Directions: Choose the Speech Style that may be used in the Speech Context presented below:

Topic 6: Types of Speech Style There may be more than one speech style applicable to each speech context. Encircle the correct
Each Speech Context, having a different set of participants coming together for a answer.
specific Purpose, calls for a specific Communicative Strategy. These strategies are also
dependent on the Type of Speech Style that is used in a particular Speech Context. 1. When communicating with one’s self (Intrapersonal), which Speech Style is most appropriate?
a. Intimate b. Casual c. Consultative d. Formal e. Frozen
a. Intimate 2. When communicating with another person (Dyad), which Speech Style can be used?
- is a non-public Speech Style that uses private vocabulary and includes a. Intimate b. Casual c. Consultative d. Formal e. Frozen
nonverbal messages. It is a style in which meaning is shared even without 3. When talking to other people (Small Group), which is the best Speech Style for this purpose?
“correct linguistic forms”. This occurs among people who have known each a. Intimate b. Casual c. Consultative d. Formal e. Frozen
other for a long time and have shared many experiences. Because they know 4. When making and delivering a Speech, which Speech Style works best?
each other well, they can sometimes complete each other’s sentences and a. Intimate b. Casual c. Consultative d. Formal e. Frozen
know what the other person is thinking even before they open their mouths.
5. While on radio or TV, which Speech Style captures the audience?
Even without the correct linguistic forms, people using the Intimate Style
a. Intimate b. Casual c. Consultative d. Formal e. Frozen
understand each other.
b. Casual
- is a Speech Style used among friends and acquaintances that do not require Answer Me!
background information. The use of slang is common and interruptions occur Activity 8:
often. Casual Style is used when there are no social barriers to consider.
c. Consultative Directions: List 5 examples of Speech Context and identify the Speech Style suited to that
- is the opposite of the Intimate style because this style is used precisely among Context. Explain why that Style is appropriate to that Context
people who do not share common experiences or meaning. This does not
preclude disclosure of background information later in order to become the ________________________________________________________________________________
basis of shared meaning. Consultative Style requires two-way participation and ________________________________________________________________________________
interruptions can occur during the communication. ________________________________________________________________________________
d. Formal ________________________________________________________________________________
- is used only for imparting information. The Speech is well organized and correct ________________________________________________________________________________
in grammar and diction. Technical vocabulary and exact definitions are ________________________________________________________________________________
important in the Formal Style, such as in presentations. Straightforward and
________________________________________________________________________________
direct, with no circumlocution, this style does not allow interruptions
_______________________________________________________________________________
e. Frozen
- is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic. ________________________________________________________________________________
Frozen Style is exemplified by prayers that have been recited in the same way ________________________________________________________________________________
for years, the Pledge of Allegiance or Panatang Makabayan, and the Oath of ________________________________________________________________________________
Office of any officer, whether of the Student Council or of Congress. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Each Type of Speech Style is used according to the Purpose and Speech Context ________________________________________________________________________________
discussed previously. On the other hand, Speech Styles use Speech Acts (which will be __________________________________________________________________________
discussed in Lesson 13) to enhance communication.
Topic 7: Types of Speech Act
Answer Me! Speech Context and Speech Styles are just two parts to a Communicative
Activity 7: Strategy. The third prerequisite is the Speech Act. The three Types of Speech Act are
Locution, Illocution, and Perlocution. A Locutionary Speech Act occurs when the speaker Examples of Perlocutionary Acts:
performs an utterance (locution), which has a meaning in the traditional sense. An “I was born a Filipino, I will live a Filipino, I will die a Filipino!” (inspiring)
Illocutionary Speech Act is the performance of the act of saying something with a specific “It is the bleak job situation that forces Filipinos to find jobs overseas.” (persuading)
intention. A Perlocutionary Speech Act happens when what the speaker says has an “Texting while driving kills—you, your loved ones, other people!” (deterring)
effect on the listener.

