About this Book

About this Book

The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a programming language
that allows web developers to create dynamic content that interacts
with databases. PHP is basically used for developing web-based
software applications. This tutorial will help you understand the
basics of PHP and how to put it in practice.

Audience
This tutorial has been designed to meet the requirements of all
those readers who are keen to learn the basics of PHP.

Prerequisites
This book assumes you have no prior knowledge on Programming
knowledge and assume you are at a beginner level.

How to use this Book

This book contains PHP Language Basics, Exercises and Examples
which are part of the PHP Bootcamp Program. This bootcamp has
helped many students to become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in
Just 30 days.

>>>Check out more about this program here...

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Copyright & Disclaimer

Copyright & Disclaimer

© Copyright 2019 by PHPBootcamp.com.

All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the
property of PHPBootcamp.com. The user of this e-book is prohibited
to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part
of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of
the publisher.

We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as

timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may
contain inaccuracies or errors. PHPBootcamp.com provides no
guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any
errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
[email protected].

Found Typos & Broken Link

If you found any typos and broken links in the course or book, then
please let me know using this email address.

[email protected]

Support
You can reach me for technical discussions and other support
related queries from here.

[email protected]

Thanks for your support!

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Table of Contents

About this Book .......................................................................................... 1

Audience ...................................................................................................... 1
Prerequisites ............................................................................................... 1
How to use this Book ................................................................................. 1
Copyright & Disclaimer .............................................................................. 2
Found Typos & Broken Link ...................................................................... 2
Support ........................................................................................................ 2
1 PHP Basics ................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Installation of PHP ....................................................................... 7
1.2 Echo ............................................................................................. 35
1.3 Hello Program with PHP ........................................................... 41
1.4 Comments .................................................................................. 46
1.5 Functions .................................................................................... 50
2 Data Basics......................................................................................... 55
2.1 Variables ..................................................................................... 55
2.2 Strings ......................................................................................... 59
2.3 Numbers ..................................................................................... 63
2.4 Arrays .......................................................................................... 67
2.5 Objects ........................................................................................ 71
2.6 Constants .................................................................................... 76
2.7 Boolean ....................................................................................... 79
2.8 Date and Time ............................................................................ 82

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3 Expressions ........................................................................................ 86
3.1 Assignments ............................................................................... 86
3.2 Arithmetic ................................................................................... 91
3.3 Comparison ................................................................................ 97
3.4 Logical ............................................................................................102
4 Statements .......................................................................................108
4.1 If Statements ............................................................................108
4.2 Switch Statements ...................................................................113
4.3 While Statements .....................................................................118
4.4 For Statements .........................................................................123
5 General .............................................................................................129
5.1 Exceptions ................................................................................129
5.2 Debug ........................................................................................134
5.3 Files............................................................................................136
5.4 Includes & Requires.................................................................141
5.5 Libraries .........................................................................................145
6 Forms................................................................................................ 150
6.1 GET ............................................................................................150
6.2 POST ..........................................................................................157
6.3 Cookies ......................................................................................164
6.4 Session ......................................................................................168
7 Snippets ...........................................................................................174
7.1 Regex .........................................................................................174
8 Projects.............................................................................................179
8.1 Save Student Registration Form Data to File .......................179
8.2 Online Test ...............................................................................181

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8.3 Online Calculator .....................................................................183

1. PHP BASICS

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1 PHP Basics

1.1 Installation of PHP

Installation of PHP

To run PHP on your local system you need to install HTTP Web
Server.

PHP is not like Java or C where you can install the libraries and run
PHP on command prompt.

PHP is a server side programming and used in web. It is designed to

run from Web Server like IIS or Apache HTTP Server.

How PHP Works?

When user type the filename.php path in the browser url:

Browser will go to server where HTTP servers are running.

Web Server will listen to the request.

It will execute the PHP code on the server.

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Take the output generated by the PHP Server.

Send it back to the browser.

Browser displays the output.

Things to Note:
You need a Web Server to run PHP code.

Server executes php on the server and returns the output of the
code.

You won’t be able to see PHP code on the browser.

Browser pass the user data from browser to server and fetch the
data back from server.

Inserting into Database, Sending Email, Checking the login

credentials is all done by php program at the server.

No one can see your php code.

Why need a Web Server?

Try this exercise.

Create a sample file name index.php

Add the following PHP code.

