rr,f*, 0u.

is ^g4l\
An o{ ast
"f " .rafon6r F**,
f'--c+:.^ 4 W pouVr^ fi
or') a la,;,'.,l,,.rd Vw'l !a:^a
aWlt
^ rclurr.
+^? -s't

Chapter 14

____--"-v

Althougl) any of the methods of analysis

of incletemrinate
sented in Pan'Ihree can bc used for
computing the ordinatos of
we will use the nethod of consistent riiformations,
for suclt purposes. (Jnce the ilfluence
air.rl.r"a in
lines for indetenninate str
bcen constructed, they can be userl
in th. ,o,r," ,unu"r u, ,-t-r*a ln'J
struclures discussed in Cjhapter g.
ln this chapter,,fr. p,.,|"^f,"" il"
irrg iIlfluencc lines lin.static;lly indererrnrnare
bcaIl)j, and tr.us\cs is
L\4ii er.,Rrcstau.s prirrciplc h, .u,,.*.,ing
1,,1, lii".1,*"ll:l.of
ilfluence lincs for indeternlinate beatns and fiames
is discussetl.

INFLUENCE LINES FOi BEAMS AND TRUSSES

Consider the continuous beam shown
in Fig. l4.l (a). Suppose tbat we {
*l i:.:ly::'ine.for the verical .",.ilr,; ;i; i";:ii;;;;;;,
G
beam. The beam is subiected to a
downw-a_r_"l"e .";.";ir",Jn"i,,r"j
,! of which is defiuea ty tr,.
Tf:::,
the le1l end A lh"oflTttion
the beam, as shown tn the figurc. "inrAina;;.;;;".;";
'.
'0 lb develop the infllrence line fbr the reaction
Bu, wc neeri to
express,r li rr 11. irr ternrs of rhe vlrrirrble prrsitiorr,r
'n,i,. unli f""i.
'n
the bean is statically indetenninate
to tt . firrt a"g."". *" ,.i""itti"
to be the rcdundaut. The roller support
,fr"i'r",n.,"Ji;ffi;?;
U
"
*j"rlitli: yl'o
", deterrnina,"
obtain rhe staticalty pri;;;';;;.;;;,
1::.]^o:1!'f.*"-t jlte prinriu-v u"""r i'''ruj""i"j,
an arbitrary F)int X ar a distance, ''"p""ffi;
t-rn
ffi 11,:J;
tr,",r"ri;,
lj]:i::T:j,
g:dlrrdant Br, as shown iu Fig. l4.l (b) and (c), resf;;;;,;;;;il#"
."d,
/t) can now be dete nined by using the rcrnpatibility
condition thar

I\
 Xn,f.r"
".,ncr
(r..^r, (kavla atd Tru.rr :

&'si& fl' Cr6x^roun|"'.4)il 3fuu-o-. o,- F;1 @ 4Pe fa^"4-t^ruoll^

-fuJraro *t- i-^fl.r"-< i;r* t^ +4* vrarl-P,a"ad;"-, )*+t"\l''+t-'t:*'
4p*s4V-
section 14.1 In{luence Lines for Beams and Trusses

r5 ) j\e*S ^ Fa J."r."'taJ-
,.hc4UY Otn&+.,.*--fc tt rnoviy Osncexrtcltd /-^l ofUef
t
I
B, C, ur.o1r^,vlw&, z is N- lodl.'.-., *(
fi,. $;* d.q\etl
I
(a) Indcterminate Beam
ur4r,u,ae @ Ut, t.r^J A.
cep fu.oC.l;o-, Q@
t. +.. /?rJ-dfl+ Aolltt b \s /b.r'tovtA ('rr*''V*
-+
ooi') it*^t^^ *z-^ lo
-".n
(b) Prirndry Bearn Sutiected to Unit lnad
OV |4; "- J|rtdt4-tY &Sa,x.,' v<tk
t^r.r-f \de^. i.i
-/
y'o",a alX,)a | tu /24Uo^o*'
"tjwl a
l>^Aq"+-+.*l'r,l-
, t--." f) Z& +.- D .. --+ Uu,L
ntJ-d"''l' Gt t'
L, e,,.ll I
(c) hinlary BeaJn t oaded with Redutr&utt l])

(d) lrtlucnue Line iul B.

Fig'14'1 i-r, de-\+..tu;r.<a

?a...^ nrnp \ "u"l
HJffi.ffofn..^o*a
""ii"r"Jl"O
o*
"tknown
redunclant B) nlust be eqnal to zero Thus

fsx I f aaB',:o
1,'*n|,,il= ag"/1* to U-'l 'azac-$'a- at q"l._
15

M,^d'"WIt ^ J

fto
ex '-:O (r4.1)

dellection of l.':,.f]'t*'
in JL.n,lo fl.*it,ility coefticicnt /ix tlenotes thew.ner:l
t n-,j""i" ** r"*r x 6ig 114urr' lll::::]ll].::"i
"". ^, denotes the"'i, "t
deflection at t
ficient /r0
, Pid l4 l(c\)
placing
4 l ) for constructiog the influenoe line. tbr B), by
. (l

theunitloattstrcce.ssivelyatanumberofpositionsxalongthebean\evaluat.
and plotting tho values of the rati()
t"* ili* u"-t,ion of the unit load'
"""n
 504 Chapter 14 lnlluence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Skuctures

.fBXlfBB. lloweyer, a more e|icienr procedilire can be clevised bf!

Maxwell's law of n<:ipror:al def.ections (Scction 7.8), accor{iing to
deflection at I due to a unit load at X nust be equal to the
to a unit load B; that is,/Bx : t8. Thus Fil. (14.1) can be rewrinen as

fn, Lft*,* z-* ,-^ht contlwc*d

-@
/t-. val,r-
?.PooJ 1 fo' ,oo,
1;W 'lXt//tt * oroL'uaj* o7r*f
d,>fula Zl AL'I-A,/utn^fu fk
P^tto, n fu,^" X,ao lLsrixo.
'Ihe e<luation ol' nn influence line, when expressed in the form q
(14.2), shows the validity of Miiller-Bre,tlau'.t prin<:iple for staticall!- bt
rninate structures. lt can bc seen tiom Eq. (14.2) fbr the influence lira !
that since/88 is a constant, the ordinate of the influence linc at auy poif,
proportional to the deflection fa6 of rhe primary beatl at that poiut dlE I
unit load at /i. Furthermore, this equation irr(licates that the influence lictr
can be obtair)ed by rnultiplying the deflected shape of the primarf beamd
the unit load at B by the scaling factor
- 1/tB. Note that this scaling -r'ie
deflected shape, with a unit displacement ar B, as shown in Fig. 14.trdt
foregoing observation shows the validity of Miiller-tlreslau's principle *
determiDate structrues. Recall tiom Sectir>n 8.2 that, according to thls
F
ple, the irrilui:nce line for B, can be obtained by rentoving the suppon .8
the original bcarn and by giving the releastxl beam a unit riisplacernenr i
direction of By. Also, note lionr Fig. 14. 1 (d) rhar, unlike rhe case of $aci
O determinatc structures consiclered in Chapter 8, the rcmoval of suppon E;
the indeterrninate bean does not render it statically unstable; therefore, &
fluence line for its reaction B" is a curved line. Once the influence line fu
l€dundant B) has becn delerrnined, the influence lines tirr the rernainilE r
tions and thc shears and bending rnorrrer|ts ofthe beat) can be obtained 6!r
equilibriunr consideratiorrs.