1. Locutionary Speech Act Answer Me!

This Act happens with the utterance of a sound, a word, or even a phrase as a natural Activity 9:
unit of speech. What is required for the utterance to be a Locutionary Act is that it has Directions: Each student will transcribe a specific scene in a TV drama (Filipino, Korean,
sense, and most importantly, for Communication to take place, has the same meaning to American, British, etc.) and identify the Speech Acts in the dialogue of the specific Speech
both the Speaker and the Listener. In fact, the utterance gives rise to shared meaning Context.
when it is adjusted by the Speaker for the Listener. Even though the utterance might be a
sound, a word, or a phrase, the utterance follows the rules of language. 1. Dialogue:
__________________________________________________________________
Examples of Locutionary Acts: __________________________________________________________________
“Doh!” (favorite expression of TV cartoon character Homer Simpson) __________________________________________________________________
“What?” (when someone is surprised)
“It’s a bird!” (when people see Superman in the sky) Speech act:

2. Dialogue:
2. Illocutionary Speech Act
In an Illocutionary Speech Act, it is not just saying something itself but the act of saying __________________________________________________________________
something with the intention of: __________________________________________________________________
• stating an opinion, confirming, or denying something; __________________________________________________________________
• making a prediction, a promise, a request;
Speech act:
• issuing an order or a decision; or
• giving advice or permission. 3. Dialogue:
This Speech Act uses the Illocutionary Force of a statement, a confirmation, a denial, a __________________________________________________________________
prediction, a promise, a request, __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Examples of Illocutionary Acts:
There’s too much homework in this subject. (opinion) Speech act:
I’ll do my homework later. (promise)
Go do your homework! (order) 4. Dialogue:
__________________________________________________________________
c. Perlocutionary Speech Act __________________________________________________________________
This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the Speaker, the __________________________________________________________________
Listener, or both. The response may not necessarily be physical or verbal and is
elicited by: Speech act:
• inspiring or insulting; 5. Dialogue:
• persuading/convincing; or __________________________________________________________________
• deterring/scaring. __________________________________________________________________
The aim of a Perlocutionary Speech Act is to change feelings, thoughts, or actions. __________________________________________________________________
Speech act: are employed within specific Speech Contexts using a combination of Speech Styles and Speech
Acts.
Answer Me! Communicative Strategies are plans/ways/means of sharing information which are
Activity 10: adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose.
Directions: List 5 examples of Speech Context and identify the Speech Style suited to that There are Seven Types of Communicative Strategies:
Context. Then identify the type of speech act used in the sentences. a. Nomination − presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant;
b. Restriction − constraining the response/reaction within a set of categories;
1. Speech Context: c. Turn-taking − recognizing when and how to speak because it is one’s turn;
Speech Style: d. Topic control − keeping the interaction going by asking questions and eliciting a response;
e. Topic shifting − introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic;
Speech Act: f. Repair − overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages; and
g. Termination − using verbal and nonverbal signals to end the interaction.
2. Speech Context: When introducing a topic at the beginning of a Communicative Situation, what is being
Speech Style: used is the Nomination Communicative Strategy. It is a strategy that can also be applied any time
during the course of an interaction as a way of continuing the communication. When this strategy
Speech Act: is used, the topic is introduced in a clear and truthful manner, stating only what is relevant to keep
the interaction focused.
3. Speech Context: Example: Have you noticed the weird weather lately? Is this because of global warming?
Speech Style: Example: I was late for class again! The MRT stopped midway. What is wrong with the MRT?
Answer Me!
Speech Act: Activity 11:
4. Speech Context: Directions: Identify the Communicative Strategy in the following quotations: Write your answer on
the space provided before the number.
Speech Style:
________________1. “The school administration just suddenly increased tuition, without consulting
Speech Act: the students!”
________________2. “The tuition increase has already been imposed. What can students do to let
5. Speech Context: the school administration know that the students do not agree, that the students will not accept this
unilateral move?”
Speech Style:
________________3. “How about convincing the parents to join the students’ fight? After all, they
Speech Act:
are the ones paying the tuition.”

________________4. “Ah, everyone? Wait a minute. Why don’t we dialogue with the administration
officials first?”
Topic 7: Types of Communicative Strategies
The use of Communicative Strategies is the hallmark of communicative competence. Being ________________5. “There is only one option: we must protest this action of the school. The
able to use such strategies makes certain not only has the achievement of the Speech Purpose but school cannot dictate to the student body. Right? Right? What other option is there? They won’t talk
also the enrichment of the communication experienced for both Speaker and Listener. More than to us. The parents will not want to get involved. The students must hold a rally! Everyday!”
making interaction possible, Communicative Strategies when used by the Speaker (and sometimes
________________6. “What? That will lock the school down. For sure, the school officials will do
the Listener) allow for the adjustment of the Message and its Delivery. Of course, such strategies
that, lock everybody out.”
