Example 11 : Design of a Hall Subjected to Wind

Load
A hall as shown in Fig. E-41 and of inside
dimensions 10.0 m X 20.0 m with a clear height of
5.5 m’ up to the bottom of beam is to be
constructed with load bearing masonry walls
using modular bricks. Calculate thickness of
walls, strength of bricks and grade of mortar for
longitudinal and cross walls, assuming a wind
pressure of 1 200 N/m2.
Solution:
1) Design Data/ Assumptions
Roof consists of RCC T-beams 40 cm X 80 cm
with RCC slab 12 cm thick, beams being at 4.0 m
centres. Roof is covered with lime concrete terrace
of 15 cm average thickness.
Height of parapet = 20 cm above slab level
Plinth height = 0.5 m
Height of plinth above foundation footing
= 0.7 m
2) Minimum thickness of Walls
According to 4.6.1 of the Code, maximum
SR = 27, assuming cement or cement-lime mortar
Long wall
H = 0.7 + 5.5 + 7
= 6.6 m
(NOTE -Actual height has been reckoned from top of
foundation footing up to middle of beam.)
h = 0.?5 H = 0.75 X 6.6 = 4.95 m
SR=h
t.
PLAN
All dimensions in metres.
FIG. E41
h 4.95
-= 18 cm
“* t = % = 27
In view of long spans and assuming that joints
are raked to a depth of 1.0 cm on both sides
adopt 1% brick wall with actual thickness =
29 cm, that is, nominal thickness 30 cm.
Cross wall
H = 0.7 + 5.5 + (0.80 - 0.06)
(from top of footing to centre of slab)
= 6.94 m
h = 0.75 H = 0.75 X 6.94 m
= 5.21 m
h 5.21
t=SR=27
= 19 cm
Adopt 30 cm nominal thickness for cross walls.
3) Loads :
Roof load
RCC slab = 12 X 250 = 300 N/m2
HANDBOOK ON MASONRY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION-PART I 45
SP 20(S&T):1991
Terrace = 15 X 200 = 300 N/m*
1500 N/m2
Live load = -
7 500 N/m2
Self weight of beam
= 40(80 - 12) X 25 000
100 x 100
=6800 N/m
Effective span of beam
= 10 + 0.3
5 10.3 m
Load on long walls
10.3
Load from beam = (750 X 4 i- 680) 2
=190000 N=190 kN
Self load of wall including parapet assuming 3
cm plaster thickness. Since we will be considering
combined stresses due to vertical loads and wind
load, we will work out all loads at the top of
foundation fqoting which is
(29 + 3) (0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2) X 20 X lo3
100
= 4.61 X 10” N/m
Load on cross walls
Shbload = 75yx4 = 15000 N/m
= 15 kN/m
Total load on wall at plinth level
= 46.1 + 15 = 61.1 kN/m
4) Stress in Walls Due to Vertical Loads
Longwall
2.5 m length of wall will bear weight of 4.0 m
length of wall, because of openings.
.* . Stiess at footing-top level due to self weight
4.61 X lo4 X 4.0
==
2.5 X 26 X 100
28.4 N/cm’
= 0.28 N/mm2
Stress due ,to concentrated load from beam
Load will spread on
b + 4t = 0.04 + 4 X 0.29
= 1.20 m length of wall
.* . Stress at plinth level due to concentrated load
190000
= 1.56 X 26 X 100
= 46 N/cm*
= 0.46 N/mm*
Therefore total axial at plinth level
= 0.28 + 0.46
= 0.74 N/mm*
Cross wall without opening (Wall a)
61.1 X lo3
Compressive stress = 26 x loo = 23.5 N/cm*
= 0.24 N/mm*
Cross wall with opening (Wall b)
Compressive stress at plinth level
61.1 X lo3 10
= (26 X 100) ’ (10 - 1.5)
.= 27.6 N/cm2
= 0.28 N/mm*
(NOTE-The factor A is to make allowance
for increase in stress due to the door opening which
is 1.5 m long.)
5) Stresses Due to Lateral Loads and Combined
Stresses
i) Long walls
Since long walls are not adequately stiffened in
accordance with the requirements of clause
4.2,2.2(b) of the Code and hall is longer than 8.0
m, it is necessary to work out bending stresses due
to wind load in longitudinal as well as cross wall.
Obviously wind load normal to the long walls will
be critical and therefore we will work out bending
stresses in long as well as cross walls on account
of wind load normal to the long walls.
Wind load on long wall
Wind load P on long wall per bay
=pA
= 1 200 X 4 X (5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2)
= 31 200 N = 31.2 kN
(Wind load on exposed portion of wall below
plinth has been ignored)
Total wind load for the building (5 bays)
= 31.20 X 5 = 156 kN
Moments due to wind load on long wall
The walls are laterally supported at the top by
RCC beams and slabs. It can be assumed that this
lateral support will be adequate as a horizontal
girder to transmit the wind force to the cross
walls. The long wall will thus function as a
propped cantilever and the maximum bending
moment will be -P H at bottom support as shown
in Fig. E-42. 8
Maximum B.M. on long wall per bay
=- PH
8
46 HANDBOOK ON MASONRY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION-PART 1
fRCC
I AND
SECTIONAL
VIEW
SLAB
BEAM
PROP
FIXED
B M DIAGRAM
FIG. E-42
_ 31 200’
x
8(
0.7 + 5.5 + y
)
=31200X6.6
= 25 740 N.m
= 25.74 kN.m
We have erred on the safe side by including a
small portion of height which is actually not
exposed and thus not subject to any wind force.
