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Stress, Strain and Temperature Relationship: ME231: Solid Mechanics-I

This document discusses stress-strain relationships in solid mechanics, including: 1) Hooke's law defines the linear relationship between normal stress and normal strain, as well as between shear stress and shear strain. 2) Poisson's ratio describes the lateral strain that occurs when a material experiences axial loading. 3) Generalized Hooke's law relates all components of stress and strain in multi-axial loading situations using elastic constants like E (Young's modulus), G (shear modulus), and ν (Poisson's ratio). 4) Dilatation and bulk modulus describe how a material's volume changes with applied hydrostatic pressure.

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97 views8 pages

Stress, Strain and Temperature Relationship: ME231: Solid Mechanics-I

This document discusses stress-strain relationships in solid mechanics, including: 1) Hooke's law defines the linear relationship between normal stress and normal strain, as well as between shear stress and shear strain. 2) Poisson's ratio describes the lateral strain that occurs when a material experiences axial loading. 3) Generalized Hooke's law relates all components of stress and strain in multi-axial loading situations using elastic constants like E (Young's modulus), G (shear modulus), and ν (Poisson's ratio). 4) Dilatation and bulk modulus describe how a material's volume changes with applied hydrostatic pressure.

Uploaded by

Rohan sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME231: Solid Mechanics-I

Stress, Strain and Temperature relationship

1
First, consider an element on which only one component of normal
stress is acting. This normal component of stress will produce a
corresponding normal component of strain. Relation between the
normal stress and normal strain produced is,

············(6)

From the measurement made during the uniaxial tensile test, it is observed that there are
deformations in the lateral directions also. It is found that lateral strain is a fixed fraction of
the normal strain. This fixed fracture is called Poisson’s ratio and is denoted by the symbol ν.
Thus, lateral strain can be defined as,

············(7)

The possibility of occurrence of shear strain because of


normal stress can be discarded because of isotropy.
Thus normal stress will produce only normal strains.
24
Now, if normal stress is considered then, normal strain in y-direction will be

············(8)

and corresponding lateral strains will be, ············(9)

Similarly for normal stress corresponding strains are,

············(10)

Under the most general loading condition, shear stresses does not affect the normal strains
directly when deformations are small. Also shear stresses in a direction does not affect shear
strains in other directions. Hence, Hooke’s law for shear stresses is

············(11)

where G is called the shear modulus. 25


Multi-axial loading: Generalized Hooke’s Law
Consider a case where all stress components are acting
simultaneously, then within the limits of linear elasticity and small deformations stresses
and strains can be related as,

············(12)

These equations are known as the generalized Hooke’s law. These equations involves three
constants E, G and ν.

26
Dilatation and Bulk Modulus
Consider a cubic material element having unit volume shown
in its unstressed state. Under the stresses it
deforms into a rectangular parallelepiped of volume v, where

As strains are smaller than unity, we can write,

Now the change in volume is

············(13)
Here, e represents the change in volume per unit volume which
is called dilatation of the material. Using (12) we can rewrite
(13) as,

············(14)
27
If a body is subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure, i.e.,
then (14) yields
············(15)

where is a material constant, known as bulk modulus of the material.

Bulk modulus is defined as the ratio of pressure to dilatation/volumetric strain (e). Note that
k is always positive, as hydrostatic pressure will always decrease the volume.
Hence, (1-2ν)>0 or ν < 0.5. ν is also positive, hence for any engineering material
0 < ν < 0.5.
●
ν=0 – Stretching is one directional without contraction in lateral direction.
●
ν=0.5, i.e., k=∞, which means, zero dilatation or no change is volume when pressure is
applied. i.e., perfectly incompressible materials.

28
Relationship between E, ν and G
Consider a material element in pure shear loading. Using Hooke’s law, we
can write shear strain in the element as,
············(16)
Using stress transformation, let us determine the state of stress at angle
orientation of 45°. We already did this as exercise and shown that the state
of stress at 45° orientation of the element will be as follows.
For this element, applying generalized Hooke’s law yields,

············(17)

Maximum shear strain is nothing but , which can be determined as

············(18)29
Now equating (16) and (18) we can write,

············(19)

Thus for an isotropic elastic material there are just two independent elastic constants.

30

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