________________7. ”I move for holding a rally to protest the tuition increase. Those who agree, that is unknown to them or already known to them but not yet clearly understood. A speech of
say ‘Aye’. Those who don’t, say ‘Nay’. The ‘Ayes’ have it. The rally begins tomorrow. Tonight, start this nature is meant to help the Listeners understand a topic in a more in-depth manner by
preparing posters, streamers, and handouts. Okay?” (“Okay!”)
providing the following in an organized way: new data, data that are not readily available to
everyone, or data already known by the audience but looked at in a different way.
An Expository or Informative Speech must follow these guidelines (some of which have
Topic 8: Preparing and Delivering a Speech
been previously discussed): It must have a Message prepared at the level of knowledge of the
Of all the Speech Contexts already discussed, Public Communication is the most Speaker (so one does not sound like a know-it-all); it must be tailored to fit the level of knowledge
recognizable to anyone. As a situation where there is only one Speaker talking to a group of of the Audience (so one does not make it incomprehensible); and, most importantly, it has to take
Listeners, also known as the Audience, it is not merely giving a Speech. Public Communication into account the age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural affiliation of the Listeners (to
requires preparation, which may take only a few minutes as in Impromptu Speech or as long as a avoid offending anyone).
week, two weeks, or a month as in Extemporaneous Speech. A topic like “We should prepare for another Typhoon Yolanda” can be better presented as
Preparation means, first, finding out what the Speaker already knows about the topic, then a Persuasive Speech. Although information is disseminated, the goal is to convince Filipinos to be
sourcing the Information through research. The Speaker then organizes the Speech according to prepared as our country is visited by at least 30 typhoons per year, several of them as devastating
the Purpose of the Speech. This Speech Purpose decides what Information goes into the Speech as Yolanda was. Such a Speech, if persuasive enough, will help save lives.
and what does not. An Expository or Informative Speech needs data to impart. A Persuasive When you want the Audience to agree that “A total log ban will save our forests,” then the
Speech needs specific data that will help the Speaker in changing the minds of the Listeners and purpose is also Persuasive. The Listeners have to be convinced first that a total log ban is doable
move them to action. A Speech to Entertain may or may not need data unless that data can be and, second, that this is the way to save our forests.
used in a humorous way. The second type of Speech based on Purpose is the Persuasive Speech. This is a Speech
whose goal is to change the Listener’s opinion, attitude, or belief regarding a certain topic (usually
Speech According to Purpose controversial) by providing materials that can or will help convince the Listener.
A Speech that is Persuasive is meant to convince the Listeners why the Speaker’s side of
A Speaker communicates for five reasons which, in Lesson 9, we call the Functions of the equation is more beneficial. The Speaker’s assertion must be supported by historical data in
Communication. But a Speaker also creates a speech based on the purpose he or she wants to the form of statistical results and experts’ testimonies as well as comparisons and contrasts (e.g.,
achieve. These purposes are called the Goals of Speech. It becomes obvious as the Speaker shows before and after) between the Speaker’s side and the Listeners’ side of the equation.
through the Speech what he/she wants to achieve. The Speaker through the Speech can make one Again, like the Exploratory or Informative Speech, the Persuasive Speech must also follow
think, change one’s mind, or smile or laugh. these guidelines (some of which have been previously discussed): It must have a Message at the
The purposes of Speech are studied in order to deepen one’s knowledge and learn how to level of knowledge of the Speaker (given that one does not know everything); it must be tailored
apply them in one’s own speech. The three types of speech according to purpose are Exploratory to fit the level of knowledge of the audience (they will not like being talked down to); and, most
or Informative, Persuasive, and Entertainment. importantly, it has to take into account the age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural
Let us say one wants to talk about the Ebola virus pandemic, its causes, symptoms, and affiliation of the Listener (try not to offend anyone).
treatment. The purpose best suited for this topic is Exploratory or Informative. The Speaker wants When you relate what a person has to go through “To fi nd his or her true love,” for
the Listeners to be informed about the Ebola pandemic. The Audience will be informed on how the example, the goal of the Speech is Entertainment. There might be Information involved such as
pandemic came about and how to tell if one is infected with it. At the end, the Audience will be explaining what true love means, and Persuasion is present in the act of choosing someone as
told about the treatments available now and in the near future to stop this virus and prevent his/her true love. However, the Purpose is Entertainment as the Speaker makes light of the whole
people from dying from it. process of looking for and probably not fi nding the sought after “true love”.
