MINING ENVIRONMENT

MANAGEMENT MANUAL

Naresh Chandra Saxena

Gurdeep Singh
Pramod Pathak
Bhabesh Chandra Sarkar
&
Asim Kumar Pal
Indian School of Mines
Dhanbad 826 004 (Jharkhand) INDIA

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA)

P.O. BOX 91 JODHPUR (RAJ.)
Published by:
Pawan Kumar Sharma
Scientific Publishers (India)
5-A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91
JODHPUR – 342 001
Tel.: +91-291-2433323
Fax: +91-291-2512580
E-mail: [email protected]
www.scientificpub.com

© Authors, 2005

ISBN: 97-88172-333-66-9

Lasertype set: Rajesh Ojha

Printed in India
 PREFACE

This Mining Environment Management Manual is developed by the

authors for the benefit of the entire mining industry in the Country. The
Manual has been designed in such a manner that it can be easily used
by the engineers and environmentalists in the mining complexes in their
efforts for the management of mining environment. It has been attempted
to present the existing status and comprehensive overview of all the
aspects of mining environment. Since environment is a developing
subject the user of the manual is suggested to, wherever necessary,
consult the relevant web-sites for the latest status. The list of the useful
web-sites is given in the bibliography.
The manual initially outlines broad details of the mineral mining
industry in the country; the national policies, legislation, standards and
procedures for establishing and operating the mines along with the
various formats required to be filled/complied with under different
legislation; a methodology for the preparation of the environmental
management plans of the mining projects; and broad guidelines for
monitoring of the environmental parameters alongwith the following
aspects of mining environment.
• Brief outlines of the mining methods commonly used in the
country.
• Environmental impacts of mining.
• Subsidence management.
• Design of pillars and barriers.
• Environmental impact assessment.
• Mine closure planning.
• Environmental auditing.
• Land acquisition for mining & rehabilitation of PAPs.
• Strategies for prevention of mining disasters.
iv Mining Environment Management Manual

• Environmental management in the mining areas covering

management of all the components of environments, i.e., social,
ecological, land, water and air environment.
• Community development planning including rehabilitation and
resettlement of the PAPs.
• Do and don’ts in the environmental management planning for
mining projects.
• Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) in
environmental management in mining complexes.
• Roles of the executives in environmental management, etc.
The manual in simple english aims at to attract attention of one and
all concerned with the management of mining environment. The authors
believe that this manual will be useful to the following categories of the
people in the mining complexes in the country and abroad.
• Mine planners in planning and designing of the mining activities
and integration of environmental management measures in the
mining methods.
• Mine operators in implementing the environmental management
measures, monitoring and compliance of legislation.
• Regulatory agencies and their executives in developing a better
understanding of the mining environment related aspects and
implementing the legislation.
• Research workers in planning, designing, and undertaking
research and development activities.
• Educationists in imparting the knowledge and know-how to the
participants in various academic and human resource
development programs.
• The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in developing a
better understanding of the mining environment and assisting the
mineral industry in effective implementation of the environmental
manage-ment efforts.
• The people in the mining complexes in developing the
understanding of various aspects of the management of mining
environment.
The user of the manual is advised to read the manual carefully and
understand the various topics discussed and then use their own wisdom
and the suggestions made in the manual in design, planning,
implementation and monitoring of the mining activities. The legislative
aspect of mining environmental management is dynamic and time to
time changes are made in the Acts. Rules and Regulations by the Central
 Preface v

and State Governments. The user is therefore advised to get abreast with
the latest developments through the web-sites of the MOEF and the
Central and State Pollution Control Boards and other regulatory
agencies.
The authors express their deep sense of gratitude towards all those
colleagues and friends who have helped them to develop this manual.
Special mention is for Shri K.K. Jain of MOEF for helping in fine-tuning
the Chapter related to legislation and procedure. The Chapter on Land
Use Planning is contributed by Dr. D. Sarkar of the National Bureau of
Soil Survey and Land Use Planning.
The authors specially thank Dr. (Mrs.) Rekha Ghosh and Dr. I.N.
Sinha of the Center of Mining Environment, ISM for their encouragement
and help in the preparation of this manual. Thanks are also due to
S/Shri Durga Das Chandra, Subrata Pal and Ajai Bhattacharya for their
contributions in the compilation and computer work for this manual. The
authors thank one and all who have directly and indirectly helped them
to develop this manual.
 CONTENTS

Page No.