<?php echo “Hello PHP!”; ?>

Open the index.php file in the browser.

Watch how browser just show the PHP code.

Browser does not understand PHP nor it understand how to

interpret it.

That’s the job of a WebServer.

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Webserver interpret the PHP code and send the output to the
browser.

That is the reason you need a Web Server to execute PHP code.

Understand WAMP Server

You can choose install the following software individually:

Apache – https://httpd.apache.org/

PHP – http://php.net/software.php

MySQL – https://www.mysql.com/

phpMyAdmin – https://www.phpmyadmin.net/

Apache is the Web Server

PHP is the libraries that helps to run the php code

MySQL is the Database to store the data.

phpMyAdmin is the admin client to access your database.

Instead of installing all the software there is a package which

combines all the software together and give a Web Environment to
build web applications.

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That is WAMP. – Windows Web Development Environment

WampServer is a Windows web development environment. It

allows you to create web applications with Apache2, PHP and a
MySQL database. Alongside, PhpMyAdmin allows you to manage
easily your databases.
For Mac use this Software – https://www.mamp.info/en/

When you install WAMP you get:

Apache2

PHP

MySQL

phpMyAdmin

All 4 software are installed on your local machine which provides an

environment to develop web application.

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Visit & Download WAMP Server

Step 1: Visit WAMP Site – http://www.wampserver.com/en/

Step 2: Click on Download from Menu

Step 3: Install 64-bit OR 32- bit based on your Windows Machine.

Step 4: Instructions Page. Click on the Download Link to download

the WAMP Server.

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Step 5: Install the supported Libraries.

Step 6: It will redirect to sourceforge.net and download it from there.

File Name should be – wampserver3.1.3_x64.exe

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Step 7: WAMP Server is downloaded.

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Install WAMP
Step 1: Locate the downloaded Software “wampserver3.1.3_x64”

It will have this icon. Even you can find this icon in the system tray
once the software is installed.

Step 2: Double Click to Start the Installation process.

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Step 3: Accept the Agreement. and Click Next.

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Step 4: Do not change the default path. It will be installed in

C:\WAMP64

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Step 5: Click Next

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Step 6: Verify the path where the software is installed and click on
Install.

Step 7: Close all the Browsers and Select the Default Browser.

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Step 7: Select the Notepad

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Step 8: Click Finish and Note the Software Versions.

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Install Microsoft VC Checker

Next Step is to check if the Microsoft VC++ Package is missing from
windows system.

Step 1: Download the VC Checker Software.

http://wampserver.aviatechno.net/files/tools/check_vcredist.exe

Step 2: It will download the check_vcredist.exe software

Step 3: Install check_vcredist.exe software.

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Step 4: Click on Check

Step 5: Install the VC and then Run Again to make sure you all the
supported Libraries.

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Download from here:

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2977003/the-latest-supported-
visual-c-downloads

Verify WAMP
WAMP Server is installed in “C:\wamp64” folder.

Step 1: Run the WAMP Server

Run the file: C:\wamp64\wampmanager.exe

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Goto C:\wamp64 folder and run the

WAMP Server – wampmanager.exe

See the Server running with GREEN color icon in the system tray.

Click on the ICON and you should see this menu.

Step 2: Click on Localhost on the Menu

Browser will open the URL – localhost

You should see this page.

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This confirms that WAMP server is installed properly.

Step 3: Recheck if you have the following things working:

WAMP Icon in Green color in system tray

Click on Localhost in the WAMP menu

WAMP displays the localhost page correctly.

Stop WAMP
Step 1: Click on the System Tray WAMP Icon and Select Stop Services.

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Step 2: WAMP Icon Turns to RED.

Step 3: Type “localhost” in the Browser URL

This should show error page in chrome.

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This confirms that WAMP Server is Stopped.

Start WAMP
Step 1: Click on the System Tray WAMP Icon and Select Star Services.

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Step 2: WAMP Icon Turns to GREEN

Step 3: Type “localhost” in the Browser URL

This should show the home page for localhost

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Check WAMP Version

Open the WAMP Menu from System Tray and you can find the WAMP
Version.

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Verify the WAMP Folder

You should have this two folders in C:\

C:\wamp64

C:\wamp64\www

WAMP Log file is inside this folder:

C:\wamp64\logs

Check PHP Version

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You can check the PHP version by opening the localhost when WAMP
server is running.

It will show the PHP Version.

Change the PHP Version

Open the WAMP Menu -> PHP -> Versions

You can change the PHP version from here.

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Check MySQL Version

Open the WAMP Menu -> SQL -> Versions

You can change the SQL version from here.

Check phpMyAdmin Version

Open the WAMP Menu -> phpMyAdmin

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Check Apache HTTP Version

Open the WAMP Menu -> Apache-> Versions

You can change the Apache version from here.

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1.2 Echo

First PHP Program

php file name should end with “.php” extension

You should write the php code with in this starting and ending symbols.

<?php

?>

<?php – tells server to interpret the code from here

?> – server will stop interpreting the code.

You should write the PHP code inside this block

<?php

//PHP CODE

?>

SYNTAX:

<body>

<?php

?>

</body>

All the statements you write between the php block should end with “;”

Add semicolor ‘;’ at the end of the line.

Step 1: Create the php file
Goto Folder: C:\wamp64\www

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Create Folder: \php\basics\echo\ex1

Final Folder: C:\wamp64\www\php\basics\echo\ex1

Create file with name: index.php

Folder: C:\wamp64\www\php\basics\echo\ex1

Step 2: Add the code in index.php

You can use the Brackets Software to open the file.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Heading</h1>
<p>Paragraph Text</p>
<!-- PHP Code -->

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<?php echo "Hello PHP!"; ?>

</body>
</html>

Step 3: Access the index.php from browser

Type the URL: http://localhost/php/basics/echo/ex1/index.php

Step 4: Understanding echo

echo is a function to print the data on the browser.

There is no parenthesis () required to call the method and pass data to the
method.

echo “some text to print”;

echo ‘some text to print’;

You use single quote or double quotes and statement should end with
semi colon “;”.

You even use print function

print “some text to print”;

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print ‘some text to print’;

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Learning PHP">
<title>Echo - PHP</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>How to Print on the Browser with PHP</h1>
<p>You can use echo and print functions to print!</p>

<!-- PHP Code -->

<?php echo "This is message you see printed with echo function"; ?>

<p><?php echo "I am inside the paragraph"; ?></p>

<h2>
<?php print "Called from h2 tag"; ?>
</h2>

</body>
</html>

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 1 PHP Basics

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Put the echo inside the <head> <script> tag and print alert(‘This
is called from php’);

See if the alert works?

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 1 PHP Basics

Live Preview
Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Write all the below HTML content using the php echo.
<h1>Heading</h1>
<p>Paragraph Text</p>
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ul>

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Live Preview

1.3 Hello Program with PHP

Hello Program
You should know the following things:

How to write and Execute the php Code.

How to start and stop WAMP Server.

How to view the php file from the browser.

Importance of ‘www’ folder in WAMP Folder

You can execute the php code only from the ‘www’ folder inside the
c:\wamp64 folder.

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Write a simple hello program with the following files:

index.php

css include

js include

Use css style file

Write one Function in the Javascript and use it.

Print some text with the php echo function.

Sample Example

Download the Example

index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>

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 1 PHP Basics

<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Learning PHP">
<title>Hello World Program!</title>

<!-- Include CSS file -->

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css"
media="screen" />

<!-- Include JS File -->

<script type='text/javascript' src="scripts.js"></script>

</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to PHP Application</h1>

<div>
<!-- on hover on this link to get a red line -->
<a href="#" onclick="greet('Welcome to PHP'); ">Click Me!</a>
</div>
<hr>

<div>
<?php

echo "Hello World PHP! This is printed

with the two and

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multiple lines without any issues.";

?>
</div>

</body>
</html>

styles.css

a:hover{
text-decoration: underline;
text-color: red;
}

h1 {
text-align: center;
}

scripts.js

function greet(message){
alert(message);
}

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Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Print the <body> tag with echo.

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Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Write the complete HTML page with echo.

Understand that you can write anything on the page with echo.

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Live Preview

1.4 Comments

Usage of Comments
You can use the special notation to comment the code inside the php.

Comments helps to document about the code with a single or multiple

line.

Comments are ignored by the Web Server and it is not displayed and not
sent to the browser.

You will not see php comments in the final HTML output.

There are two types of Comments in PHP:

Single Line Comments

Multi Line Comments

// – This is Single Line Comments. Use to comment one line.

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# – This is Single Line Comments. Use to comment one line.

/* – is used to indicate the comments are starting.

*/ – is used to indicate the comments are ended.

Anything between /* and */ will not be executed by the server.

Browser will never see php comments because it is ignored by the server.

SYNTAX:

<body>

<?php

// This is a Single Line Comments

# This is also a Single Line Comments

/*

This is a multi line comments which

you cannot see on the browser

*/

?>

</body>

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Learning PHP">

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<title>Comments PHP</title>
</head>

<body>
<?php

//This is Single Line Comments

# This is also a Single Line Comments

/*
* This is a multi line comments
* can go many lines.
*/

?>
</body>
</html>

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Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Put the php opening tag on top and start the multi line
comments and then close it at the end of HTML.

Guess the output.

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 1 PHP Basics

Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Start the opening /* at the start of the HTML page and do not
close it. See if it raise any issue.

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1.5 Functions

Usage of Fuctions
Functions is a block of statements that performs an action.

You can pass parameters to functions and it can return a value from the
function using “return” keyword.

Syntax of Function Declaration:

function nameOfFunction(Parameters){

return someValue;

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Example 1:

function area($width, $height){

return width * height;

echo “Area: ” . area(10,20);

. – Dot character is used to append two strings together.

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Learning PHP">
<title>Functions PHP</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php

// Print message using functions

function printMessage(){
echo "<h1>Welcome to PHP</h1>";
}

//Return value from functions

function add($a, $b){

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return $a + $b;
}

// using "." to append data.

echo "Addition of two value: " . add(5, 10 );

?>

<?php printMessage(); ?>

</body>
</html>

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Define a add function in <head> section and use them in the
<body> section.

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 1 PHP Basics

Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Create two functions and call one function from another
function.

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 1 PHP Basics

2. DATA BASICS

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 Data Basics

2 Data Basics

2.1 Variables

Usage of Variables
Variables are used to store information which are used inside the
program.

Variables in php are defined with dollar ($) sign in front of it.

Here are the rules for defining the Variables:

Variable should start with dollar($) sign. Example : $message.

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 Data Basics

Letters, numbers and underscore is allowed inthe variable name.

After $ it should not be a number. Example: $123name is wrong.

Variables are case sensitive. $message and $Message are not same.

Examples of Variables:
$index = 0;

$firstName = ‘WPFreelancer’;

$firstName = “WPFreelancer”;

$price = 10;

$price = 10.50;

$result = true;

$fullName = $firstName;

$ is used to indicate it is a variable.

= is the assignment operator used to assign the value to the variable.

; semicolor is used to end the assignment statement.

Showing variable with echo

$siteName = “WPFreelancer”;

echo “This is the $siteName for WordPress”;

echo “This is the site name” . $siteName;

You can add the variables inside the double quotes only with the variable
names.

“.” DOT symbol can be used to add the variable to the strings.

Sample Example

Download the Example

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 Data Basics

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Variables</title>
<?php

//Declaring & Initalizing a Variable

$message = "";

//Assigning value to the Variables

$message = "Say Hello to Variables!";

//Displaying the Variables via the Javascript

echo "<script>console.log('" . $message . "');</script>";

?>

</head>

<body>
<h1>Variables</h1>
<?php
$counter = 100;

echo "This is counter: $counter <br>";

echo "counter: ". $counter . "<br>";

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 Data Basics

echo 'This is the message - $message <br>';

echo "This is the message - $message <br>";

?>
</body>
</html>

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Define all the Variables and Initialize them in the head section
and then display them in the body section.

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 Data Basics

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Write a function to add two strings with a “,” and return the
new string. call this function from body.

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2.2 Strings

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 Data Basics

Usage of String
Strings in PHP can be enclosed with Single Quote or Double Quotes.

You can use Single quotes inside the double quotes and vice-versa.

. – DOT Symbol is used to concatenate two strings together.

Variable when used inside the Double Quote then it will resolve into the
variable value.

This is called as Interpolation.

Interpolation of Variables only happens with Double Quotes and it does

not work with Single Quotes.

That’s why you must always use Single Quotes and only use Double
Double quotes when you need interpolation feature.

Define a Variable with NULL

$message = NULL;

or

$message = null;

NULL or null is a special keyword that is used to define a empty variable.

String Examples
$firstName = ‘WPFreelancer’;

$firstName = “WPFreelancer”;

$fullName = $first . ” – ” . $last;

$fullName = “$first – $last”;

$places = “”; //Empty String

$numPrice = 10.20;

$SubTotal = “Price: ” . $numPrice;

Sample Example

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 Data Basics

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>String</title>

</head>

<body>
<h1>String</h1>
<?php
$fullName = 'WPFreelancer';
$site = "http://$fullName.com/";
echo "Visit us at $site <br>";

$message = "Welcome to";

echo $message . " " . $site;
?>
</body>
</html>

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 Data Basics

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Convert a string to uppercase and lowercase. Display the text
on body.

Lowercase Function: strtolower( $variable );

Uppercase Function: strtoupper( $variable );
Example: $site = strtolower( $site );

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Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

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 Data Basics

Exercise 2: Substring “WP” from “WPFreelancer” word using the String

function.

substr($variable, startIndex, length);

Example: $newValue = substr($fullName, 0, 2);

Live Preview

2.3 Numbers

Usage of Numbers
Numbers can also be called as Integers.

Integers are positive or negative numbers.

Floating number is represented with number separated with “.” as

decimals.

So, there are two types of numbers in PHP:

Integers

100

-200

Floating Point

10.34

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Numbers are not wrapped with quotes or they do not include “,”

You can append the – (minus) symbol in front of the number to indicate it
is negative number.

Most common methods used with Integer:

round() – This will round the decimals

intval() – This will convert string integer to integer.

Examples:

$price = 10;

$total = 10.20;

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Numbers</title>

</head>

<body>
<h1>Numbers</h1>
<?php
$length = 10;
$breath = 10;

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 Data Basics

$area = $length * $breath;

echo "Area: $length x $breath = $area";
?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Write a function to round a given decimal number and display
the output.

Tips: Use the round(value)

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 Data Basics

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Convert String to Integer and add two string numbers and add
two integers numbers.

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 Data Basics

2.4 Arrays

Usage of Arrays

Arrays is a data type that holds one or more items called as

elements.

Each element could be combination of data types.

length is used to indicate the number of elements in the array.

Every element of the array can be accessed with an index number.

First element of Array starts with 0 index.

Define an Array

$arrayName = array( $value1, $value2 );

Examples:
$colorName = array(‘red’, ‘white’, ‘yellow’);

$newColors = array();
$newColors[0] = $colorName[0];
$newColors[1] = $colorName[1];

$age = array(10, 40, 34);

$studentage[0] = $age[0];
$studentage[1] = 50;
Print Arrays
print_r($arrayName);
Sample Example

Download the Example

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 Data Basics

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Arrays</title>

</head>

<body>
<h1>Arrays</h1>
<?php
//Define an Array
$colorNames = array('red', 'green', 'white');

//Print an Array
print_r($colorNames);
echo "<br>";

//Loop thru the arrays

foreach ($colorNames as &$value) {
echo $value . "<br>";
}

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 Data Basics

//Define an Empty Array

$age = array();
$age[0] = 10;
$age[1] = 20;
$age[3] = 30;

//Print Array
print_r($age);

?>

</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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 Data Basics

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Exercise 1: Create an Array with String, Number and Boolean and
display them.

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Do the following exercise with Arrays

Define an Empty Array

Add 1 Element

Display the Length

Add 2 Element

Show the two Elements

Show the Length of the Array

Use count( $arrayName) method to show the length of an array.

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 Data Basics

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2.5 Objects

Usage of Classes and Objects

Class is a collection of Variables and Functions together.

Object is an instance of a Class used to store values in the class

variables and access them via the functions.

Instead of defining methods and variables separately you can

create a class and store them.

You need to create an instance of class to access it.

-> symbol is used to access the variable or methods in the object.

$this is a special object that will help to access the existing object
of a class.
Class Syntax:
class Student{

private $id, $name, $age;

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 Data Basics

public function __construct($id, $name, $age){

$this->id = $id;
$this->name = $name;
$this->age = $age;
}

public function getName(){

return $this->name;
}

public function setName($name){

$this->name = $name;
}

public function getStudentDetails(){

$details = “ID: ” . $this->id . ” NAME: ” . $this->name . ” AGE:” . $this-
>age;
return $details;
}

}
Create Instance of Class
$studentObj = new Student(1, “WP”, 20);
echo $studentObj->getStudentDetails();
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

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 Data Basics

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Classes and Objects</title>
<?php
class Student{

private $id, $name, $age;

public function __construct($id, $name, $age){

$this->id = $id;
$this->name = $name;
$this->age = $age;
}

public function getName(){

return $this->name;
}

public function setName($name){

$this->name = $name;
}

public function getStudentDetails(){

$details = "ID: " . $this->id . " NAME: " .
$this->name . " AGE:" . $this->age;
return $details;

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 Data Basics

}
?>

</head>

<body>
<h1>Classes and Objects</h1>
<?php
$studentObj = new Student(1, "WP", 20);
echo $studentObj->getStudentDetails();
?>

</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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 Data Basics

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Create a Product Class with productName and price
variables and create one function to access the price.

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Create a Calculator class and pass two values and
create add and minus function.

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 Data Basics

2.6 Constants

Usage of Constant

Constant are like variables but once you define the constant with a
fixed value you cannot change it later.

Constant variables values are fixed and cannot be changed later.

define() is a method used to define a constant.

constant does not need $ dollar because it is not like a variable.

Example:
define(‘AGE’, 20);

echo AGE;

You don’t need $ to access it.

Typically, constant is defined in UPPERCASE to differentiate easy

between variables and constants.
Sample Example

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 Data Basics

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Constants</title>
<?php

//Define a Constant
define('MESSAGE', "Welcome to PHP!");
define('AGE', 20);

?>

</head>

<body>
<h1>Constants</h1>
<?php
echo MESSAGE . ". I am " . AGE . " years old!";
?>
</body>
</html>

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 Data Basics

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Define String, Number and Boolean Constant and
display them.

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Try to change the value of Constant and observe the
error.

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 Data Basics

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2.7 Boolean

Usage of Boolean

Boolean Variables helps to make decisions or store a decision

based on an expression.

Boolean values can be true or false.

You can use boolean variable as a condition to check if the value is

true or false.

$result = 2 > 1;
$message = ($result) ? “CORRECT”: “WRONG”;
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

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 Data Basics

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Constants</title>

</head>

<body>
<h1>Constants</h1>
<?php
$result = 2 > 1;
$message = ($result) ? "CORRECT" : "INCORRECT";
echo "Is 2 > 1? - $message";
?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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 Data Basics

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Guess the Output.

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Create a Constant and use the constant to check the
condition.

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 Data Basics

Live Preview

2.8 Date and Time

Usage of Date and Time

date() is a class library available to access the date.

We need to pass the format of the date to get the system date.

$today = date(‘Y-m-d’); //2018-01-01

$today = date(‘l, F, d, Y’); //Thusday, Jun 21, 2018

By default, $today will have user system date.

TimeStamp:
$todaytime = time();

echo $todaytime();
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">

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 Data Basics

<meta name="description" content="Page Description">

<title>Date and Time</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Date and Time</h1>
<?php
echo "Today is " . date('Y-m-d');
echo "<br>";
echo "Today is " . date('d/M/Y');
echo "<br>";
$formatdate = date('l, F d, Y');
echo "Full Length Date: " . $formatdate;
?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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 Data Basics

Exercise 1: Print tomorrow date with this function

strtotime(‘tomorrow’);

Format the Date with date function

echo date( 'd/M/Y', strtotime('+5 days'));

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Print the ‘first day of next month‘ and format with date
function.

Tip:
$futuredate = strtotime('first day of next month');

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 Data Basics

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3. EXPRESSIONS

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 Expressions

3 Expressions

3.1 Assignments

Usage of Assignment Expressions

Operators are used to perform some operation on the variables

and they are represented with some symbols.

Expressions are evaluated into a result value or final value or

single value.

There are couple of Expressions:

Assignment Expressions
Arithmetic Expressions

Comparison Expressions

Logical Expressions

We will look at Assignment Expressions in this topic.

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 Expressions

Expressions uses Operators to perform the activity.

= is the assignment operator which assigns the value to the

variable.

message = “something”; is a assignment expression that assign

value to the message variable.
Compound Assignment Operators

Compound assignment operators helps to do more than one

operators job. It combines two operators together to perform an
action.

Compound Assignment Operators are:

.=

+=

-=

*=

/=

%=

$message = ‘WP’. ‘Freelancer’;

OR

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 Expressions

$message = ‘WP’;
$message .= ