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6.precursor and Birth of AI

The document provides an introduction to the history and development of artificial intelligence. It discusses early precursors from the 9th century to the 1940s and the official birth of AI as a field at the 1956 Dartmouth conference. Key developments are outlined from early successful programs in the 1950s-60s, the "AI Winter" of the 1970s, and growth of the field through expert systems in the 1980s to today's applications using large datasets.

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TariqMalik
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63 views17 pages

6.precursor and Birth of AI

The document provides an introduction to the history and development of artificial intelligence. It discusses early precursors from the 9th century to the 1940s and the official birth of AI as a field at the 1956 Dartmouth conference. Key developments are outlined from early successful programs in the 1950s-60s, the "AI Winter" of the 1970s, and growth of the field through expert systems in the 1980s to today's applications using large datasets.

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TariqMalik
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
FOR IT & NON-IT PROFESSIONALS
PRECURSOR AND BIRTH OF AI
PRECURSORS OF AI

• Baghdad in 820 AD
• Al-Khwarizmi:
PRECURSORS OF AI
• (1943–1955 )
• 1943 Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts
PRECURSORS OF AI
• Donald Hebb (1949)
• Hebbian learning
PRECURSORS OF AI
• 1950
• Harvard, Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds
PRECURSORS OF AI
• Alan Turing
• 1950
THE BIRTH OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(1956)
•The field of artificial intelligence research was
born in 1956 at a conference that took place
over the course of the summer at Dartmouth.
•Attendees filtered in and out over the weeks, but
at the core were AI legends like Allen Newell,
Herbert Simon, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky,
and Arthur Samuel
• Marvin Minsky, 1961
• Early successful AI programs:
Samuel’s Checkers Player
first machine learning system
Arthur Samuel plays checkers with an IBM 704 computer in
Poughkeepsie, New York
Herbert Gelernter (1959) constructed the Geometry Theorem
Prover
At 1958 in MIT AI Lab McCarthy defined the high-level language
Lisp
A dose of reality (1966 - 1973): •Early machine translation
efforts to speed up the translation of Russian scientific
papers in the wake of the Sputnik launch in 1957.
• Most of the early AI programs solved problems by trying
out different combinations of steps until the solution was
found.
• This strategy worked initially with limited objects and
hence very few possible actions and very short solution
sequences.
AI Winter
The mid 1970s saw a dip in interest in the field that came to be
known as the first AI winter.
Knowledge-based systems (1969 - 1979):
Example: 1969: DENDRAL expert system by Edward Albert
Feigenbaum
• Ex2: 1976: MYCIN by Shortliffle
• Expert systems in medical diagnosis
•AI becomes an industry (1980 - present):
•The return of NNs (1986 - present)
•The emergence of intelligent agents (1995-
present)
Internet tools, such as search engines,
recommender systems, and Web site
aggregators use AI technologies
AVAILABILITY OF VERY LARGE DATA
SETS ( 2001-PRESENT)
• In the 60-year history of computer science, the emphasis has been
on the algorithm as the main subject of study.
• But recent work in AI suggests that for many problems, it makes
more sense to worry about the data
• Examples: trillions of words of English, billions of images from the
Web, or billions of base pairs of genomic sequences
THE BIRTH OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands! – long list of Xs and a belief that “ a
machine can never do X”
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980-- AI becomes an industry
1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
1987-- AI becomes a science
1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
WHAT CAN AI DO TODAY?
• A concise answer is difficult because there are so many
activities in so many subfields. Here we sample a few
applications; These are just a few examples of artificial
intelligence systems that exist today. Not magic or
science fiction—but rather science, engineering, and
mathematics.
1. Robotic vehicles A driverless robotic car named
STANLEY sped.. cameras, radar, and laser range
2. Speech recognition
WHAT CAN AI DO TODAY?
3. Autonomous planning and scheduling
• MAPGEN, NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers, A rover
4.Game playing
IBM’s DEEP BLUE became the first computer
program to defeat the world champion in a chess
match
5.Spam fighting
Email spam
WHAT CAN AI DO TODAY?
6.Logistics planning
During the Persian Gulf crisis of 1991, U.S. forces
deployed a Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool,
DART (Cross and Walker, 1994), to do automated
logistics planning and scheduling for transportation
7.Robotics
Roomba robotic vacuum cleaners for home use
8. Machine Translation

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