1. PREAMPLE 1-13

1.1 Mineral Industry 1

1.2 Environment 5
1.3 Mining 7
1.4 The Manual 10

2. POLICIES, LEGISLATION, STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES 14-162

2.1 Preamble 14
2.2 Constitutional Provisions 14
2.3 National Policies 15
2.3.1 National Mineral Policy 15
2.3.2 National Forest Policy 17
2.3.3 National Environmental Policy 19
2.3.4 National Industrial Policy 22
2.3.5 Draft National Rehabilitation & Resettlement Policy 22
2.4 Other Policies 27
2.4.1 Coal India’s Environmental Policy 27
2.4.2 Coal India’s Rehabilitation & Resettlement Policy 28
2.4.3 Tata Steel 31
2.4.4 Tata Chemicals 33
2.4.5 Hindustan Zinc Limited 34
2.4.6 Indian Rare Earths Limited 34
2.5 Mining Legislation 35
2.5.1 The Mines Act, 1952 36
2.5.2 The Mines Rules, 1955 37
2.5.3 The Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) 41
Act, 1957
viii Mining Environment Management Manual

2.5.4 The Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 1988 42

2.5.5 The Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 44
2.5.6 The Coal Mines Regulations, 1957 46
2.5.7 The Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1961 52
2.5.8 DGMS Circulars 56
2.5.9 Coal Mines Pit-Head Bath Rules, 1959 57
2.5.10 Mines Crèche Rules, 1966 58
2.5.11 The Mines Rescue Rules, 1985 58
2.6 Environmental Legislation 58
2.6.1 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 59
2.6.2 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 61
2.6.3 The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 63
2.6.4 The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 65
2.6.5 The Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) 67
Rules, 1989
2.6.6 The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 69
2.6.7 The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 70
2.6.8 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 70
2.6.9 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 72
2.6.10 Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 73
2.6.11 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules, 1991 75
2.6.12 Restriction on The Ash Content of Coal to be Used in 77
Thermal Power Plants
2.6.12 Draft Notification on Fly- Ash Utilization 1998 77
2.7 Environmental Standards 78
2.8 Environmental Appraisal Procedures for Establishing and 85
Operating a Mine
2.8.1 Selection of Right Location for a Mine and Associated Facility 85
2.8.2 Areas to be Avoided 86
2.8.3 Procedures for Establishing a Mine 86
2.8.4 How to Obtain Environmental Clearance? 88
2.8.5 Procedures for Operating a Mine 90
2.8.6 Procedure for Forestry Clearance 91
2.9. Appendices 94
Appendix 2.1 Form 1 – Notice of Opening, Closing or Change of Name 95
Appendix 2.2 Form IVB – Particulars of Deceased/Injured Person(s) 96
Appendix 2.3 Form V – Notice of Diseases Notified Under Section 25 98
Appendix 2.4 Form 1 – Notice of Opening, Closing or Change, etc. 100
Appendix 2.5 Form IVB – Particulars of Deceased/Injured Person 101
Appendix 2.6 Form IVC – Particulars of Injured Person Returned to Duty 103
Appendix 2.7 Form V – Notice of Diseases Notified Under Section 25 104
 Contents ix