Influence Lines for Structures with

Multiple Degrees of lndeterminacy
The procedure for constructing the influence lines for struclures with rrrul
degrees of indetelrninaoy is sirni)aI to tltat ti)r structures with a singlc degrr
indeterminacy. (ionsider, for exanrple, the three-span continuous beaut sh
in Fig. 14.2(a). Because the beam is statically indeterminare to the seconc
gree, we select thc reactions llr and Cl to be tl)e rcdundants.'li) detq.nrin(
 and Trusses
Section 14.'1 Influence Lines for Beams

I
x c D
-t!ffi -*J F
F
g
i t t
t B, cy D

(a) Indetenninate Beam

cr

C'
(d) Pdnury Beam Loaded with Redundant

Fig. 14.2

influencelinesfortheredundants'weplaceaunitloadsuccessively.at^anum-
unit load' the
the oeam; Jnl iot $osition of the
ber of posidons X along "uttt bv applvins the
ordinates of the influenc€
lines ;i t' t:1;t Ti
(see Fig'
'::"o*U
14 2(a) through (d))
.q""tions
""r"p"iioiiny (14'3)
Jex * fanBY* fssC'=O
04'4)
fcx 'l fcbB, * fccCY =
o
the influence
Once the influence lines for
fte redundants have been obtained' of tlte
lines for the remaining '"u"tions
uili tf'" shears and bending moments
beam can be deErmined
by-stafics experfrcd by
analysis can be considerably
As discussed previously' tne to which
the aPplication of Mdx
to' nilpiocal defections' according
i
"tt''
 Chapter 14 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Structures

= fx6 arnd f6y: tc. Thus, thc unir load needs to be Dlaced
f6;a
only at points B and C, and the deflections r/? and fi6 at a nurnber of
X along the bearn are computed instead of computing thc deflections
/6a at points Ij and C, respectively, 1br each of a number of positions
unit 1oad.

Procedure for Analysis

The procedure for constntcting influence litres for statically
structures by the method of consistent deformations can be summarized'
follows:
1. Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the stnlcture and
redundants.
0 2. Select a number of points along the length of the structure at which
numerical valucs r>f the ordinates ofthe influence lines will be
3- 'fo construct thc influence lines for the redundants. a untt
at each of the selected in step 2; and for
tion of the unit load, def
compute the values ofthe redundants. Plot the values of the
thus obtained as ordinates against tlte position of the unit load as
scrssa, to construct the iltfluence lines for tlte redundanh. (E
of the deflections involved in the compatibilitv eouations can be
siderably expedited by rhe application of Ma:well'S law of rec
dcflectionr as iilusrrared hy Exarrrples 14.) ;.ttd lr4.2.1
Once the influence lines tbr the redundants have been determined. tbe
influence lines fbr the other tbrce and/or mornent response functions of,r
the structtue can be obtaiued through equilibriunt considerations.

EXAMPLE 14,1 Drilw the inffuence lines for the

'g
I SOLUTION
and bending moment atpoinr Cof the two-span ,,ontiluous beanr shown in Frg. i4-l(a,.

The beam is indeterminate to thc first degree. We select the ve ical rcaction Du at the
irterior support D as the redundant. The influence line ordinates will be evaluareo ar
l0 ft iDtervals at points A thlough F shown h Fig. 14.3(a).
Ittfluence Line for Retlunda D, The value of the rcdundant D, fbr an arbitrary posr-
tion X of the unit load ca be detennined by solving the cornpatibility equation lsee
Fir. 14.3{b)and lcl)
fox I fpp D, = 11

lionl which

(1)
.IDD

Sirtccflx = fi1; irr accordance with Maxwell's law of rccipr.ocal deflections, we place
rhe urit load ar D on the prirnary belm (Fig. la.3(d)) and compute (l)e dellections at
points A through F by usjng the coniugate-beanl method. The co jugate beam is shown
 fA, ro r,-l-ro ti ]-ro t'-}-lo r'*l- ro t-J
D, F'
zo,ti
I ----,Mrl 1

lj
-1-
= c()nstant

(a) Indeterlninate IJeam

lk
rl
tL)l
.1r'- X It -

(b) Prinrary lleam Subiedcd to tJnit Load

i,u
l)
tk
(c) Prirnary Beanr Loaded with l{cdundant I))
lk

0.4 k 0.6 k

(c1) PrimruY Bearn Subjccted io Unit Load at l)

n
\c -'/ ,-
O'Y *ro ' -:i'
\?
'1fr u
+6)(DG6)U)
2r il
O.YT "o:fi{
...-_
vv
4oc" 1,a--'I9x'Zo +!*w
Y'li
q.\1( Er7
"f
t>o= - L6 xgr +;xlt*flxy
(e) Conjlrgate Beanr fbr tlit Load at D

(w''o'' 507

ao = ,2v *to
dou = .f,E'LEt -]n,!
o 'lp
3
 (f) Influence Line for D, (k/ k)

1k

(:
D, - 0.4()2 |
(c)

(h) tnfluence l-ine forA, (k/k)

-0.095 -0.119
(i) Influence L,ine for t, (k/k)

o.254

I
-0.7 46

(k) Influence Line for Mc(k.ftlk)

Fi9.14.3 (contd.)
508

i
 Section 14 1 Influence Lines for Beams and Ttusses

the following:
in Fig. 14 3(e), lionl which we obtain

foe: fto:0
Ir
,-r,lro,,u' rl\ " ^ rto\l li)9:q6lk'rt1l'
--- Ft -
tL)'.:. IBt, (1)rtttl{zt|1 r /l-
I T itr -^ /20\l 1+:'r't-ltl-ft1ik
It,, = r,t, -- rr fso,zo'
'l;)(20r(4)t tll= Et '
,T /l\ r t.O8Ul-n''4.(
ro"= - il ltorru' -(: )rr{)){6)rru)l ' --:t
rr /t\ rl0\l - I-l4ok-ft'/l
_(rJ,'u,,u,\;
fot = rtt,= rlrzatror Jl= Et

fDF -: fFD : 0
deflections occur in the downward
in which the negative signs indicatc that these
tn"ifiti"nt 12' in Eq (l)
the-upward
denotes
direction. Note that the flexibility D'
to tne unit uatue of the redundant
(oositive) deflection of tbe p nlaly oealn at D ttue deflection
the.downward (negative)
)i;;.'i;.il,;,;";"^s rhe clcfleurio'/pp represents
l4 idr) 'Ihtrs
,]r'fr",",ft" *t"tal urrit loa(lat D iFig
",

fno--Jop -(f\ - "'

F,
lr,-o-F\)
-/ Eq (1) suc-
The ordirrares of rhe iun)itanndt'rv n" cao now be computed by applying is located
load
unit
::rrt*tt;;;;ilition t'f the unit tia<l por exantple' when the
at B, the value of Il) is given bY

81.j61
^ _ _J!!
in,
= l 680 =r.4a2k/k
,IlrelemainigordinatesoftheinfluencelineforD"ueconrputedin^asini]arlnannel.
in
l' and the influence line for D) is shown
Thesc ordinates are tabulaied in'lbbte
14

Fig. 14.3(f)
rnfucru:e r,ines Jbr A,:1
-.,
y1':.:T"tl:,::ffi:ff"j,iirlill; :llliH"ff Ii":
fbr the remaining rcactions can llow 0

librium. For example' lbr tne postiorr

oi the r-rnii load at point-B as shown in
to be 0 492 k& Bv apptvtng
of the rcaction r'r,' has been found
il: ilad ;;;;ile
Table 14.1
lnlluence Line ordinates
Unit Mc
Load Dy 4 (k/k) (k-ft/k)
(k/k) (k/k) (k/k)
at
0 0
A U 1.0
2.06
0.492 0.603 -0.095 -0.391
B 5.08
0.865 0.254 -0.1l9 -0.746 (lett)
C
0.254 (right)
0 0
D 1.0 | .44
0.393 -0.0'12 -
E 0.6'79 -0.012 0
1.0 0
F U
 0

- o.31+ F

Jc= 0.603 - J- - o.lJ?

