Hap's Throttling Range Methodology (Addendum-1)

Thermostat Data Page 1 of 4
Thermostat Data
The Thermostats data view contains information about zone thermostat controls, the zone diversity factor and
direct exhaust air. Data for one zone is shown at a time. The upper portion of the data view is used to control the
display of zone data:
1. All Zone Tstats Set the Same specifies whether one set of data will apply to all zones in the system, or
whether data will be defined on a zone-by-zone basis. When this box is checked, only one set of thermostat,
diversity factor and direct exhaust data will be defined and it will apply to all zones in the system. When this box
is not checked, a separate set of data will appear for each zone in the system.
2. Zone Controls. The Zone Name identifies the zone whose data is currently shown in the data view. In the
figure above, data for the D107-Classroom zone is shown. The zone name is part of a drop-down list which can
be used to display data for any other zone in the system. Or, you can press the right and left arrow buttons
above the zone name to step forward or backward sequentially through your list of zones. The zone number is
shown above the zone name to provide reference. Note that when the "All Zone Tstats set the same" box is
checked, the zone name will be "All Zones" indicating common data for all zones is shown. Also note that the
zone name cannot be modified in this data view. It can only be modified on the Space Assignments data view.
The remaining items on this screen describe thermostat controls, the diversity factor and direct exhaust air:
1. Thermostat Setpoints define the settings for cooling and heating for both the occupied and unoccupied period.
The throttling range for the thermostat is also specified.
2. Diversity Factor defines whether different lighting and occupant load levels should be used for zone sizing and
system sizing purposes.
3. Direct Exhaust Air inputs describe air directly exhausted from the zone by devices such as laboratory hoods,
kitchen hoods and toilet exhausts.
4. Thermostat Schedule specifies the periods of the day during which occupied and unoccupied thermostat
setpoints are used. This item also influences how the system operates at different times of day.
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Thermostat Data Page 2 of 4
5. Unoccupied Cooling specifies whether cooling is permitted during "unoccupied" system operation periods.
Thermostat Setpoints
Five input items are used to describe thermostat settings for a zone:
a. Cooling setpoint, occupied period.
b. Cooling setpoint, unoccupied period.
c. Heating setpoint, occupied period.
d. Heating setpoint, unoccupied period.
e. Thermostat throttling range.
Thermostat Setpoints describe the thermostat controls for cooling and heating during the "occupied" and
"unoccupied" operating periods. During the "occupied" period, air systems generally operate to ventilate and
condition the building. During the "unoccupied" period, air systems generally operate in an on-demand mode to
provide conditioning only as needed. Because temperature levels maintained in the building tend to vary between
the "occupied" and "unoccupied" periods, the program allows separate cooling and heating setpoints to be
defined for each period. The times of day when "occupied" and "unoccupied" periods occur will be specified in the
Thermostat Schedule item at the bottom of this data view.
Throttling Range. The setpoints are used in conjunction with the thermostat throttling range to simulate
thermostat behavior using a simple proportional model of cooling and heating control. The size of the throttling
range is usually determined by the type of thermostat used.
Example: Consider the following thermostat settings:
Cooling setpoint = 74 F
Heating setpoint = 70 F
Throttling range = 4 F
For cooling the system maintains the zone between 74 F and 78 F. Therefore the cooling setpoint defines the
lower limit of the cooling range. Setpoint plus throttling range defines the upper limit of the range. When the zone
air temperature is at 74 F, the thermostat is calling for minimum cooling. When the zone air temperature is 78 F,
the thermostat is calling for maximum cooling. Between 74 F and 78F, the call for cooling increases in proportion
to zone temperature.
For heating the system maintains the zone between 70 F and 66 F. Therefore the heating setpoint defines the
upper limit of the heating range. Setpoint minus throttling range defines the lower limit of the range. When the
zone air temperature is 70 F, the thermostat is calling for minimum heating. When the zone air temperature is 66
F, the thermostat is calling for maximum heating. Between 70 F and 66 F the call for heating increases in
proportion to zone temperature.
When the zone air temperature is between 74 F and 70 F, there is no call for cooling or heating. The zone
temperature floats in the deadband between cooling and heating setpoints.
Application Information. There are two schools of thought concerning how the thermostat throttling range
should be used in system design applications.
One school holds that the actual controls which will be used in the system must be considered. Therefore, the
actual throttling range of the thermostat is specified. As a result, zone air temperatures vary within the thermostat
throttling range and are not held constant at the setpoint.
The other school of thought holds that controls should be idealized for a system design calculation to produce
worst case estimates of cooling and heating. Therefore, no throttling range should be specified. Because the
ASHRAE Transfer Function/Heat Extraction calculations cannot be performed without a finite throttling range,
adherents to this philosophy specify a throttling range of 0.1 F or 0.1 C. With this approach, larger coil loads are
produced to keep the zones within close proximity to the cooling and heating setpoints.
Zone Diversity Factor
The diversity factor is used to change lighting and occupant loads for the two stages of system design
calculations. When calculating required zone airflow rates, HAP will calculate lighting and occupant loads
according to the user's original space and schedule specifications. When simulating system operation to
determine cooling and heating coil loads, the program provides the option of adjusting lighting and people loads to
lower levels using the diversity factor.
During coil simulation calculations for the design cooling analysis, the occupant and lighting loads will be
multiplied by the diversity factor for each zone served by the system. For example, if the occupant heat gain
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