Appendix 2.8 Form XIII – Consent to Establish/Operate for Discharge of 105

Effluents.
Appendix 2.9 Schedule for Consent Application Fee. 108
Appendix 2.10 Specified Procedure for Effluent/Emission/Waste Sampling 108
Appendix 2.11 Form XIV – Notice of Inspection 109
Appendix 2.12 Schedule of Specified Industries for Water Cess 110
Appendix 2.13 Prescribed Rates of Water Cess 111
Appendix 2.14 Form I - Water Cess Return 112
Appendix 2.15 Prescribed Schedule of Maximum Water Consumption for 114
Specified Industries
Appendix 2.16 Form II – Form of Memorandum of Appeal 115
Appendix 2.17 Consent to Establish/Operate for Emission 117
Appendix 2.18 Form II – Notice of Inspection 120
Appendix 2.19 Form VII – Form of Appeal 121
Appendix 2.20 Form V – Environmental Statement 123
Appendix 2.21 Specified Categories of Hazardous Wastes 126
Appendix 2.22 Form I – Application for Authorization/Renewal of 127
Authorization for collection/ Reception/Treatment/
Transport/Storage /Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
Appendix 2.23 Form 2 – Authorization for Operating a Facility for Collection 130
/Reception/ Treatment/ Storage/ Transport/ Disposal of
Hazardous Wastes
Appendix 2.24 Form 3 – Format for Maintaining Records of Hazardous 131
Wastes at the Facility
Appendix 2.25 Form 4– Format for the Submission of Returns regarding 133
Disposal of Hazardous Waste
Appendix 2.26 Form 5– Format for Accident Reporting 134
Appendix 2.27 Categories of Bio-Medical Waste 134
Appendix 2.28 Standards for Treatment and Disposal of Bio-Medical Waste 135
Appendix 2.29 Schedule for Installing Waste Treatment Facilities like 138
Incineratory Autoclave/Microwave System
Appendix 2.30 Colour Coding and type of Container for Disposal of Bio- 139
Medical Waste
Appendix 2.31 Label for Bio-Medical Waste Containers/Bags 139
Appendix 2.32 Label for Transport of Bio-Medical Waste Containers/Bags 140
Appendix 2.33 Application for Authorization 141
Appendix 2.34 Annual Report 142
Appendix 2.35 Accident Reporting 143
Appendix 2.36 Prohibited Activities in CRZ 143
Appendix 2.37 Permissible Activities in CRZ 145
& 2.38
x Mining Environment Management Manual

Appendix 2.39 Norms for Regulation of Activities 146

Appendix 2.40 Guidelines for Development of Beach Resorts/Hotels 148
Appendix 2.41 List of Ecologically Sensitive/Protected Areas 149
Appendix 2.42 Information to be Furnished for Assessment of Site for 149
Mining Projects
Appendix 2.43 Information to be Submitted in Feasibility Report 151
Appendix 2.44 Application Form for Environmental Clearance 152
Appendix 2.45 Application Form for Clearance from Forest Angle 154
Appendix 2.46 Details to be Furnished in the Scheme for Compensatory 162
Afforestation

3 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 163-169

3.1 Preamble 163
3.2 Preparation of an EMP 163
Appendix 3.1 Definitions of Hot Spots 169

4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 170-194

4.1 Objectives of Monitoring 170

4.2 Types of Monitoring 171
4.3 Identification of Sources of Pollution 172
4.4 Source Monitoring 173
4.5 Air Pollution Monitoring 174
4.6 Noise Monitoring 178
4.7 Water Pollution Monitoring 180
4.8 Soil, Solid Waste and Sediment Monitoring 183
4.9 Duration and Extent of Survey 186
4.10 Pre-requisites for Monitoring 188
4.11 Compilation of Monitored Data 189
Appendix 4.1 Formats for Compilation of Data 190

5 MINING 195-244

5.1 Preamble 195

5.2 Lignite Mining 195
5.3 Coal Mining 196
5.3.1 Opencast Coal Mining 196
5.3.2 Underground Coal Mining 200
5.4 Non-coal Mining 214
5.4.1 Non-coal Opencast Mining 215
5.4.2 Underground Mining of Ore/Mineral Deposits/Bodies 216
Appendix 5.1 Methodology for the Design of Pillars and Barriers 222
Appendix 5.2 Methodology for Prediction, Control and Management of 224
Subsidence Movements
 Contents xi

