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Faculty of Information Science & Technology (FIST) : PSM 0325 Introduction To Probability and Statistics

This document provides an introduction to probability and statistics concepts related to events and probability. It defines key terms like sample space, outcomes, events, and mutually exclusive events. It also outlines the axioms and properties of probability measures, including marginal probability, conditional probability, and independent events. Finally, it discusses counting rules and permutations and combinations.

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MATHAVAN A L KRISHNAN
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46 views4 pages

Faculty of Information Science & Technology (FIST) : PSM 0325 Introduction To Probability and Statistics

This document provides an introduction to probability and statistics concepts related to events and probability. It defines key terms like sample space, outcomes, events, and mutually exclusive events. It also outlines the axioms and properties of probability measures, including marginal probability, conditional probability, and independent events. Finally, it discusses counting rules and permutations and combinations.

Uploaded by

MATHAVAN A L KRISHNAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Faculty of Information Science & Technology

(FIST)

PSM 0325
Introduction to Probability and Statistics

Foundation in Life Science


Foundation in Information Technology

ONLINE NOTES

Topic 2
Events and Probability

FIST, MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY (436821-T)


MELAKA CAMPUS, JALAN AYER KEROH LAMA, 75450 MELAKA, MALAYSIA.
URL: http://fist2.mmu.edu.my
PSM0325 Introduction to Probability and Statistics Topic 2

TOPIC 2
EVENTS AND PROBABILITY

Reference:
Introduction to Probability and Statistics, Assliza Salim. et al.,Pearson. 2011

Objectives:
1. To define the terms that are usually used in sets.
2. To understand the concept of set including sample spaces and events.
3. To understand and to calculate probability.

Contents:
1. To understand terms that are usually used in probability.
2. To understand the methods of finding probability.
3. To know the characteristics of probability.
4. To understand how to relate operations with events and the probability measure.
5. To know how to use the properties of probability measure.
6. To understand the meaning of conditional probability and marginal probability.

2.0 CONCEPT OF SET

Venn Diagrams:
A Venn diagram which the universal set is usually represented by a rectangle, and the subsets
such as sets A and B are usually circles inside the rectangle.

Experiment: a process by which an observation is obtained.

Outcome: all possible observations of the experiment.

Sample space: the set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment, usually presented
by S.

Set point: element of sample space.

Event: a subset of the sample space.

Mutually exclusive event: two events A and B are mutual exclusive if AB , that is if
A and B have no common element.

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PSM0325 Introduction to Probability and Statistics Topic 2

2.1 AXIOMS FOR A PROBABILITY MEASURE


A probability measure assigns to each event E of a sample space S a number denoted
by Pr[E ] and called the probability of E . This assignment must satisfy

i. 0  Pr[ E ]  1 for each event E in S


ii. Pr[ S ]  1
iii. If E1 and E 2 are disjoint events in S , then
Pr[ E1  E 2 ]  Pr[ E1 ]  Pr[ E 2 ]

2.2 PROPERTIES OF A PROBABILITY MEASURE

i. For any event E , Pr[ E ' ]  1  Pr[ E ] .


ii. For any collection of pairwise disjoint events E1 , E 2 ,......., E k
Pr[ E1  E 2  ........  E k ]  Pr[ E1 ]  Pr[ E 2 ]  .....  Pr[ E k ]
iii. For any events E and F
Pr[ E  F ]  Pr[ E ]  Pr[ F ]  Pr[ E  F ]

2.3. MARGINAL PROBABILITY

Defn 2.3a : Marginal probability is the probability of a single event without consideration
of any other events. Marginal probability is also called simple probability.

2.4. CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY AND INDEPENDENT EVENTS

Defn 2.4a : Let A and B be events in the sample space of an experiment with
Pr[ B ]  0.
The conditional probability of the event A given B , written Pr[ A | B ] , is
Pr[ A  B ]
Pr[ A | B ] 
Pr[ B ]

Defn 2.4b : Events A and B are said to be independent if


Pr[ A  B ]  Pr[ A] Pr[ B ]

2.5 COUNTING RULE


If an experiment consists of three steps and if the first step can result in m outcomes, the
second step in n outcomes, and the third step in k outcomes, then,

Total outcomes for the experiment = m.n.k

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PSM0325 Introduction to Probability and Statistics Topic 2

2.6 COMBINATIONS

Given the number of ways r elements can be selected from n elements. The notation used
 n
to denote the total number of combination is   (read as the number of combinations of
r
n elements selected r at a time)

The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is

 n n!
n C r    
 r  r!(n  r )!

2.7 PERMUTATIONS

Permutation is an arrangement of all or part of set of objects

The number of permutation of n distinct objects is n!

The number of permutations of n distinct object taken r at a time is


n!
n Pr 
( n  r )!

The number of permutations of n distinct objects arranged in a circle is (n 1)!

The number of distinct permutation of n things of which n 1 are of one kind, n 2 of a


n!
second kind , …, n k of a k the kind is n ! n !...n !
1 2 k

-----------------------------------------End of Topic 2------------------------------------------------

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