Bending stress in long wall
f=f
&CSMx+ 25.74 X lo3 X 6
bd2 - 4 X 0.292 X lo4
= + 46 N/cm2
= + 0.46 N/mm2
Combined stresses in long wall
=-axial stress + bending stress
= 0.74 + 0.46 = 1.20 N/mm’ or
0.28 N/ mm2 (both compression)
ii) Cross walls
Wind forces are shared by cross walls in the
ratios of their stiffness. Since the cross walls are
identical except for a small door opening in the
middle in one wall, for practical purposes it may
be assumed that wind loads are shared equally by
the 2 walls.
Total wind load on a cross wall may be
assumed to be acting at a plane at mid-height of
the cross wall. Thus total B.M. on one cross wall
= 1 56 000 X (0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2)
2x2
= 280.8 X lo3 N.m
SP 20(S&T) : 1991
Moment of inertia of cross wall
A part of the long wall will act as a flange with
the cross wall and effective overhanging length of
flange (see 4.2.2.5 of the Code) will be actual
length of wall up to window, that is,
1.25 m or 6t that is 6 X 0.20 or E that is,
0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 + 0.2
16
= 0.45 m
whichever is less, that is, 0.45 m. Thus I about
neutral axis of the wall
= 0.29 x.103
12
+ 2(0.45 + 0.29) 0.29 X 5.152
12
= 24 + 0.9
= 24.9 m4
Thus bending stresses at extreme fibres
+ 2 80 000 X 5.29
-
24.9 X ld4
= 5 6.0 N/cm2
= 0.06 N/mm2
Combined stress in cross walls
= axial stress + bending stress
In case of cross wall ‘a’ combined stresses are
= 0.24 + 0.06 = 0.30 N/mm2 or
0.18 N/ mm2 (both compressive)
ln case of cross wall ‘6’ combined stresses are
= 2.8 ? 0.6 = 0.28 f 0.06
= 0.34 N/ mm2 or 0.22 N/mm2
(both compressive)
Check for shear stress in cross walls
We will consider wall ‘6’ which will have greater
shear stress
Shear load on the cross wall
= 156 X lo3
= 78.0: lo3 N
Section of wall being rectangular, we will
assume parabolic shear distribution and
maximum shear stress will be 1.5 times the
average shear. Since flanges do not make any
contribution for resisting shear load, maximum
shear stress on wall
78.00 X lo3 X 1.5
= 0.26 X (10 - 1.3) X 10”
= 5.3 N/cm2
= 0.05 N/mm2
HANDBOOK ON MASONRY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION-PART 1 47
SP 20(S&T) : 1991
Permissible shear stress (see 5.4.3 of the Code),
assuming mortar to be of Ml grade.
& = 0.1 + fd/6 where fd is axial compressive
stress on the wall due to dead load.
fd = stress due to self load of wall + stress due
to dead load from slab
= 61.1 X lo3 + 6 X IO3 X 2
26X 100
Thus
= 28 N/cm2
= 0.28 N/mm2
0.28
fs=O.l +-
6
=0.14 N/mm2 .
Actual stress being only 0.50 N/mm’, wall is
safe in shear. In fact since actual shear stress is
about one third of permissible shear for Ml
mortar, we could use M2 mortar. Thus both cross
walls are safe in tension as well as shear.
6) Masonry for Walls
i) Long walls
Masonry of long walls should be designed fo5
maximum compressive stress that is, 1.19 N/mm
SR=h
t
= 0.75(0.7 + 5.5 + 0.4)
0126
= 19
Stress reduction factor k, from Table 9 of the
code
= 0.65
Therefore Basic compressive stress for masonry
for unity
Shape modification factor
=- 1.19
0.65
= 1.83 N/mm2
Referring to Table 8 and Table 10, bricks
should. be of strength 25 N/mm2 and mortar
should be of grade Hl. If bricks of this strength
are not locally available it would be necessary to
introduce piers under the beams so as to increase
the supporting area thereby reducing stress in
masonry.
ii) Masonry for cross walls
Masonry of cross wall should be designed for
maximum compressive stress that is, 0.34 N/mm2
48

SR=h
= ot.75 X (0.7 + 5.5 + 0.8 - 0.06)
0.26
= 20
Stress reduction factor from Table 9
= 0.62
Basic compressive stress for unity Shape modification
factor
=- 0.34
0.62
= 0.55 N/mm2
Referring to Tables 8 and 10 of the Code,
bricks should be of strength 7.5 N/mm2 and with
Shape modification factor equal to 1 .I.
Thus basic stress of masonry required
0.55
=-= 0.5 N/mm2
1.1
.. . Grade .of mortar should be M3. However from
the consideration of shear stress, we should use
grade M2 mortar.