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Module 2

Introducing Modeling and the Software

Development Process

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Using UML

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Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
• Describe the Object-Oriented Software Development
(OOSD) process
• Describe how modeling supports the OOSD process
• Describe the benefits of modeling software
• Explain the purpose, activities, and artifacts of the
following OOSD workflows: Requirements Gathering,
Requirements Analysis, Architecture, Design,
Implementation, Testing, and Deployment

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Describing Software Methodology

A methodology is “a body of methods, rules, and postulates
employed by a discipline” [Webster New Collegiate Dictionary]

• In OOSD, methodology refers to the highest-level

organization of a software project.
• This organization can be decomposed into
medium-level phases. Phases are decomposed into
workflows (disciplines). Workflows are decomposed
into activities.
• Activities transform the artifacts from one workflow to
another. The output of one workflow becomes the
input into the next.
• The final artifact is a working software system that
satisfies the initial artifacts: the system requirements.

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The OOSD Hierarchy

OO Technology
Influences
Tool Choices
Supports
Tools/ Activities
Implemented by Tools
Artifacts
Activities

Workflows
Guides Flow
Methodology/Phases

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Listing the Workflows of the OOSD Process

Software development has traditionally encompassed the
following workflows:
• Requirements Gathering
• Requirements Analysis
• Architecture
• Design
• Implementation
• Testing
• Deployment

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Describing the Software Team Job Roles

Project Stakeholders

Client-Side Development-Side
Business Owner Project Manager

Managers Business Analyst

Users Software Architect

Software Designer

Software Programmer

Software Tester

Deployment Specialist

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Exploring the Requirements Gathering

Workflow
Workflow Purpose Description
Requirements Determine what the Determine:
Gathering system must do • With whom the system interacts (actor)
• What behaviors (called use cases) that
the system must support
• Detailed behavior of each use case,
which includes the low-level functional
requirements (FRs)
• Non-functional requirements (NFRs)

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Activities and Artifacts of the Requirements

Gathering Workflow
Artifacts
Meet business owner to identify a
business-oriented view of the requirements
Business Owner’s
Mental Model

Artifacts include:
Use case diagrams,
Use case scenarios,
Use case description
including (FRs + NFRs),
Meet project stakeholders to identify Additional specifications:
additional and refined requirements System-wide NFRs,
Project risks,
Stakeholders’ Project constraints,
Mental Model Business rational (purpose),
Artifacts
Future business direction,
Stakeholders,
Glossary of terms

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Exploring the Requirements Analysis

Workflow
Workflow Purpose Description
Requirements Determine what the
Gathering system must do
Requirements Model the existing Determine:
Analysis business processes • The detailed behavior of each use case
• Supplementary use cases
• The key abstractions that exist in the
current increment of the problem
domain
• A business domain class diagram

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Activities and Artifacts of the Requirements

Analysis Workflow
Refined Use Case
diagram & forms
Supplementary Spec.

Analyze the use case scenarios to refine

Use Case forms and diagram

Optionally, create graphical views of

use case flows and business processes

C
R C
C
Determine the key abstractions R C

optionally using CRC analysis. R

C
C

Represent the relationships of the

key abstractions in a Domain model.

Optionally, verify the Domain model using

Object diagrams from UC scenarios.

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Exploring the Architecture Workflow

Workflow Purpose Description
Requirements Determine what the
Gathering system must do
Requirements Model the existing
Analysis business processes
Architecture Model the • Develop the highest-level structure of
high-level system the software solution
structure to satisfy • Identify the technologies that will
the NFRs support the Architecture model
• Elaborate the Architecture model with
Architectural patterns to satisfy NFRs

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Activities and Artifacts of the Architecture

Workflow
Note: The Architect abstracts
the architecturally significant
aspects from the Domain
Select an architecture type
artifacts for the system.
Client Server

Domain artifacts
Create a detailed Deployment diagram for Client Server
the architecturally significant use cases.

Refine the Architecture model

to satisfy the NFRs.

Create the Architecture baseline. Arch

Code

client domain backend

Document the technology choices

in a Tier and Layer diagram. Swing COBRA DBMS

PC Ultra60 SunFire

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Exploring the Design Workflow

Workflow Purpose Description
Requirements Determine what the
Gathering system must do
Requirements Model the existing
Analysis business processes
Architecture Model the high-
level system
structure to satisfy
the NFRs

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Exploring the Design Workflow

Workflow Purpose Description
Design Model how the • Create a Design model for a use case
system will support using Interaction diagrams
the use cases • Identify and model objects with non-
trivial states using a State Machine
diagram
• Apply design patterns to the Design
model
• Create a Solution model by merging the
Design and Architecture models
• Refine the Domain model

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Activities and Artifacts of the Design

Workflow
Use Case form

Create a Design model for a use case

using Robustness analysis.

open() edit() edit()

Identify and model non-trivial object
state using a State Machine diagram. Clean Dirty

close() save()

Apply design patterns to the

Design model.

TCP
Client Server Create the Solution model by merging
the Design and Architecture models.

Refine the Domain model to

satisfy the Solution model.