Another example is a speech about E-jeepneys. “What are E-jeepneys?” can be presented “The characters who ride a jeepney/bus with me” can also be an Entertainment Speech.
as an Exploratory or Informative Speech. The purpose is to introduce the vehicle called an E- The quirks and strange behavior of co-passengers are bound to elicit laughter, especially when the
jeepney and inform the Listeners of this new type of vehicle. Most especially, the Speaker must Listeners see themselves in the characters.
cite the benefits of these new jeepneys. Entertainment Speech is not a comedy sketch—the Purpose is not only to tell a series of
The purpose of an Exploratory or Informative Speech is to provide information history, jokes. Neither is it the Purpose of the Speaker to have the audience laughing throughout the
theories, practical applications, etc., that can and will help the Listeners understand something Speech. To make the Listeners smile or feel lighthearted after the Speech is enough.
 An Entertainment Speech must lead the Audience into looking at something familiar in a ongoing, what you will be delivering is an Impromptu Speech. But when you deliver a Speech from
totally diff erent and completely humorous light by providing comparisons and contrasts, a prepared outline of your ideas, complete with supporting data, testimonies, and statistics, this is
especially with the strange or unusual; highlighting the quirks of important personages such as offi the Extemporaneous Speech, delivered without having been written in full, without memorizing,
cials, celebrities, actors, and athletes and applying them to regular people like, say, the Listeners; or without reading from a manuscript prepared beforehand. Briefly, the different Types of Speech
or assigning human characteristics to inanimate objects. It can also be highly entertaining to according to Manner of Delivery are discussed below.
engage in word play like puns, and giving funny meanings to acronyms or anagrams.  Reading or Speaking from a Manuscript is usually used in the Formal Speech Context. The
Although it is an Entertainment Speech, it must still follow these guidelines (some of Speech is fully written out, usually typed, and not folded but placed in a folder for neatness.
which have been previously discussed): It must be prepared at the level of knowledge of the This Manner of Delivery allows for greater control of the wording of the Speech when precise
Speaker (you are there to entertain not to show off ); it must be tailored to fi t the level of wording is paramount. This is also useful when you have embellished your thoughts and you
knowledge of the Audience (a simple presentation works every time), and, most importantly, it has want to deliver your sentences exactly as you wrote them. The State of the Nation Address by
to take into account the age, gender, social status, religion, and cultural affi liation of the Audience the President of the Republic of the Philippines is one such Speech. Presentations of Scientific
(so as not to off end any of them). Papers in conferences are another. There are, however, drawbacks to Reading/ Speaking from a
These three Purposes: Exploratory/Informative, Persuasive, and Entertainment, direct Manuscript:
the Speaker toward the correct treatment of the topic. After all, every Speech has a Purpose in o The Speaker tends to read without emotion, lacking spontaneity, and may even sound
reaching out to the Listener. boring. The reading will contain no highlights, show little or no variation of intonations, and
no obvious emphases.
Answer Me! o The Speaker, most of the time, never looks up from the manuscript being read. All anyone
Activity 12: sees is the top of the Speaker’s head. This position contributes to the Speaker’s voice being
muffled and unintelligible, even with a microphone.
Directions: From the list of topics (similar to the ones below) based on newspaper, TV, or online o The Speaker can lose his/her place in the Speech even while reading it or turn to the wrong
reports as possible Speech in class, state the Speech Purpose which will best suit each topic. page of the manuscript.
o The manuscript may be blown by the wind/fan/air conditioning unit or fall from the lectern
1. The Impeachment of a High Ranking Official of the Republic of the Philippines and the order of the sheets of paper disarranged while being put back together.
_______________________________________________________ o The formality of the language of the Speech/Manuscript often means the use of complex
2. The Corruption Charges against a High Ranking Official of the Republic of the Philippines words, jargon, or technical language which are more often than not polysyllabic. Most of
____________________________________________________________ the time, the Listeners are lost in such language, unless they are experts in the same field.
3. The “Pope Francis Effect”
________________________________________________________ b. Memorized Speech is also a speech that is fully written out like the Speech that is Read from the
4. The Bangsamoro Basic Law and Peace Efforts in Mindanao Manuscript. This time, however, the written speech is fully memorized—every word, every phrase,
___________________________________________________________ every comma, and every period. Oratorical Contests require that contestants memorize their
5. The Legalization of Same Sex Marriage in the Philippines Speech thoroughly. But, again, there are drawbacks to a Memorized Speech:
________________________________________________________ o The most common problem encountered by the Speaker is forgetting lines when one is
already delivering the Speech. This is usually noticeable to the Audience, and in the case of
Speech According to Manner of Delivery
a contest, to the judges. Very seldom does one meet a Speaker who can bridge that
Besides classifying speech according to the Purpose of the Speaker, it can be classified
memory gap without letting the Audience notice it.
based on the Manner of Delivery or the way the Speech is given before an Audience.
o The second problem is the lack of eye contact with the Audience. Many Speakers tend to
When a Guest Speaker gives a Speech before an Audience, most of the time, he/she reads
look upward, to the side, or, worse, on the floor, to help themselves remember the Speech.
a fully written out speech. This is called Reading from a Manuscript or Speaking from a
They say that not looking at the Audience seems to lessen their nervousness or at least
Manuscript. When a student joins an oratorical contest, he/she memorizes the full Speech
does not exacerbate it.
beforehand. This is called a Memorized Speech. When without preparation, or hardly any, you are
suddenly asked to give the Welcome Remarks in a program that is about to start or is already
 o Similar to Reading from a Manuscript, there could be a tendency to deliver the Speech from one point to another or even rearrange the order of the Speech’s points should
without any inflection, unless, of course, the contestant has had a good coach and had circumstances demand it without the Audience knowing or noticing the change.
practiced to sound spontaneous! The delivery of the Speech is less formal than a Manuscript Speech, more conversational
c. Impromptu Speech is when one is suddenly asked to give the welcome remarks in a program than a Memorized Speech, and prevents the Speaker from losing eye contact with the audience.
already ongoing and there is hardly time to prepare. Many people think that an Impromptu Speech Sometimes, Speakers using Extemporaneous delivery may bring one or two note cards so they do
is the same as an Extemporaneous Speech. In fact, these two types of speech have sometimes not forget some data such as specific concepts, complicated statistics, or an important quotation.
been interchanged. The major difference: one is hardly given time to prepare one’s Impromptu But definitely, these outlines are not manuscripts in which the Speech is fully written out.
Speech, while one can prepare an Extemporaneous Speech because one is given enough time to Having been introduced to the different types of Speech according to Purpose and Manner
prepare. of Delivery, the next lesson will discuss the Principles of Speech Writing.

The Impromptu Speech is delivered on short notice with little or no preparation. That is Answer Me!
why it is sometimes called “thinking on your feet”. The Speech is not really made on the spot Activity 13:
because one usually speaks or is asked to speak about something one already knows. One’s
preparation comes from everything one has learned or experienced as they are all the source of Directions: Pick from the list of topics below for an exercise in Impromptu Speech Delivery. Using
ideas for the Speech. Therefore, one is prepared although the Speech was not written out nor the topic of the Impromptu Speech exercise, prepare an outline to be delivered as an
rehearsed. Before speaking, one may ask for a few minutes to collect one’s thoughts or be given Extemporaneous Speech.
time to jot down a few notes that can be used as basis for the Speech. Just remember that no
matter how short the Impromptu Speech is, it has to have a beginning (introduction), a middle Choose from these topics:
(body of the speech), and an end (conclusion/summary).
Honesty Discipline Generosity Aggressiveness Secretiveness Charity
The advantages of a Speech delivered Impromptu are the following: Compassion Responsibility Laziness Messiness Courtesy Kindness
Good Conduct Selfishness Ugliness
1. The Speech is delivered in a spontaneous manner and in a more conversational tone unlike the
Manuscript Speech.
________________________________________________________________________________
2. The speaker can adjust the Speech (make it longer or shorter) and add or skip an idea without
________________________________________________________________________________
any problem, obvious gaps, or long pauses due to memory loss as in the Memorized Speech.
________________________________________________________________________________
There are, however, drawbacks to this type of delivery such as the following:
________________________________________________________________________________
1. The Speaker can just go on and on, and sometimes, with no point to make at all. ________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Speaker may be so rattled and disorganized that the Speech ends up with not much sense. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
d. Extemporaneous Speech may sound like it is delivered “off-the-cuff” as it were with hardly any ________________________________________________________________________________
preparation because it sounds so spontaneous or it may also sound like a Speech that was fully ________________________________________________________________________________
written out and then memorized, but both are not the case. What the Speaker prepares, however, ________________________________________________________________________________
is a good outline which organizes the Speaker’s thoughts and ideas (including data, testimonies, ________________________________________________________________________________
etc.). It is only this fully developed outline that is memorized. ________________________________________________________________________________
This outline preparation is what differentiates Extemporaneous Speech from Impromptu ________________________________________________________________________________
Speech or any of the other Types of Speech according to Manner of Delivery. The following are the ________________________________________________________________________________
advantages of using Extemporaneous Speech: 1. The outline helps the Speaker remember the ________________________________________________________________________________
particular order of points he/she wants to make. There is no need to memorize paragraph upon ________________________________________________________________________________
paragraph that make up the Speech. 2. At the same time, the outline allows the Speaker to jump ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Topic 9: Principles of Speech Writing
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ First Principle of Speech Writing: Choosing the Topic
________________________________________________________________________________ A Speech is meant to impart a Message to Listeners. The choice of topic may be up to the
________________________________________________________________________________ Speaker but, more often than not, the Speaker is given the topic because it is the central theme of
________________________________________________________________________________ a program, conference, or presentation. In any case, the topic should be timely, meaning in
________________________________________________________________________________ existence at the present time (unless a historical event is the reason for the gathering). The topic
________________________________________________________________________________ should be interesting to you (the Speaker), of course, so that you will be enthusiastic in preparing
________________________________________________________________________________ and delivering the Speech. At the same time, it should be just as interesting to your Audience so
________________________________________________________________________________ that they will focus on your Speech and nothing else. If there is a conflict between what you want
________________________________________________________________________________ to say and what your Listeners want to hear, then it is the Audience who wins. A topic that is new,
________________________________________________________________________________ that has not been heard of before by your Listeners, is an attention grabber. So is a topic that is
________________________________________________________________________________ controversial as it encourages the Audience to listen carefully so they can choose a side.
________________________________________________________________________________ It must be pointed out that when choosing a topic, the Speaker must ever be mindful of
________________________________________________________________________________ the culture of the Speaker and Listener, their ages, their gender as well as their social status and
________________________________________________________________________________ religious affiliation. It is good advice for the Speaker to choose a topic that is at the level of
________________________________________________________________________________ knowledge of both the Speaker and the Audience.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ Second Principle of Speech Writing: Analyzing the Audience
________________________________________________________________________________ Before writing down anything about the Speech, one must engage in Analyzing the
________________________________________________________________________________ Audience. A Speech for one occasion cannot simply be used for another. There is no Speech that
________________________________________________________________________________ fits any and all occasions. Each speech has a different Purpose and a different Manner of Delivery.
________________________________________________________________________________ So, given the hundreds of thousands of Speech topics multiplied by the Types of Purpose and
________________________________________________________________________________ Types of Delivery, each Speech, even if delivered by the same person, is unique. Every Speech is
________________________________________________________________________________ specific to the Speaker and may be characterized by the topic chosen, the time and place of
________________________________________________________________________________ Delivery, and the configuration of the Audience listening to this particular Speech.
________________________________________________________________________________ The Audience is one of the major factors that determine the uniqueness of the Speech.
________________________________________________________________________________ Just as there is no speech that fits all Public Communication Situation, there is no single Audience
________________________________________________________________________________ for a Speech. How do you analyze the Audience if you do not know who the Audience will be?
________________________________________________________________________________ First, if possible, get or guess the demographic data of the audience: age, gender, ethnic
________________________________________________________________________________ background, occupation, economic and social status, etc., especially if one is addressing a business
________________________________________________________________________________ group, a student club, or a community organization. These data may influence the Audience’s
________________________________________________________________________________ reaction to the Speech. Moreover, the data will influence the way you will write the Speech—what
________________________________________________________________________________ points to choose, what to leave out, the words to use, and even what tone of voice will work on
________________________________________________________________________________ them.
________________________________________________________________________________
 Second, it is important to know the groups to which your Audience belongs as these 3. Cause and Effect Outline – involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue. Example:
groups hold certain beliefs and values. You may then be able to ascertain how your Listeners feel The Fish Kill in Laguna de Bay
about certain issues without having to talk to each and every Listener or do a survey among them. 4. Problem-Solution Outline – explains a problem and suggests a possible solution. Example:
Third, it is just as important to find out how your audience feels about the topic of your Cleaning Up Manila Bay
Speech and what they already know about it (so that you do not repeat it and bore the audience). 5. Topical Outline – divides the topic into subtopics based on importance or interest value or
Finally, you should try to know how they feel about you as the Speaker and what they simply because the topic requires it; for topics that do not fall under any of the previously
already know about you. The Speaker may be able to gauge this from the organizers of the event mentioned outlines. Example: Social Media Have Made Us Anti-Social
and the people who extended the invitation.