6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING 245-259

6.1 Preamble 245
6.2 Environment Impacts of Mining 245
6.2.1 Impacts on Society 245
6.2.2 Impacts on Ecology 247
6.2.3 Impacts on Land 249
6.2.4 Impacts on Water Regime 251
6.2.5 Impacts on Atmosphere Including Noise Pollution 252
Appendix 6.1 Societal Cost of Environmental Pollution 255

7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 260-276

7.1 Preamble 260

7.2 Brief Outlines of the EIA Manual 260
7.2.1 The Need for EIA 260
7.2.2 Indian Policies Requiring EIA 261
7.2.3 The EIA Cycle and Procedures 261
7.2.4 Screening 262
7.2.5 Scoping 262
7.2.6 Baseline Data 262
7.2.7 Impact Prediction 263
7.2.8 Assessment of Alternatives, Delineation of Mitigation 263
Measures and Environmental Impact Assessment Report
7.2.9 Public Hearing 264
7.2.10 Decision Making 264
7.2.11 Monitoring the Clearance Conditions 264
7.2.12 Components of EIA 264
7.2.13 Roles in the EIA Process 267
7.3 Environmental Impact Assessment 268
7.4 Case Study of a Mine 268
7.4.1 The Mining Complex 269
7.4.2 Prevailing Environmental Scenario 269
7.4.3 Desired Environmental Parameters 271
7.4.4 Environmental Indexing 272
7.4.5 Concluding Remarks 276

8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 277-445

8.1 Preamble 277

8.2 Assessment of Present Social and Environmental Status 277
8.2.1 Site Details 277
8.2.2 Inventory of Activities 278
8.2.3 Geology and Hydrology of the Area 278
xii Mining Environment Management Manual

8.2.4 Socio Economic Parameters 278

8.2.5 Ecological Status 280
8.2.6 Land Environment 280
8.2.7 Solid Waste Management 280
8.2.8 Water Regime 280
8.2.9 Liquid Waste Management 281
8.2.10 Weather and Climatic Data 281
8.2.11 Air Quality Status 281
8.2.12 Noise Status 281
8.2.13 Hot Spots 281
8.3 Social and Environmental Management in Mine Planning 282
8.3.1 Social Impact Optimization 282
8.3.2 Environmental Impact Optimization 286
8.4 Public Participation 290
8.4.1 Why Public Participation 290
8.4.2 Community Expectation 291
8.4.3 International Context 291
8.4.4 Legislative Contest 291
8.4.5 Best Practice Environmental Management and Public 292
Participation
8.4.6 Benefits to Business 292
8.4.7 Risk/Hazard Communication and Public Participation 293
8.5 Social Impact Assessment 293
8.5.1 Development of Socio-Economic Database 295
8.5.2 Displacement of People 296
8.5.3 Loss of Livelihood 297
8.5.4 Changes in Population Dynamics 298
8.5.5 Increase in the Cost of Living 298
8.5.6 Water Scarcity 298
8.5.7 Health Impacts 299
8.5.8 Development of Infrastructure Facilities 299
8.5.9 Generation of Employment Opportunities 300
8.5.10 Increase in the Aspiration of the Society 300
8.5.11 Increase in Addictions 300
8.5.12 Economic Disparity and Frustration 300
8.6 Social Impact Mitigation and Societal Development 301
8.6.1 Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R) Action Plan (RAP) 301
8.6.2 Indigenous People Development (IDP) 303
8.6.3 Need Based Development Planning (NBDP) 306
8.6.4 Concluding Remarks 307
8.7 Ecological Impact Assessment and Mitigation 308
 Contents xiii