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Exploring the Implementation, Testing, and

Deployment Workflows
Workflow Purpose Description
Requirements Determine what the
Gathering system must do
Requirements Model the existing
Analysis business processes
Architecture Model the high-
level system
structure to satisfy
the NFRs
Design Model how the
system will support
the use cases

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Exploring the Implementation, Testing, and

Deployment Workflows
Workflow Purpose Description
Implementation, Implement, test, • Implement the software
Testing, and and deploy the • Perform testing
Deployment system • Deploy the software to the
production environment

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Activities and Artifacts of the

Implementation, Testing, and Deployment
Workflows

Implement the software solution

Code
using the Solution model.

open() edit() edit()

Clean Dirty

close() save()

Use Case form Test Plan

Test the software solution against

use case scenarios.

TCP Deploy the software solution using

Client Server
the architecture Deployment diagram.

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Exploring the Benefits of Modeling Software

The inception of every software project starts as an idea in
someone’s mind.
To construct a realization of that idea, the development team
must create a series of conceptual models that transform the
idea into a production system.

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What is a Model?
“A model is a simplification of reality.” (Booch UML User Guide
page 6)

(Buffalo Design © 2002. Images used with permission.)

• A model is an abstract conceptualization of some entity

(such as a building) or a system (such as software).
• Different views show the model from different
perspectives.

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Why Model Software?

“We build models so that we can better understand the system
we are developing.” (Booch UML User Guide page 6)

Specifically, modeling enables us to:

• Visualize new or existing systems
• Communicate decisions to the project stakeholders
• Document the decisions made in each OOSD workflow
• Specify the structure (static) and behavior (dynamic)
elements of a system
• Use a template for constructing the software solution

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OOSD as Model Transformations

Software development can be viewed as a series of
transformations from the Stakeholder’s mental model to the
actual code:

Architecture
Model
Rs
NF
Requirements Solution Code
Model Model
FR
Stakeholders s Design
Mental Model Model

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Defining the UML

“The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a graphical
language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and
documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system.”
(UML v1.4 page xix)

Using the UML, a model is composed of:

• Elements (things and relationships)
• Diagrams (built from elements)
• Views (diagrams showing different perspectives of a
model)

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UML Elements
Things Relationships
Actors and Uses Cases Classes and Objects
Dependencies
Class Class
use case -load : float = 0
-maxLoad : float = 0
actor obj:Class +getLoad() : float
+getMaxLoad() : float
+addBox(float weight)
Associations
Components and Hardware employer employer

client:PC/Win95
Component States and Activities
browser Generalizations
search for available rooms
and populate room list in GUI

Applet.java calculator.jar
Idle
Realizations

Groups of Things Annotations

weight in newtons
package

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UML Diagrams
Class Object Use Case Activity

Component Deployment Communication Sequence

1.msg 1.1 1.msg 1.1
Client TCP Server
1.2 1.2

Composite Structure Package Interaction Overview State Machine

Car gui open() edit() edit()

Clean Dirty

domain
close() save()

Profile Timing

Metamodel
Stereotypes
Constraints

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UML Diagram Categories

Structural Behavioral
Class Object Use Case Activity

Component Deployment Communication Sequence

1.msg 1.1 1.msg 1.1
Client TCP Server
1.2 1.2

Composite Structure Package Interaction Overview State Machine

Car gui open() edit() edit()

Clean Dirty

domain
close() save()

Profile Timing

Metamodel
Stereotypes
Constraints

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Common UML Elements and Connectors

UML has a few elements and connectors that are common
across UML diagrams. These include:
• Package
• Note
• Dependency
• Stereotypes

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Packages and Notes

Package
Door Access Use Cases View Lock Door View

Open
Door
Lock
Close Door
Door
Lock
Door

Notes
Account
number:String
balance:double balance := balance + amt
type:String

credit(amt:double)
debit(amt:double)
getBalance():double
balance := balance - amt

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Dependency and Stereotype

Account Account
number number:String
balance balance:double
«refines»
type type:String

credit credit(amt:double)
debit debit(amt:double)
getBalance getBalance():double

«client» «http(s)» «server»

Web Browser Hotel Booking
Web Server

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What UML Is and Is Not

UML is not: But it:

Used to create an executable model Can be used to generate code skeletons

A programming language Maps to most OO languages

A methodology Can be used as a tool within the

activities of a methodology

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UML Tools
UML itself is a tool. You can create UML diagrams on paper
or a white board. However, software tools are available to:
• Provide computer-aided drawing of UML diagrams
• Support (or enforce) semantic verification of diagrams
• Provide support for a specific methodology
• Generate code skeletons from the UML diagrams
• Organize all of the diagrams for a project
• Automatic generation of modeling elements for design
patterns, Java™ Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java™
EE platform) components, and so on

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Summary
• The OOSD process starts with gathering the system
requirements and ends with deploying a working
system.
• Workflows define the activities that transform the
artifacts of the project from the requirements model to
the implementation code (the final artifact).
• The UML supports the creation of visual artifacts that
represent views of your models.

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