59 = 6%1- I = -b.?.tt ttt1al
4_ o.he _. o.%_1 (n7*;
_ 2.trs+
MC= O'6oSfW - ),(t0
= 2.ag
o.vqt# lo _ Lffi.:_

n 9'8
,r,lr r-r'rffi^ u.inlrolJpnv
tI1
@ r,(q

sprerquo oo!i
oo:9' o€:

' -lt"Oi
ur.j8b.rd g'rure,r oqi
:i io oinpaqrs
-J:Yr:
.
-l
8r,l,y1uapyro,,1.e1r,anu,er'ords,qtu,od.- iusurruo ) qrs --=1-:j-
L,p,put losluprdJdM -
Eu1x,o,s1,ecix::q1,oa,,,;;;;:::"::il;:.lffi;:iffiffi:i:;:Tjii:i.".,,"^"":"i,""..1,".',.J,1iff,1;;i1;;;,,,"*,
:;ll:::1,.,:1":,,"",0,*"*o*.,,,lllil:',:#l::i
'uuuooJD^Jo p'p ,,\,pr,a,1o p erl aql
#::''il;::;:il:i;ffi:;i::'*:,i:;,,8u,ets',,1,p,e
u rur:'om sr,,opnrs pu"
sbp:. ro ;;;;;;i:i:,";":;nt*:f,#f:l{il.Jfli
..trurv) sal8olouq:al sro.,r{)rew
J .ramodo.rp{q pue
.,--1 rsr aurqrnl
eurqrnl u! lua.,,e)r,o.^..
luaure)ue^pv' ..^ o
uo Fu1u3el1r{ep
, aug
510 Chaoter 14 Influence Lines for statically Indeterminate Structures

the eaoilibriun equations, we determine the values of the rcactions Av and F-' tol

+(tMf :0 -A)(50) + l(40) -0492(20) = 0

/) :0.603 k/k t .,-

+ttF):0 0.603-1+0.492+&:0
F, = -0 095 k,& : 0 095 k/k J

The values of the remaining influence line ordinates are computed in a similar
These ordilarcs are listed in Table 14 l, and thc influence lines for Ar and I; arc
in Fig. 14.1(h) and (i), resPcctively.

Influence Lincs for 56 anrl M6 The ordinates of the influence lines for the shear'
bendi s mornent at C can now be cvaluated by placing the unit load
points A through l oll the indelerminatc beam and by using the coffesponding valc
ihe reactions conlputed previously Fol example, as shown in Fig 14 3(g)' whe*
unit lond is located at t)oint B, the values of the reactions are A):0603
DJ = 0 z1()2
and k^ f, -
-0.0q5 kA. q iurn of the frce
of the Donion of the beam to the left of C, we obtain
s.- = 0.603 I = -0.397k/k
Mc : 0.603(20) - l(i6:2.06 k-fi/k
The values of the relnaining ordinates of the influence lines are computcd u a
marDer. These ordinates are listed in 'Ihble 14 1, and the influence lines for the
and bending nloment at C are shown in Fig. l4 .l(j) and (k)' resPectively

EXAMPLE 14,2 Draw the influence lines for the reactions at supports for the beam shown in Fig l4'
.7
S0LUTION The bcan is iodeterminate to the second degree We select the vertical reactions
and (;,- at the roller supports D and ai' respectively' to be the redundantl
influence linc ordinates will bc evaluated at 5-ln intervals at points A through G sl
ir) Fig. 14.4(a).
InJluence Lines for R?dun(lants Dt and C, The valucs of the redttndanrs Du ald G''-ficr]
an a|bitmry position X of the unit load can be determined by solving the compatibilily
equations (see Fig. 14.4(b) through (d))l

ftrx l fooDt* foGGr=X

fc;x * iaoDr l fcGG, =O
Since by Maxwell's law,.r)x =tD, we place thc unit load at on the p'imary bea4 'i
(Fig. t;4(e)) and conrpute the deflections at points A through G '
by using the beao- i
front covel of the book 'Ihus
deflection formulas given inside the

Joe:feo= 0 -
166.667 kN mr/kN
f oa = lao = - EI
583.33:l kN m3,fkN
.f L>c : fco -- EI
l, 125 kN m),&N
EI
1,68?.5 kN . m3/kN
.foe:.fco=- EI

: .: ' ;. ,-,
i,i
 section 14.1 Influence Lines lor Beams and Trusses 5'l1
aollete

(f) P.imary Beam Subiected to

Unit Load at 6
,1= collstant
(a) Indeterldnale Beanl
I o o.g3t

AtsCDEFG
(g) tnfluence Line lbr ,r (kN/tN)

(br PritnJry Bean Strhiecte'.1to Unit Lo'r'l

0.228
A B -0.(1630 ,-4<
r-r - 7Z I l' F c
(h) lnfluence LiIre fbr G) (kNAN)
Jc,
D C " D"
Mo= lkN
2.54 |
'(c) Primaiy Bealll Sublected to / 1d I D C
Redulldant Dr
\l ,r
I'
I
- o::t
l
+

I a, {;.=u012
Ar=oSoq
(i)

0.801
G 0.386
0 -0.159 F C

A B t D -J1.127{r
(d) PrimarY Bearn Sutrjected to
Redundant C) (j) hrftrence Line fbr A) (kN/kN)

lkN |.'735
clE
D 0;
(e) PrilnarY Beanr Subjected to
Ulrit Load at I) (k) hilLrence Line fbr Mo (kN ' n/kN)

Fig. '14.4
Chapter 14 - Influence Llnes fot Statically Indeterminate Struc'tures

2,250 kN . m3/.kN
a--- a-^-_
EI
2,812.5 kN m3/tN
JDo = JaD

Similarly, thc dellections /cx:/xG are computed by placing the unit

(Fig. 14.4(f)):
fea : fee = o
kN msikN
fo"=f"i:- 354.167 EI
1,333.333 kN. m3/kN
fcc=fco=- EI
4,666.667 kN m3/kN
fca=.frc:- EI
6,??0.833 kN . m3/kN

9,000 kN . m3/kN
fcc=- EI
In these equations the negative signs indicate dlat these deflections are in the
dircclion.
The upward deflections due to the unit values of the redundants (Fig. 14.4(c
(d)) are given by

