electronic elements. It is designed for obtaining aerial photographs
of the earth’s surface from an airplane or other type of aircraft.
Aero-camera differs from ordinary camera and has specific features
like fully automatic operation, shock absorbing support frame, large
picture format, and rapid frame advance. Apart from these, aero-
camera is accomplished with photographing from great distance,
rapid movement and vibration during exposure. The world’s first
aerial camera for an area photography from an areophane was invented by the Russian army
 engineer V. F. Potte during World War I. Aerial cameras may have one or more lenses for
plan views, perspectives and panoramic survey. Basic features of aerial cameras are their
focal length, negative size, and minimum exposure time, which is as short as 1/1000 sec in
Soviet aerial cameras. Standard Soviet aerial cameras designed for topographical surveys, are
having 18 x 18 cm negative size, have focal lengths from 50 to 500 mm and corresponding
field-of-view angles from 150° to 30°. Aerial cameras of either type are used for black and
white or color aerial photographic surveying. Aerial cameras with varying focal lengths,
beginning with 88 mm, are also used aboard. With the most popular 23 x 23 cm negative
size, this corresponds to field-ofview angles up to 125°. Like other cameras, aerial camera
also has basic features of Lens, Shutter and Diaphragm, working as focal plane/focal length,
controlling exposure speed and aperture respectively.
Focal Plane and Focal Length.
Focal plane is the flat surface where film is held. Focal length is the distance from the focal
plane to approximately the center of the camera lens. Thin lens equation is:
1/ 𝑓 = 1 /𝑜 + 1/ 𝑖 f
= focal length of the camera, o = distance between object and camera and i = distance
between lens and image plane. Most metric aerial cameras have a fixed focal length such as
152 mm and 305mm. Military photoreconnaissance operations commonly employ lenses 3 to
6 feet to obtain detailed photographs from extremely high altitudes.
Types of Aerial Cameras
Single-lens mapping (metric) cameras: It provides highest geometric and radiometric quality
of aerial photography to map the planimetric (x, y) location of features and to derive topographic
contour map. Individual exposures are typically 23 x 23 cm.
Multiple-lens cameras: Each of the lenses (camera) simultaneously records photographs of the
same area, but using different film and filter combination. This creates multiple band
photographs.
Panoramic camera: This type of camera uses a rotating lens (or prism) to produce a narrow
strip of imagery perpendicular to the flight line. It is commonly used by military but much less in
civilian applications due to poor geometric integrity.
Digital camera: Digital camera uses “charge-coupled-device (CCD) detectors. These detectors
are arranged in a matrix and located at the film plane.
A digital camera takes light and focuses it via the lens onto a sensor made out of silicon. It is
made up of a grid of tiny photosites that are sensitive to light. Each photosite is usually called a
pixel ("picture element"). There are millions of individual pixels in the sensor of a digital
camera. Advantage with digital camera is that it records and store photographic images in digital
form. These images can be stored directly in the camera or can be uploaded onto a computer or
printer later on. To replicate the spatial resolution of standard 9x9 inches metric aerial
photograph, a digital camera would require approximately 20000 x 20000 detectors.
3.3 Making separate color combining printed features.

Aerial Photograph Filtration

Lens filters are transparent or translucent glass or gelatin elements that

attach to the front of a camera lens. They protect the camera lens, alter
the characteristics of light passing through the lens or add special
effects and colour to an image. Photographic filters are used to achieve
image enhancement effects that can change the tone and mood of the
photographs. Filters work on the theories of additive colour and
subtractive colour.
3.3.1Additive colour: Blue, green and red are considered to be additive colour and also known
as primary colour. These primary colours can be mixed to create all colour shades.
3.3.2 Subtractive colour: Yellow, cyan and magenta are the
subtractive colour. These colour are also known as
secondary colour. A subtractive colour model explains the
mixing of a limited set of dyes, inks, paint pigments or
natural colourants to create a wider range of colours, each the
result of partially or completely subtracting some
wavelengths of light. Filters filter out certain types of
unwanted wavelengths of light before they can reach the
film plane and expose the film. A filter will appear the
colour of light that is allowed to pass through.

3.3.3 Haze filter: When

collecting natural colour aerial
photograph, it is desired to
eliminate much of the
scattering of ultraviolet
radiation caused by atmosphere
haze. Haze filters were
developed to absorb light
shorter than 400nm.

3.3.4 Yellow filter (minus blue filter): When

collecting colour infrared aerial photography, yellow
filter is used, which subtract almost all of the blue
light (wavelength < 500nm). This reduces the effect
of atmospheric Rayleigh scattering. It absorbs blue
and allows green and red light to be transmitted. A
mixture of red and green is yellow.

3.3.5 Band pass filter: Band

pass filter configure a film
and filter combination so that
the camera only records a
very specific band of
reflected EM energy.

3.3.6 Polarization filter: A

Polarizing filter reduces atmospheric haze, but also reduces reflected sunlight. The most typical
function of a Polarizer is to remove reflections from water and glass. The resulting image is free
of reflected light, and transparent objects like glass are free of reflections. It allows the vibration
of a light ray in just one plane to be passed.