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    Neuranatomy Review

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    John Nino
    Here are the main types of receptors and the stimuli they detect: - Mechanoreceptors: detect pressure, vibration, stretch. Examples include touch receptors, proprioceptors, hearing receptors. - Photoreceptors: detect light. Found in the retina. - Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes. Examples include cold receptors, warm receptors. - Chemoreceptors: detect chemical stimuli. Examples include taste receptors, smell receptors, oxygen/carbon dioxide sensors. - Nociceptors: detect potentially damaging stimuli. Respond to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli causing pain. - Proprioceptors: detect position and movement of the body. Examples include muscle sp

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    Neuranatomy Review

    Uploaded by

    John Nino
    28 views15 pages
    Here are the main types of receptors and the stimuli they detect: - Mechanoreceptors: detect pressure, vibration, stretch. Examples include touch receptors, proprioceptors, hearing receptors. - Photoreceptors: detect light. Found in the retina. - Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes. Examples include cold receptors, warm receptors. - Chemoreceptors: detect chemical stimuli. Examples include taste receptors, smell receptors, oxygen/carbon dioxide sensors. - Nociceptors: detect potentially damaging stimuli. Respond to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli causing pain. - Proprioceptors: detect position and movement of the body. Examples include muscle sp

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    Review of neuroanatomy for college level

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    Here are the main types of receptors and the stimuli they detect: - Mechanoreceptors: detect pressure, vibration, stretch. Examples include touch receptors, proprioceptors, hearing receptors. - Photoreceptors: detect light. Found in the retina. - Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes. Examples include cold receptors, warm receptors. - Chemoreceptors: detect chemical stimuli. Examples include taste receptors, smell receptors, oxygen/carbon dioxide sensors. - Nociceptors: detect potentially damaging stimuli. Respond to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli causing pain. - Proprioceptors: detect position and movement of the body. Examples include muscle sp

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views15 pages

    Neuranatomy Review

    Uploaded by

    John Nino
    Here are the main types of receptors and the stimuli they detect: - Mechanoreceptors: detect pressure, vibration, stretch. Examples include touch receptors, proprioceptors, hearing receptors. - Photoreceptors: detect light. Found in the retina. - Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes. Examples include cold receptors, warm receptors. - Chemoreceptors: detect chemical stimuli. Examples include taste receptors, smell receptors, oxygen/carbon dioxide sensors. - Nociceptors: detect potentially damaging stimuli. Respond to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli causing pain. - Proprioceptors: detect position and movement of the body. Examples include muscle sp

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

    • Control of involuntary muscle (smooth, heart, glands)


    • Sympathetic: prepares the body for activity and stress
    • Increases heart rate, rate of breathing, blood pressure to improve perfusion, and dilates
    bronchioles to increase oxygen delivery
    • Exit the spinal cord from the thoracic or lumbar region
    • Parasympathetic: prepare the body for rest and digestion
    • Exit the spinal cord form the sacral region
    • Arise from cranial, vagus, and pelvic splanchnic nerve
    • The vagus nerve carries nerve impulses to most organs
    • These branches act in opposition to each other
    • Consist of preganglionic (from nucleus) and postganglionic fibers (from ganglion). Ganglia
    are found outside the CNS
    • In sympathetic nervous system, they are found in chains
    • All branches are cholinergic (use acetycholine)
    Describe the structure and functions of all areas of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem
    and ventricles.

    See site: http://brainmadesimple.com

    • Cerebral cortex (cerebrum) : consciousness, voluntary control


    • Cerebellum : coordination and balance
    • Thalamus of Diencephalon : learning and memory
    • Hypothalamus of Diencephalon : regulates thirst, hunger, temperature,
    and hormone release
    • Pons of brainstem : relay info from cortex to cerebellum
    • Medulla of brainstem : vitals, respiratory and GI reflexes
    -i.e. swallow, vomit, cough, sneeze
    • Ventricles : brain cavities lined with choroid plexus
    QUIZ
    • A: motor cortex (anterior to the
    central sulcus; contains upper
    motor neurons). Posterior is the
    sensory cortex
    • B: diencephalon
    • C: visual cortex
    • D: cerebellum
    (coordination/balance)
    • E: medulla (vitals signs—
    respiration, cardiac, vasomotor
    regulation)
    CEREBRAL CORTEX
    -HIGHEST LEVELS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING AND
    PROBLEM SOLVING OCCURS HERE