8.7.1 Assessment of Ecological Impacts of Opencast Mining 308

8.7.2 Mitigation of Ecological Impacts of Opencast Mining 309
8.7.3 Assessment and Mitigation of Ecological Impacts of 311
Underground Mining
8.7.4 Assessment and Mitigation of Ecological Impacts of Other 312
Activities
8.8 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts on Land 312
8.8.1 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts of Opencast Mining on 312
Land
8.8.2 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts of Underground Mining 315
on Land
8.8.3 Assessment of the Impacts on Land and their Mitigation due 316
to Other Activities
8.9 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts on Water Regime 316
8.9.1 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts due to Opencast 317
Mining
8.9.2 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts due to Underground 318
Mining
8.9.3 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts of the Other Activities 318
8.10 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts on Atmosphere 318
8.10.1 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts of Opencast Mining 319
8.10.2 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts of Underground Mining 320
8.10.3 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts of Coal/Mineral 320
Preparation
8.10.4 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts due to Other Activities 320
8.11 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts of Noise Pollution 321
8.11.1 Assessment of Noise Levels 321
8.11.2 Mitigation of Noise Pollution 321
8.12 Concluding Remarks 322
Appendix 8.1 Methodology for Assessing the Quality of Life 323
Appendix 8.2 Development of R&R Package and 330
Rehabilitation Action Plan
Appendix 8.3 Development of Surface and Underground 353
Water Bodies in Mining areas
Appendix 8.4 Re-plantation of Trees 359
Appendix 8.5 Formation and Management of Soils and 361
Overburden Dumps in Opencast Mining Areas
Appendix 8.6 Questionnaire Format for Socio-Economic Survey 372
Appendix 8.7 Developmental Schemes and Income Generation 381
Programme of Government
Appendix 8.8 Environmental Aspects of Blasting in Opencast Mines 388
Appendix 8.9 Land Reclamation and Rehabilitation Planning 393
Appendix 8.10 Mine Fires 401
xiv Mining Environment Management Manual

Appendix 8.11 Acid Mine Drainage 423

Appendix 8.12 Inundation 426
Appendix 8.13 Noise Modelling 435
Appendix 8.14 Do’s and Don’ts in Optimizing Social and Environmental 444
Impacts

9 MINE CLOSURE 446-471

9.1 Preamble 446
9.2 Legislative and Social Necessity of Mine Closure, The Indian Context 451
9.2.1 Legal Necessity 452
9.2.2 Social Necessity 453
9.2.3 Desirable Features 454
9.3 Mine Closure Planning for Underground Mines 455
9.3.1 Issues with Respect to Societal Impacts 455
9.3.2 Issues with Respect to Land Use 455
9.3.3 Issues with Respect to Changes in Surface Topography 456
9.3.4 Issues with Respect to Water Regime 457
9.3.5 Subsidence Management 458
9.3.6 The Main Actions Addressing Mine Closure of Underground 460
Mines
9.4 Mine Closure Planning for Opencast Mines. 461
9.4.1 Societal Impact Mitigation 461
9.4.2 Ecological Impact Mitigation 462
9.4.3 Land Management 462
9.4.4 Management of Water Regime 463
9.4.5 Main Actions Addressing Opencast Mine Closure 464
9.5 Format for Mine Closure Planning in Project Report 465
9.5.1 Objectives of Mine Closure 465
9.5.2 Brief Project Description 465
9.5.3 Post Mining Land Use Plan 466
9.5.4 Reclamation and Rehabilitation Strategies of Mine Closure 466
and Development of Post Mining Land Use
9.5.5 Closure, Reclamation and Rehabilitation Action Plan 467
9.5.6 Stake-Holder’s Involvement 469
9.5.7 Closure Costs 470