;
Jpo =
. 1,125 kN
+------El-
. m3/tN

2.812.5 kN. m3/*N

foc= fco=+ nt
; 9.000 kN m3/kN
Jeo = +------E I--
By substituting the numerical values of these ffexibility coefficients into the
bility equations (Eqs. (l) and (2)) and solving for D) and G'' we obtain
FI
D, : -r 2.5fax\
1,66J5(-8/Dx
cr= fcx)
ffi{z.sfnx-
The values of the redundants D) and G, for each position of the unit load can now
temined by substitutitrg the coflesponding values of the deflections /Dx and /cx
Eqs. (3) and (4). For examPle, the ordinates of the influence lines for D, and Gt
the position of the unit load at B can bc compuled by substituting /Dx =
into Eqs. (3) and (4):
-166.667 /EI andfex = foa = -354.167 IEI

o,' = -#
Et f ,/ r66.66't\+ 2.5
| -8 | -:j::::- I
^ |/ -::-:lj:-
354.167\"1
I|: 0.228 kNrtN I
I,vo6./) L \ tt / \ ct /J
. -: Er l).(_r66.66i\+ 3s4.167.l : _0.032 kN/kN
"t L-'\ EI ) EI l
r,ses.'7s
= 0.032 kN/kN {
 Section 14.1 lnfluence Lines lor
geams and Trusses 513

Table 14.2
lnfluence Line Ordinates

ay MA
Unit Dy (kN,'mlkN)
(kN/kN) (kN/kN) (kN/kN)
Load at
1.0
0
0.804 2.540
B 0.228 -0.032
,-0.063 0.386 1.?35
C o.6'l'7
D t.0 0
0.931 0228 -0.159 -0.805
L
0.545 0.582 o.121 -0.63s
F'
0 0
0 1.0
G

rn a
littes ibr ihe redundants are computed
The remaining ordinates of the influence lines lor
tabulated in Table l4-2' and the influence
tl*rrL", ,"""""-..'fn** ordinates are ansr
;;ffi;;;;;,il;'nFis 144(g)aod(h)''espectivelv
lnflucnceLinesft)tAranlMa'fheorclinatesoftheillfluencrilinesfbrtheremainingrr
at points,4 tnrougn
uirermined by placing the urir load successively
^J,a,,, "- ""r;i" rh€ eq atrons.of equilibriurn- For exanF
ii. ,i"'i"J"*",i""re beam and by applyingl44iiri tltcvaluesol lhe I eaclion* D' and
olr.lorthrpoiilionolrherrnirloadartlil-ig
; 032 tN/tN' t"spectivelv Bv consider
'"" il;. il;';'.t u" o tzs kNlLN unJ -0
the reactio s A) and Ma to
i,'*'tir",eu,tii*rt"tt "r the beam' we determine the valuos of

+1Il-r:o
Ar-11'0228-0.032=0
' Ar - 0 804 kN/kN t
+ (tMr=o
M1 1(5) F 0 228(15) - 0 032(30) =' 0
Mn - 2.54 kN m,&N)
Thevaluesoftheremaittirrginfluencelineofdinatesalecomputedinasimilalnlannel.
for Ar and MA are shown
in"r"-Ji,t"* ttsted in lable 1+ 2' antl the influence lines
i.;i:i; "* rt), respectively
Ans
*i.rg
''f'^''

in nlel[bers BC' Bt' and C]E of the truss

shown
14.3 Draw the influence lilres for the lbrces
EXAMPLE
v t" t,*".roads are transnitted to the
itt.-ti.ii^1.
()p chord of thc tnrss

We select the axiai force I ct ln

'fhe tmss is internally ildeterminate to the {irst degree
soLuTloN redundanl'
the diagonal member CL to be the
deterldne the inlluellce line tbl Ifct' we
place a
Influence Line for Redundant Fct To position of the unit
unit load successively at joitlts B and C
of the tnrss' and for each
.ompute the value of fr:r' The
ffi:;;;;t;il" t;ttoa of "on'ist"nt tt"tormations to the unit
Inember CE' is subjected separately-to
orimarv truss, obtaiiled by removrng a unit tcnsile ibrce
ilil;;;;;'c';;*" in nie t+:s(t') ond (c)' respectivelv' and
redunda t rnember as shown in Fig l4'5(i)
irr the
'-'t'
 u.r.()irfnv !!ure! )
urrrord Bursot:)

.Dt.- t.t .o ... J. -r1,. r ,)!d

l
) e! iq

uors{rs
iito:)/c!1 i
t",;u.l,,r , ", oo.
0! er sr 9r
F
)r. rq .oroJ/eJt. oo:5 .5r:'
sltD).p )oJ srqs.Js pto\,1,,1.g 1 u",,,o5 p,,uq,,l I
sr1oe 1
, r^rfrrdqd xJp!r/!r/d!.nrJ . .
Lt)un 0f .of al "
| ou rp:
la a0 (ricJ 65 t t9_r
(q)pJ uru st)
unriLt! .uo rt.rod ro,) txdJN r-i^p) ,rrt,l inLte
rn rolPnv uru,!! AJ "":L" ll,,:"11"".j?, :'.,
i:;' : f i*', '" ' ,' ::;;:;;
i';1:;ii:i.":''",i-, ".r,,. ;;,
o r|rLrrsJrd rJ rnrh ,
;;:",::;ll'1,:"1,,
!,rcN.pr'.raod eulr,.,":.,.1,.,,,i.,6:,"qiiui];;;;,1:il:jl:i]:.1:]::,]] .,
rr i ro^run nPLTELlrqrE)

sv'] 9Nt-tsf.I- 3Nl8u

lnoqu, u-rrr :AS OfztNvguo
a
-
riselcN .,!u6r! s,.r ursr",^, rr::;].fl",lo"i"];i:1
r
^
,.",9 j 66 qpel
"q1.,';,""
' ""n' :i)"",:trt^
;-,r".';"'i ":il, :'::i; ' : l,
.,",;,:ll.:):;::Y? i1.: j;,i::l ;;',i;lii:J:i,,,*
:!uprSord tEtrnBnEut
:
uort!])sr8rU o! 6 oo 6

olnpoq)S ue.t8ord
I '*''-
r'rouo o;qe,rouoj rcq:o Bupn'ur
ur sruo^c xrs snoiaord orp
-."* ;;:::;; ,?;i;;1,'r:lrilJ': ,ffi;
1o uorrclduro: Inlsse))ns ,"1"-r,,i_1raUJ sE aqr!r qruc
-Aas cL'ro1 ruc^c srLjr ruoscrd "q,
or pnor<J c.rr oM.sorr^r)E qri;;;;,",r, ,urpre8cr uoreLu
L+
--ro,ur puc s€cpr ,.crll J_r!qs
or -lo.)os _rcmodo-iplq
.,o.r, s_rorl)Jecsc.i ,; ,,a;;;;,;;;;;;
E oteorr ot-.11-L lo troJlc ,e st (tHU)) sautqJnl rrlne.rpl6 ur q)reasoU L-''r
-*
'*-'oG
luarrn)
.sourq.rnr
rrlnerplq ur (.r:o arrBrlel .uorsorJ
luJuripas) suJolqo-rd
]o uonv8o ur qlr,r Buole Burlscl pue tuouldolc,rcp .u8rscp
uo ,r"rnro, o,," qel cqt tE soqlrcos
*": iEorcururo) pue
.;J :,'':
-lq ]:.::^::,':::,'::l
1o :uoLudo;oacp
srsrleue ,"uo,,",ndLu,,,
pue u'rscp Burpreror crro.:cd*o)
.sourqrnr
,,;i:t
)rrnprp
dolo^op or
oS s-rcroLuo,rd rr,r,rodorplq ",;;i,":;.T;
1rrol cqt Buoure tucu-ldoloacp c>ucloduro: qrr,rir
i::!r :_r - --
Buolu lrdop ur l-. :. - -- - ---
ruo:sls .rc,qocjorplq
Jo tucu.rdolJ^cp Burpre?o; sor:raq:e Li)rpJsc,r !!__a::-: _-_a- . -
ur Xurzrseqduc seq ucoq
ll'1 'Jseqd 3urrre:s
lpec sll ruo.r.l .uor8ou uusv q]nos pue
_orplq Surtroddns ledcN ur luoutdolo,rcp rcr,rod i!P
lo uorsr^ cql r.ltt,r,r.suorteztueBro ipuorteu-totur pup l.{d 00:5 or hlv oo:r,:
l-roodns ur ll0Z u pollsrlqptsc se,$ lsuoJtpu snorJe^ Llr^^ 8 l0z q)JPtt 0z
llrsrcarull npupLuqtE) re (ltl) qel
XuDsc-L rurqrnl
dnu%-Trre=EEiI

IIIA - saurqrnJ rilnerp{H

ur r{JJPASaU lueJJnJ
uo runrsodru,{5 IeuorleujalUJ
 lDY

sry

Indeterminate Beams 167

lnfluence Line Diagrams tor Statically

r* 5.1 INTRODUCTION
( 1886)
by E Winkler in l86T Prof Miiller-Breslau
'.\ The concept of influence lines rvas introduced
discovered an irnpo.tttt p'in"ipt" uy
*ni*J inlu'"n"t-tin* iot a"Erminate as well as indeterminate
displacement'
structures can be found. rrlo p'ln"i'pt
JUused on Maxwell's theorem of reciprocal
onty a fe* critical sectious' he will flnd this
Whenever a designer r*"t toPd"etlJtft*t
method handY.

5.2 M u LLE R-B RES LAU !B!!!-clP,!."-E

as follows:
The Miiller-Breslau principle may be stated etc ) or reuction
Statement If an internal un* 'o''ion"^t
(slrcar force' bend.inT
'rnonrent' of the structure'
tier"b), causing deformation
component is allou,e(l to act thrcug; 4 {rralt
dirtnr.?
to sonte scale' the influence lines for tltlt stress
or
the curve of the defornred shape
"p'""n"
the reaction comPonettt. beom
for
Explanation To find the
--^
(Figure 5. 1),-g
p-etig!.]gt o.n.ggg
line represens the influence for Rn to sone scale

soro

in simply supported beam'

Figure 5.1: Shape ot ILD {or RA
a:9lli:r1oy.l-99a+l:fiitlHff::
similarry. ir influence lrne diasrani.for Toment Ylil
SirnilarIy'ifintluence'.l.]]?ii.u.'@nbydottedlineS
ls - ':- i; Fr.. .{Fr^rmed shaoe of the frame shown ir
5.2(a))Iequired.ffi".o"ro.."oshapeoftheframeshownil
5.2(d)) required, a small rgtatlol
ranrAcenls the inflqenle-llnel
represents lor morDclrr rv1\' r'w e-'-"--
influence lines-I9l'-^,.i!intal
llll,ll.'ill iftiffimi;*mm' Ho
thrust Ho.
*riio-ntar rhrust

Prjnciple

MA in continuous beam'
Figure 5.2: Shape of ILD {or
D

lA lA
tor HA in a lrame'
Figure 5.3: Shape of ILD
 ln

S1ructural Analysis-l I
si
As an additional examPle'
I .continuous beam ABC
shown in
5 4(a)' Now, the influence line for Rn is
lder the continuous beam ABC shown in Figure
Fd.
,n\
A/<--------7

j
't '/<:=-
'
m7

D. (c) Detlection Figure 5.5(a): TYPical. continr

t" S.l("),
- Tvpical continuous beam. (b) Continuous beam with unit load at due to unit load aI tr'
beam'
[- O'^'i" blsic determinate oeam. idl Deflection 6; in basic detetminate
I According to the defirirr
f.^-^.^t..
l.tccordins t^
to rhe lines' the influence line ordinate at D is reaction
the definition of influence lines.
RA
M de'
oroDortional to moment
wn-en a unit load acts on D. Thus, IL ordinate dr
idopeA "t_? lit ^" i.siat. rn find M. we take
= Rr in the beam shown in Figure 5'4(b)' M is released at D The relah
at A is to be removed and (
To determine Ra in the case shown in Figure 5 4(b), the support applied at D to get rotation
A unit load is applied at A (Figure 5.4(4) and
tion 6^ is to be determined Figure 5.4G). I{c
tion 6'n at A is found. Let 6! be the disPlacenn
From consistency condition,
theorem,
RA6i = 64
(
6A ...(5.1)
.M
D _-
,'A - E,A
If 6! is the deflection at D, as shown in Figure 5'4(d), from Maxwell's reciprocal theorem'
6e = 6'o
i.e., influence line ordir
From Eqn. {5.1). we get
l6; R^=
I
l^ U Thus, influence line on
I i".. Influ"nc. line ordinate at D for Ra.
t^
a uisPlacement at D 5.3 ll"s:lyL!1,"99-t
- DisPlacement at
| ,4
Miiller-Breslau PrinciPle ts
f- rtg t'A d D ale as shown in Fisure 54ldl it is aPPlicable ody whetr |

|.il * frd db rrF ordinare at D for RA is rePresented by displacement at D' to the law of suPerPosition tx
| *. *.lc n rbcf ddala 81 ar A is drawn
 Inlluence Line Diagrams for Statically Indeterminate Beams {69
As an additional example, say influence line diagram is reouired for moment M at D in the
F ror 1(r ls continuous beam ABC shown in Figure 5.5(a)

v
.(l,

- --f DI- ,

v
.>;Kl
(,0
Lr.:
Deflection Figure5.5(a):Tvpica|continuousbeam.(b)Unil|€ad'atD.(c)Def|ectionofre|easedbeam
- oue to'uiii-i6Ed'?I-E. 1o; Dellection of released slructure due to unit load at D
rcaction RA According to the definition of influence lines for MD. influence line ordinate at E is
proportional io lno*"nt M developed at D when unit load'(l kN) acls at E as shown in Figure
i.:ial. fo find M, we take the released'structure as shown in Figure 5 5(c) in which rcstraint for
:emoved and M is released at D. The relation ctD at'D iq foilnd due to unit load at E Then' untt moment rs
5.a(@) and applied at D to get rotation o/p at D (Figure 5.4(d)). From consistency condition'
Mole = 11o
Let 6! be rhe displacemenr at E (shown in Figure 5-4(d)). Then, from Maxwell's reciprocal
theorem,
aP=6i
...(s. r) 'Mole = 6ls' r ' 1

pt tteorero .,_ 6;
','- cL;
i.e.. influence line ordinate at E
Displacement at E
Applied rotation at D
Thus, influence line ordinate is represented by disPlacement to some scale