    -SURFACE AREA GREATLY INCREASED BY GYRI, WHICH ARE


    FOLDS IN THE CORTEX DIVIDED BY GROOVES CALLED
    SULCI

    -EACH HEMISPHERE HAS A SET OF RESPONSIBILITIES

    -HEMISPHERES ARE DIVIDED BY FISSURES INTO


    FUNCTIONAL REGIONS CALLED LOBES
    FIBER TYPES
    -COMMISSURAL: connect two hemispheres of brain
    - includes corpus callosum
    -ASSOCIATION: connect regions within same hemisphere
    -PROJECTION: connect regions to parts of CNS outside
    cortex
    Lobes of the cerebrum

    EXTERIOR
    Frontal: thinking, deciding, planning

    Parietal: taste, temperature, touch

    Occipital: vision

    Temporal: hearing and smell

    INTERIOR
    Insular: pain
    Limbic: emotion
    SPINAL CORD
    * know diagram

    • Grey matter: cells bodies and unmyelinated axons in the


    interior around the central canal that are grouped into 3
    columns, or horns that process neural information
    • Dorsal: sensory (lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts)
    • Lemnicus: vibration, proprioception
    • Spinothalamic receives pain and temperature
    • Ventral: motor (pyramidal tracts)
    • Coritcospinal: terminate in spinal tract
    • Corticobulbar: terminate in brainstem
    • Lateral: sympathetic nervous system
    • White matter: myelinated axons in the exterior grouped
    into tracts, or axon bundles that relay neural information
    • Ascending = sensory axon bundle to brain
    • Descending = motor axon bundle from brain
    • Tracts (axonal bundles) branch into spinal nerves
    • Dorsal root: sensory axons
    • Ventral root: motor axons
    SPINAL CORD QUIZ
    • A. integration between sensory
    and motor neurons take place
    • B. the dorsal root
    • C. houses cell bodies of lower
    motor neuron (ventral horn)
    • D. represents a spinal nerve
    • E. houses the cell bodies of the
    sensory neuron (dorsal root
    ganglion)
    MOTOR NEURONS
    • UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION
    • LESION OCCURS ABOVE THE
    VENTRAL HORN OR CRANIAL
    MOTOR NUCLEI OF SAID MUSCLE
    • HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN
    CONTROL VOLUNTARY SKELETAL
    MUSCLE ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE
    SINCE THE UPPER MOTOR
    NEURONS DECUSSATE (CROSS)
    • AFFECTS STRENGTH (WEAKNESS)
    AND TONE (SPASTICITY) OF
    MUSCLE
    Spinal Cord
    • Reflex arc • Stimulus activates receptor
    • Receptor feeds to sensory neuron
    • Interneuron in CNS integrates info
    between sensory and motor neuron
    • Motor neuron feeds to effector
    • Response by an effector
    Cranial Nerves
    1 = olfactory. Sense of smell.
    2 = optic. Sense of vision.
    3, 4, 6 = muscles of eye movement.
    5 = trigeminal. facial sensation and mastication
    7 = facial. Facial motor and special senses (hearing, taste)
    8 = vestibulocochlear. Sound and balance.
    9 = glossopharyngeal. Taste and swallowing.
    10 = vagus. Parasympathetics, swallowing.
    11 = accessory. Active inspiration.
    12 = hypoglossal. Tongue movement.
    Describe the types of receptors for the general senses and the stimuli that each detects.

    • Lamellar corpuscle : deep pressure receptor


    • Nocireceptor : pain receptor
    • Muscle spindle/golgi tendon organ : proprioreception (position)
    • Carotid/aortic bodies : chemoreceptor (blood CO2, H+)

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