10 PROCEDURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AUDITING AND 472-482

EVALUATION

10.1 Preamble 472

10.2 Formation of Team 473
10.3 Interaction with the Mine Management 474
10.4 Review of the Activities 474
 Contents xv

10.5 Review of Documents and House-Keeping 475

10.6 Auditing of Compliance 475
10.7 Preparation of the Statement 476
10.8 Concluding Remarks 482

11 LAND ACQUISITION AND OPTIMIZATION OF LAND REQUIREMENT 483-492

11.1 Preamble 483

11.2 Acquisition of Land Under Land Acquisition Act, 1894 484
11.3 Acquisition of Land Under Coal Bearing Area (Acquisition and 485
Development) Act, 1957
11.4 Optimization of Land Requirement 486
11.5 Assessment of Land Requirement for Mining and Associated Activities 486
11.6 Assessment of Land Requirement for Rehabilitation and Resettlement 487
11.7 Selection of Site for Rehabilitation 489
Appendix 11.1 Forms 490

12 LAND USE PLANNING 493-512

12.1 Planning: Concept and Objectives 493

12.2 Land Use Planning 493
12.3 Information Requirement for Comprehensive Land Use Planning 494
12.4 Mining Environment: Indian Scenario 494
12.5 Types of Disturbances due to Mining 495
12.6 Damaging Effects of Minespoils on Soil Systems 497
12.7 Stabilization of Minespoils 497
12.8 Alternative Land Use and Management 500
12.9 Effects of Mining on Land Use : Some Steps to be Taken 500
12.10 Rehabilitation of Mined Lands 501
12.11 Alternative Land Use during Post Mining Activities 503
12.12 Reclamation Technologies of Mined Lands 508
12.13 Topsoil and Subsoil Management 510
12.14 Management of Mining Environment 511
12.15 Best Practices for Environmental Management in Mining: Some 511
General Recommendations

13 RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 513-518

13.1 Preamble 513
13.2 Risks/Hazards/Disasters Related to Strata 514
13.3 Risks/Hazards/Disasters Related to Coal/Mineral Characteristics 515
13.4 Risks/Hazards/Disasters Related to Ventilation 516
13.5 Risks/Hazards/Disasters Related to Water 516
13.6 Risks/Hazards/Disasters Related to Blasting 517
13.7 Risks/Hazards/Disasters Related to Equipment and Machines 517
xvi Mining Environment Management Manual

13.8 Environmental Hazards/Disasters 518

13.9 Concluding Remarks 518

14 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF TAILINGS STORAGE 519-526

14.1 Preamble 519
14.2 Environmental Impacts and Safety Considerations 519
14.3 Tailings Characterization 520
14.4 Tailings Dam Design Considerations 521
14.5 Site Selection 521
14.5.1 Regulatory requirements 521
14.5.2 Meteorology 522
14.5.3 Topography and Drainage Pattern 522
14.5.4 Water Regime 522
14.5.5 Foundation Parameters 523
14.6 Design of Tailings Storage Facilities 523
14.6.1 Tailings Storage Dumps 523
14.6.2 Tailings Storage Dams 523
14.7 Closure, Reclamation and Rehabilitation of Tailings Storage 526

15 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM : THEORY AND CONCEPTS 527-624

15.1 Background 527
15.2 What is GIS? 529
15.3 Philosophy of GIS 534
15.4 Components of GIS 535
15.5 Modern Geological Mapping 537
15.6 Coordinate System 540
15.7 How are Data Stored in GIS? 541
15.8 Formats of Feature Data 546
15.9 Data Quality and Errors in GIS 548
15.10 What One can do Using GIS? 551
15.11 How does GIS Work? 559
15.12 Multi-Criteria Evaluation in GIS 562
15.13 Spatial Interpolation Methods 562
15.14 The Steps in a GIS Project 563
15.15 Adding the Element of Time 564
15.16 The Benefits of Using GIS 565
15.17 The Future of GIS 565
15.18 Policy-Making Through GIS Technology 566
15.19 Conducting a Geographical Information System Project 566
15.20 Salient Points Highlighting the Scope of a GIS Project for Preparation 570
of EMP of an Opencast Coal Mine Exploration
15.21 GIS in Environmental Management Plans 573
 Contents xvii