Techniques for Writing the Speech
Third Principle of Speech Writing: Sourcing the Information There are three techniques to actually writing the speech, whether in full form for
This involves seeking out all the available means for finding materials to support the Manuscript or Memorized Speeches, or in outline form for Impromptu and Extemporaneous
Speech. Good sources are newspapers, magazines, books, journals, or any reading material full of Speeches. The first technique is to Write the Body of the Speech first, filling in the content of the
useful information. Search engines on the Internet such as Google or Yahoo may also be used. Speech later with supporting materials. Then write the Introduction and Conclusion after. The
However, the best resource are people, especially the experts or those who are involved in the other technique is to Write the Conclusion first, which many find very helpful because it shows
field to which the topic belongs. A Speech on “How to Take Care of Your Heart” may be built on what the Speech ends with. On the other hand, some use the technique of Writing the
reading materials, but a cardiologist (heart doctor) may give more accurate data while someone Introduction first to guide the Speech in the direction one wants it to go, then filling in the Body
who has suffered a heart attack can provide real life experiences that a Speaker may use to reach and writing the Conclusion. Remember that for Extemporaneous (and even Impromptu) Speech,
out and affect them emotionally. only the Introduction and the Conclusion can be written out in full. The Body of the Speech should
Information for any Speech topic must be relevant, that is, it discusses the topic directly; remain in outline form.
must be timely, meaning it focuses on the present or recent past; and must cover most, if not all, Whichever technique works for you, the Speech, as written, should flow logically from one
of the topic (unless the topic focuses only on a part of a general subject or issue). Information point to another. This logical progression makes it easy for the Speaker to Deliver the Speech
gathered must be at the level of knowledge of both the Speaker and the Audience, without whether in full form like the Manuscript or Memorized Speeches or in outline form like the
offending any Listener. Impromptu and Extemporaneous Speeches. As a reminder, do not forget the Audience when
writing the Speech. They may have their own ideas and opinions about the topic that may not
Fourth Principle of Speech Writing: Outlining and Organizing the Speech Content necessarily agree with those of the Speaker.
This makes sense of all the research conducted. With all the information gathered for the
Speech topic, it is quite easy to be overwhelmed. Although one may want to use all the Answer Me!
information gathered, that is not possible, particularly since there is a time limit. Activity 14:
The first step is to sort the information into categories: statistics, testimonies and opinions,
historical facts, etc. Or they may be classified according to the point they are making, specifically, Directions: Based on your outline, create your own speech.
that part of the topic to be discussed.
The next step is to organize the Speech itself. For this, the best method is an outline. Even Title:
a Manuscript Speech and a Memorized Speech begin with an outline, which is then filled out with ________________________________________________________________________________
supporting materials. There are different types of outlines that one can use depending on how the ________________________________________________________________________________
Speech is to be organized: ________________________________________________________________________________
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1. Chronological Outline – a historical/time approach like from the past to the present. Example: ________________________________________________________________________________
Development of Ilocos Region from Martial Law to the Present ________________________________________________________________________________
2. Spatial/Geographical Outline – going from one place to another, from one direction to another. ________________________________________________________________________________
Example: The Heritage Churches of Pampanga ________________________________________________________________________________
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Topic 9: Principles of Speech Delivery
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________________________________________________________________________________ First Principle of Speech Delivery: Articulation
________________________________________________________________________________ When the Speaker’s words cannot be understood because of poor articulation, the Speech
________________________________________________________________________________ might as well not have been delivered at all. Word choice and grammatical correctness are
________________________________________________________________________________ necessary in writing the Speech, but it is articulateness in pronouncing the words and speaking
________________________________________________________________________________ with clear diction that effectively transmits the Message of the Speaker. It is highly important to
________________________________________________________________________________ know the correct way of saying a word, whether they are familiar or unfamiliar. Proper breathing
________________________________________________________________________________ techniques together with the correct molding of sounds that make up words contribute to efficient
________________________________________________________________________________ articulation. (Were the Speakers in the video/film articulate in their Speech? Were they
________________________________________________________________________________ understandable?)
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________________________________________________________________________________ Second Principle of Speech Delivery: Modulation
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 There are pleasant sounding voices, quite soothing to the ears, just as there are Directions: Deliver a part of the Final Speech (Introduction or Conclusion) to hear pointers on
unpleasant voices that sound fl at, are high pitched, or screeching. People like to listen to voices articulation, modulation, stage presence, nonverbal communication, and audience rapport.