5.3 g.9ruLrF99-9r-U!4ffi EBFgt4g-nl Ng!zu

Miiller-Breslau principle is applicable to all structuIes, determinate oI indeterminate. However,
nt at D, to it is applicable only when the material is within the elastic limit and obeys Hooke's law so that
the law of superposition holds good.
l?O Slructural Analysis-ll
rn the d
1
I sives an cxcs'exr
principle grves
This pnncrpte
rrris exceuent expelTent-a.l-ael:":1j",5:::Ti:"':::JTJ"lfi#"".:i
',rffiir,";;"; by giving small Solution Restaint
find influence tines aoplied as shown in Flgur.e '

H;r**
itiot
;il'#t"-";:13Ji1".ffi::,:*:::;:*l***",1x*:n
ts'olacements and marKrng
"ttt""?;'jt""J;;;ipt"tn
is-
nutor' Begg's deformator
.
'o"t"r"n"a for m';:',,t
the
;il(niclosloi"'
introducing required
n:.^r4.Fmcnrs are measured in the perspex
tt'" oi'placements
*m*#mr
[:;'H::'ffttt":#H#it
[f,) uo""'
^re
with
li.r lines are determined'
u"a influence
for finding,
beam
beam
llT,":::"::":*.:T:::J.ff;
In this text, fte anal)'tical method ls explained In the conjugate
* l;ffJ::';$;##ilH: ffi;'"-i,,'il;;"" -;*'"'"*l''
rE-.Iraint
at vanous fc
| .r:! one

Ri
(,r)

: a6
t.2 kN

C.G of h'ion|le I

Tberefore, suPPon
l

'faking moment cau:

at the top (hogglng
as

.05i 073 064 "'

r, )
moment diagram
(b) Unit lJad..at A ln l"]:1t^"*",Ti,(c) rBending
- 5.6{a): Givenlorbeam
Fiaure
releaseo Dea:r' (d) Conjtrgate beam (e) ILD for BA
 lndeterminate Beams 'l7l
lnfluence Line Diagrams for Statically
lines for of .Ra rs removed-and:::::t::l"ttJ
fnce in the
Restraint rn direction v'
urc uueuuwx iffHtffS
Solution Rest.arn. lne io luliitf"r-Sr"rluu principle, ;|:
the defl
I Slvtng smatt
applied as shown in Figure 5'1fb) _.^- D Tha h.n.ti;s moment diagram for the
I using Begg's
ffi ii:1tr':T#Hl;T":i;[iC=';i]"f ilil::ilh',',',',"::l[il
I the required
ffiri.""j. i*{1:,fitiria**d
::.t^T*ffi
srructure, consider its conjugate
I in the perspex
(M\
beam with oi"e** as load (see Figure 5 6td))'
f various shess [fr J
In the conjugate beam
lss of releasing
EMs = 0' gives
fred and finding
I rarious points,
I to use and is Rt.s= !"s"fi"s,
in
lleam shown
lEtia is constant
,, = 0, gives
/^
\ r 6 '11
tR;
* = txttx:-=::'
^1

EI EI

= o' giu"'
fvo
\; * fi,." -;'''"*(+)=o
Note: C.G of tiangle from "'a e = [
--f

as shown in Figure 5'6(d)" ,,

Therefore, support reactrons are positive and the one causing tension
cauring t"ntion ut tnJb"i"t'i*g"gi"gl
as
T3&ilg.gE1trent
we get'
at thffilf,ogging) as negative'
t32
Mx=-E
11, )Q __^r^
I I I 104 13
tr _
n,t __+_ xr -,,.3 El
- El EI 2 Lt

r?r ?R - I 2 2 11 33
,, _ _)!3a11y2-.x2<=x
tut)- z 3---Et
EI EI Lt
<t <
r1t ,R I J
y, = -l n2*3 -- t 3xTi "= --i
rtoment diagram It, ?R t 4 4 3067
,,
|VI\ ' -)!1a1:y 4- LI j:--El
-xax-=/
EI EI 2
ll Structural AnalYsis-ll

lT
lll+::x5 5 '-EI
2A | ' 5 x1= 1283
Ms = -x5x'
Ms=o
the right side end'
For portion BC, niSffrents are calculated from
Mc=o
- 5 rl.2 14.8
Me = -:-xl--xr"A"1=E
<12.428.4
Ms :->.2-
-- - > ,"A"1= E
5 I 1.6 9.o
y., = J-x3-- x3x-Y l=-

u,= ]'+-f,'^"#"!r=#
represent deflections in the released
b€am; and
The above moments in the conjugate beam diagram in the given beam' Solution Remove re
the influence line
the deflections in the released o"'Jl i"pl'"nt According to Miillerl
Now lnfluence Line Diagram (lLD) ordinate
at A for Rs in the given c

= deflection at,4 iD relggs{L,U9a![-----1

Bending moment
shows the conjugate
r---
t-*"te
=h"ilJ'-"t beam ar
^
= + J w
But.weknownILDo?ffiaIAfo,RoiSuniry.Hence.dividingmomentvaluesinconJugate
R.
beam ILD for Ra' tbus obtained' is shown
1?) tn
uea- Uy f, we get ILD for Rn in the given
Figure 5.6f,i
shown
for reacdon at B in the continuous beam
Example 5.2 Find the intluence line diagram
in Fieure 5.7(a).
iuk" El ut constant throughout'

BC
ffi^
I <
'ukN lkN I:LN
rr
(b)

Ll
Figure 5.7(a): Continuous beam. (b) Released beam with unit load (c) Bending moment
diaaram ot released beam
 'r'
lor Statically tndeteminate
BeAms l?3
lnlluonce Une Diagrams
i

24

it,-
l8 lt
IEl IIEI t2
llEl
fr
I
{
n
4
,d
Id
I
,g

d
{
,,!
.f

bearh' (e) ILD tor RB'

buro 5i1d): Coniugato
as shown in Figure 5'?(b)'
Remove rcsraint in tF girection of RB the influence ttne
Sotudoh oi tlit"tJ-f:1c1
^d "ptlY ueum r€presents
According to Mtller-Bresot *'*'inliJn""Jd'Ge
i"t i'" ,"-ttt" given continuoristeam- shown in Figure 5'?(c)' Figure 5'?(d)
released beam is as
Blnding moment di"cl{l?t .-,:-::::r;;:
it for th€ release{r bedn. 'Iil conjus3te beam'
;i""*d
bea'o
ano roading on
shows the conjugate b€am
EIt'/6 = 0, gives
I .. 30 [tt:9.1=o-
pixrr-ixrlx-=:L
$own in
I I
7.7n
Nc= -T" I

10 .727 7 '213 -|
Ee= lxllx-2:--Er
'1
=-fi
Ms= 0
n'1' 5 |
:l
7 '197
M | =' -
!!l xr + x
"r 71;i 1--
x - -il
1'11 :I azx 10 2
13'940
* - -Ei-
u, = - #rz 7y1ix1=

t.ztr " ,'.."_.- l s xl=__A-

l9"l'14
Mr= --Ei-^'-1:'^ tt' tt
4 24'244
' .'11x + + :1x + x 20 - --E-
uo = - ff a61x 1=
mandlt
 ' $filiftilrdrAiiaTYsF;tl

u,= -ry's*1"t"#"1=-a#
,"= -g1'u*f,'a"ffi"2=-!fr
fiom end C
For portion BC, moments are calculated
Mc=o

,n= -ff"*i'"t"h"i=-#
u, - -7!!'2 +i"'"h'1= -Y#
1 1'1 1 18 '
x3 + !* xfrixl=
20'726
Mt = -
Y ---Et -
'71)'1 :-*
i 4x a ''4
x- = -
25'o9o
'
Uu = - -fr x++
-
-EI Flgur€ 5.8(d

orAinate for Rs at 3 i4 a
given beam
Influpnce Line Dia$am id-D;
= Deflection at B in
beam
released Solution The rest
z7.n4 in Figure 5.8(b). Tl
Moment in conjugatq beam at B = --EI (Refer Figure 5.8(c
=
in the conjugate bearn line diagram for tle
Hence' by aivkling all the moments
But ILD ordinate for Re is unity' beam is as shovn ir
points' These values ate shown rn
we set ILD ordinates for RB at
vadous
,- -fl'270 .
EI conjugate beam wit
Figure 5,5(c) and the ILD is drawn'

o".r" r.t Draw the infiuence q" e"ryTli:S"'i3,,*iT#"#HJ:il"'l;#

io*uurr. ,+"oo" nexumr rigidity is
constant In conjugate bgul'
ffffi:::,,ffi:,HilLil;ffi";"Jp t
throughout.
E^

Fc'

(c)

unt moment at B'

Fisur€ q3(a): continu.ou€ieam
6OJS",:",:#.T:h:ith
 Influence Lin6 Diagrams tor Slatiea y InOetdtarimi$B6ddF' {#

D Ru.'

(d)
I
3
4EI E] ?
3ET

v\
Flgur€ 5.8(d)! Bending moment diagram for r€leased bgam. (pI Coniugate beam. .
(t) tLD for momenbA B.

Solution The resraint fo.-ao.*tii i, ,"-o* -O *i moment is applied at B as shown

in Figure 5.8(b). The release6s@o$rre'is'as good. as u*'o,independent,$mply suppoq,rcd:hgarrs
(Refer Figure 5.8(c). The deflection of the released beam is to be found which is the influence
bearn
line diagranfor t}B qtiorylll heam !o sone scale. The bending mopent diaeran f!
are snown rn bpam b as sfqwn in ",Figure 53(d1. Fol finding deflection, conjug4te beam method'ii

conjugate beam with

IM\
Ougrutn toua is as shown in Figure 5.8(e).
beam shown I A, J
is constant
In eoqiugate !m. * :' -
tME = Q,'gives
t18
F^,
,' g = ix8x-:_x:
2 EI 3
p, 4
"^ --- 3EI

R"' :ll48
x8x--
"' = Z EI 3EI 3EI
l1
:x6x--x2
x6=
Ri-zEI

^t= *
 Sructural Analygie-l|
2-
n;'= f,*o'L-)-=
6a=M6=0. , r z E
61 = M1 = ;"2-1"h",'"1= ,l
62= M2= 3-*-|x+xgx1=Ei
a3 = M3 =
3-*t-l"o"frixz= 6
fu = MB = r-^* rr'e right end, we get
risht end'
moment ftom the
For portion
"{t.fr}'j}"*s
u, = |*z-f,'z'fi"i=t#
",=
6a=Ma= j,+-f,'+'$,-i=ry

Rotation oB t .=!:fi'#;T"froriusare beam

" Solution Res
moment is aPP:

= R;1+nez=fi'+=# '
shape of this t

by dividinC deflections bY relative In a relea

are obtained
line diagrams
Ordinates of influence :te
in' Figwe 5'8(R'
o'ruu,"u!-
folallon 'r.!B -
EI' "*""'
o'6t
EI
ILD lor M is as shown

rr1^--b 4 4 ComPute the ordina

S,lsmPle'5'4 ffi$#ffi?r;ni"Hffi:i:'TJ#i,1#ir':;
i'#fi"""'u"rie& s'e1?-::1j*
ffi#;; "io*Ent $roushout'
6

Therefon

The conjt

In conjugate

Rc = 0'5

2 kNrn

(c)
mome
at D' (c) Bendins
beam'
Frsure s.e(al, Givsn
", iffi?#,::?S::To"Jlt"$:'*t
 !fi17
lnfluence Lina Oiagrams lor Staticdlly Indetgnr\hafie Fea|I}s

u
EI

EI

momeni at D'
. fiilure S3(o;: boirlugate beam' (e) ILD lor
'

.
-----. r Lr,
of BC is removed by infidtucing hinges and unit
Sotutiotr Restraint fot moment at mid-span to ltaiilrer-tireslau principle' the deflected
moment is applied as ,r,o*o in rig*"-islai e"t-ang
ror moment at that point'
Tr4T
#*',*';kHw;y
. R.xz=l

of BC for the
"F63TN
Taking moment about d,:we
get

A$ude moment ' 'i is=2Rq'j2xo'5=lkNJ

w= 0' gives
Ra=1-0'5=05kN
5'9(c)
for released beam is as shown in Figure
Therefori, bending moment diagram
tooOinC on it are as shown in Figure
5'9(d)'
released beam aoa
The conjugate beam for tbe fr
In conjugate beam
EMs = 0' gives
124
Pe'4 = t'4*fr*1

R'^=
TEr
EMc = 0, gives
1,)
Ri x8+ R; x 2 -t*3 1-:-Y
el= 0
Bonding momont
 *,lr.x8+Ri' x2- ix8xlx4=0
3El-zEl
10.66?'
Ko= -Ti-
EV =.0, gives

l^ 2I
(
\ r 4..\ rro66e\".*"
.f rs

^a= [E J-Udif\
Er )
4
DI

4l
' EI
't.
Calculating InoGnts from left end fof portion AB; vp get
fu=M1 =0
'| \' r,r oJ l) 1.25.
g =,u, = ^ o
[#-tJ-[i',"fr"-i)=
/ ^ \ /t | 2\ 2
q= M2=
[#"J-[;""A"2)= Er

e=v, =(#*)-(i".+.')=#
s.=M;=o
conjugate bearn ftom end C, we
get
For portion Bc' calcul4ting nnments in
6e=iftc=0

65 = M, = -[*"')-(;.''H"i)=-#
6D = MD = -[f,.,)-(;. *#-i)=-Yi#
6a = Ma =- (#,.,)-[;'f ",'')*[!#")= - #
There should
The total rotation ar hinge D in a released
structure b

r0.667
= Reaefion at supltoft
D in eo4ugate befin = RB
 ':=
.-\

Influence Line Diagrams for Statically Indeterminate Beams 179

Hence, values of the influence line ordinates at each of the above seclions
is computed by

j#
lo 661
Hence ILD for.Mp is as shown in Figure 5'9(e)'
dividing each deflection Uy =
"
Example 5.5 Draw the influence line diagram for shear force at D in the beam shown in
Figure 5.10(a) after computing the values of the ordinates at lm interval'

2.2 kN r.2 kN

(r)

6 kNm

---- ------
{c,
6
5
4 EI
3 EI
I 2 1.2
EI EI EI

K
.. l
(,1)
T*,

(c) Bending moment diagram

Fiqure 5.10(a): Given beam (b) Released beam with unit load
ior reteaseO oeam. io) Conjugate beam (e) ILD for shear force at D'

released structure should not offer resistance to the shearing force

at D' Hence,
Solution The
it is a beam with acut atD as shown in Figure 5.10(b). Consider 1kN shear acting
at D Considering
the equilibrium of portion AD, we get
Ra=1kN
XMp-= 0, gives
There should be 3 kNm moment acting at D as shown in Figure 510(b)
IM6 = 0. gives
R*'5-llorRe=l2kNl
 S'tructural Analysis-ll
EV = 0, gives 6
Rc=Rn-Rn=2.2-l=l.2kN
The bending moment diagram for released beam is as shown in Figure 5'10(c)' 6
care of the
The conjugate beam for the released beam is as shown in Figue 5'10(d)' To take For portion 8C, i

at secion D, special consideration is required. In a released beam at D the left side deflects
6
' downwards ,"hile ttt" right side deflects vertically upwards' It meaDs the mornent in
just to the right
rlugaL Ueam, just to the left of section D should be different from moment
ti"-s""tion. This is possible if an external moment acts on section D. I-et this moment be M'
shown in Figure 5.10(d).
Now, in conjugate beam
EilB = 0, giYes
165
R'"
- r 5 = :x5 x:X:
z tI J

p,^ - -:_
EI
XV = 0, gives
ln orO"r,o ga, J
Ri+n'c= lxrtxa
2EI are divided bY the re
/33\ rs) 28 as shown Figure 5-l{
\EI) \EI) EI The influence lir
and then comPuting s
Considering protion AB from moment equilibrium condition, we get load is in Portion AI

(# "')-,' -(r,. r,.

f ' z) =o

-
In portion AB, calcutating moments ftom end A, we get
6o=M^=6 When unit load

61= M, = (#"')-[i"" *":)=!# Hence, ILD for

Thus we get ILD fo

Dxample 5.6 Detel

62 = M2 = (#,. r) - (i", " + "i)=ry in Figure 5.11(a).

\t ; Mt= (#',)-[1" z"]")=fr

/ 79.5 ) fl32) s25
6rr=Mrn=lo )-\rl=- o
| )s. \ /r 4 4\ /t32\ - 30.6'7
6a = tuto = f;"oJ-f ;'o"a\ )-\E ): Er
Figure
 -l

Beams 18{
lnfluence Line Diagrams lor Statically Indeterminate

(?e"sl -l,l's *:' :)-r*]=-l4l

65=Mt= [rr""] \z EI 3) \Er) EI
&=MB=0
of the C' we get
For portion 8C, calculating moment form end
69=M6=0
be dght /5
l-:-vl l1 I'2 l\l=-4'8
\l-l:xlx-x-
be M' 4=us-- [rr"'J lz er 3) EI

/q \ /l 2.4 Z\ 8'4
' l;t2l-l:x2x-x-
6s=Ms=[], | \. l=-
I s \ /l ^ 36 ,) 96
\ = |.;"3,J-[t"r.E"' )=E
M, =
(s .\ fl , 48..4)-72
66=Mo= l,,'o,J lt*o*E'i)- Er
deflection values in the released structure
In order to get the inlluence line, each of the above
17'
D' i e ' by fne influence line diagram obtained is
are divided by the relative deflection at fi
as shown Figure 5.10(e).
be obtained by frst finding- IL- D for Ro
The influence line diagram for shear at D can also
shea, iorce' In this problem' ILD for R1
is as shown in Figure 5 6(e) Wtten
-A tfr""
"".p.ti"g
load is in Portion AD'
Fp = R6- I
Fa= o
" Fr=0'790-l=-0'21
F2=0'586-1=0414
Fr=0391 - I = -0'602'
When unit load is in Portion DC'
Fo=Rn
is €xactly-equal. to ILD of R in that
portion'
Hence, ILD for shear tbrce to the right of D
in Figure 5 10(e)'
Thus we get ILD for shear force at D as shown
reaction at A in the continuous beam shown
Exarnple 5.6 Determine the influence diagram for
in Figure 5' 1l (a).

4 lr-+l-4 In

(r)
with unit load'
Figure 5.11(a): Continuous beam (b) Released beam
 Analysis-ll

=,r, o j"", (j),," o-0,r, (;)." -., "]

l.i" - gid.|
9.1. A s€mloircular
span. Det€niiine !i
=,n, mom€nt. shear brlr
- 0.,o, (;)_*"", (*),,
fo "]
= *, l" - (r-:u)_
o
*"", (1),r" "]
l7
r. :- =u
Detormine th6 r*
da ...(i) radious R sub,6cl b
ilr /^\ /^\
0= l-isinc-l]
z lcor I Y lcos c
\Z) \2)
=-M
that the twisting moment is maximum when bending
moment is zero, r.e., at the

(i) may be solved by trial and er-ror method or by graphical method. For the various
lIIIns used, d. the angle for maximum trrisgng nonentlpoint
of contrallexue is listed
).'
Support moment = twn2 0
Mid-span moment = tlwR2 Q
Maxinun ttrsional moment = t(wR2 6
of t, ,U and /' fc the various number of colurms used
are also shown in Table 9. I .
9.1: Coefrci* fc beoditrg momeot and torque moment in dng beaurs

90 o.137 0.07 0.u21

72 0.r08 0.054 0.0t48
60 0.089 0.045 0.009
45 0.066 0.03 0.005
36 ootr o.923 0.003
30 0.045 0.017 0.002
 tlng
iorn
B€ams 183 ucture 4s a
lnfluence Line Diagrams tor Statically Indeterminate
sIruclure-

r)-flq)-f !"2 *' *2)=-

r 2l" 66:9t
,."r^'J (EI)\2 - EI 3)
s,=v,=li s considered
EI
of

/ rl"o)_f l!9'\_f l**" r rrf.r,

*= u.= li
lst
\t:I^-J IEI)\2 3)
EI"1.]=_ EI ihe
of
6s=Ms='0 ,oy
6c=Mc=O )Onnectlng
rctutes.
6, = Mq = ta"zl
_11"2"fi
"+ry h floor
)ving loads
(t 4 4\ 13.333 consist of
q ='r'r, = (0x+)-[:-x4x'xa )=-l-
ILDordinateatlisunity.Hence,ILDordinatesforRareobtainedbydividingdeflections
108 Jnate
in released Ueam Uf -ff and are shown in Figure 5'11(e)' es of
Lssed in
nate
rose fnr
edure for
:usses rs
tructing
rssed.

ssEs
lse that we
line ordinates at 2 m inten€ls for moment at lr supPon
'' Usina MiillerBr€slau principle, compute the lnfluence
1-
;-kil;-t ac a tti gi''/en
beari ABc shot'vn in figur€ b€lovl' rtrated load
"-tinuol"

(l to
t load.
ect tbe
I lns: O, = 0.148; 02 = 0.185; or = -{.491: Or = -f zsg: 1
iom the
y
usinq Mul€f-Brestau principle, carculaelfne inlluence
:';#Tk",itTJ beam
i, to the
b'a rc continuous b€am ABc aho'm in ligure gi!€n "*J,]'i*?t;
bdo\rv
left end,
"t
he
)ndition

F-6m._-..>F-6n---l
It", O, = O 4g2i02= 0 790; OB = 10; I
or = 0914; on = 0531 I ,:..I
t -
'ti:l
:',]E