15.22 Environment Quality Management for Mining Areas 575

15.23 Impact Assessment of Coal Mining on Land Use/Land Cover 576
using IRS-IA Satellite Data
15.24 Monitoring and Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Mining 577
15.25 Simulating Environmental Effects 578
15.26 Urban Sprawl 578
15.27 Developing Community GIS on Water 581
15.28 Towards a Socio-Economic GIS 583
15.29 Site Selection 584
15.30 Emergency Response Planning 585
15.31 Graphic Display Techniques 585
15.32 GIS in Geological Sciences 586
15.33 Dos and Don'ts in the Application of Geographical Information 623
System in Environmental Management in Mining Areas

16 UTILIZATION OF FLY-ASH IN MINES 625-636

16.1 Preamble 625
16.2 Avenues of Fly-ash Utilization 626
16.2.1 Low Value Added Possible Utilization 626
16.2.2 Medium Value Added Possible Utilization 626
16.2.3 High Value Added Possible Utilization 627
16.3 Some Recent Efforts 627
16.3.1 Brick Making 627
16.3.2 Roads and Embankments 627
16.3.3 Concrete and Mortar 628
16.3.4 Hydraulic Structure 628
16.3.5 Agriculture 628
16.3.6 Extraction of Metals and Valuable Products 628
16.3.7 Backfilling and Reclamation 629
16.3.8 Overview of the Present Uses 629
16.4 Utilization of Fly-ash in Mining Areas 629
16.4.1 Arresting Advances of Mine Fires and Combating the Fires 630
16.4.2 Backfilling of Disused, Abandoned and Old Workings 630
16.4.3 Stabilization of Caved Out Areas 631
16.4.4 Stowing in Underground Workings 631
16.4.5 Reclamation of Subsided Areas and their Re-shaping 631
16.4.6 Reclamation of Mined out Areas in Opencast Mines 631
16.5 The Example 632
16.5.1 Objectives 632
16.5.2 Parameters Considered 632
16.5.3 Discussions 632
xviii Mining Environment Management Manual

16.5.4 Consideration in Planning 633

16.5.5 Advantages 634
16.5.6 Problem Areas 635
16.5.7 Overviews of the Possible Uses of Fly ash in Mining Areas 635
16.6 Concluding Remarks 636
17 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 637-652

17.1 Preamble 637

17.2 Role of Economics in Environmental Management 638
17.2.1 For the Societal Impacts 638
17.2.2 For the Ecological Impacts 639
17.2.3 For the Impacts on Land 639
17.2.4 For the Impacts on Water Regime 639
17.2.5 For the Impacts on Atmosphere 639
17.3 Environment as a Capital 641
17.4 Environmental Economics 643
17.4.1 Sustainability 643
17.4.2 Supportive Capacity 643
17.4.3 Assimilative Capacity 643
17.4.4 Carrying Capacity 643
17.4.5 Sustainable Development 643
17.4.6 Population based Economic Order 644
17.4.7 Need based Education 644
17.4.8 Societal Costs of Environmental Pollution 644
17.4.9 Economic Values of Environmental Attributes 645
17.4.10 Human Population and Environment 646
17.4.11 Energy and Environment 647
17.4.12 Economic Policies and Environment 648
17.4.13 Valuation Techniques 650
17.4.14 Appraisal Methods 651
17.4.15 Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) 651
17.5. Concluding Remarks 652

18 ROLES OF EXECUTIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 653-658

18.1 Preamble 653
18.2 Roles of Executives 653
18.3 Environmental Training 657
Appendix 18.1 Institutional Structure of Environmental 658
Management
 Contents xix

19 DO'S AND DON’TS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND 659-674

IMPLEMENTATION

19.1 Preamble 659

19.2 Opencast Mining 660
19.3 Underground Mining 668
19.4 Mine Fires 670
19.5 Inundation 672
19.6 Management of Dust : Particulate Matter 672
19.7 Water Pollution Management 673
19.8 Effluent Management 673
19.9 Noise Management 673
19.10 Land Management 674
BIBLIOGRAPHY 675-711