that are well modulated, meaning the capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and timbre Maintain eye contact with the Audience. Try and reach out to all of the Audience by speaking to
of the vocal tone. A microphone requires even more modulation as the amplifi ers will resonate the Listeners in the last row of seats in the classroom.
voices further. But with or without a microphone, voices should not bombard our eardrums. If the The Extemporaneous Speech will be delivered in front of the class. Remember that:
Speaker’s voice is modulated, Listeners will pay attention. The Speaker’s words will be heard 1. it should be on a topic you chose, following certain guidelines, including Audience Analysis;
clearly and the Message of the Speech will be sent and received. (Were the Speakers’ voices 2. it should have its data organized using a specific outline suitable to the topic;
modulated? Was it easy to listen to them?) 3. it should be written using the Principles of Effective Speech Writing; and
4. it should be delivered following the Principles of Effective Speech Delivery.
Third Principle of Speech Delivery: Stage Presence
The ability to “own” the stage, of the Speaker being able to fi ll the space and project his/ Note: Attached is a rubric for speech delivery.
her personality to the Audience—that is stage presence. The opposite of stage presence is stage
fright, which is considered by many as the topmost fear in the world of public speaking! But Answer Me!
instead of trying to get rid of stage fright (which cannot be done anyway), all that energy that is Activity 16:
making one feel shaky and nervous should be used to make the Speaker become an interesting, Directions: Write an essay on one’s journey from the first time one spoke or stood in front of the
enthusiastic speaker capable of being heard and able to move about on stage. No one is immune class (in one of the activities) until this Final Exercise of delivering an Extemporaneous Speech. Use
from stage fright. Other people just manage it better and create what we see as stage presence. the following points as parts of the essay:
(Did the Speakers show stage presence? Cite what contributed to that. 1. What was the most useful thing you learned?
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Fourth Principle of Speech Delivery: Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movement ________________________________________________________________________________
It is not just the choice of words and their proper pronunciation that make for an effective ________________________________________________________________________________
Speech delivery. The Message of any speech is reinforced, clarified, and complemented by ________________________________________________________________________________
Nonverbal Communication such as facial expressions, gestures, and movement. Without these ________________________________________________________________________________
nonverbal elements, the Speaker may be judged as boring, with flat delivery and an unemotional ________________________________________________________________________________
voice. Facial expressions should change with the content of the Speech. Gestures should ________________________________________________________________________________
emphasize only certain points. Movement should allow the Speaker to carry the Speech around, ________________________________________________________________________________
forward, and to the Audience, metaphorically speaking. It should also direct the Audience to follow ________________________________________________________________________________
the Speaker and keep them hanging on to his/her every word. (Did the Speakers use Nonverbal _______________________________________________________________________________
Communication? Was it too much or too little?)
2. What was the worst problem you had encountered in speaking in public?
Fifth Principle of Speech Delivery: Audience Rapport ________________________________________________________________________________
It was pointed out previously that the most important tool for establishing a connection ________________________________________________________________________________
with the Listeners is an Audience Analysis. Using these data, one is able to write a Speech that ________________________________________________________________________________
would appeal to the Audience. Also because of the same data, one will know how to deliver the ________________________________________________________________________________
Message to the Audience and connect with them at a deeper level. (How did the Speakers ________________________________________________________________________________
establish rapport with their Audience? Did it work? ________________________________________________________________________________
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Answer Me! ________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 15: ________________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Is one Manner of Delivery applicable to all Types of Speech?
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3. What was the biggest improvement you experienced? _______________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the Principles of Writing a Speech?
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________________________________________________________________________________ 6. If the First Principle is to choose a topic, what happens if the topic is given?
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Answer Me! 7. What are the Sources of Information for a Speech?

Activity 17: _______________________________________________________________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions. _______________________________________________________________________________
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1. What are the Types of Speech according to Purpose? _______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________ 8. What can be used to organize the Information gathered for the Speech?
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2. Does Purpose determine the way a Speech is constructed? _______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the best preparation for delivering a good Speech?
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3. What are the Types of Speech according to Manner of Delivery? _______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________ 10. What should be the focus of any Speaker?
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CONGRATULATIONS!!!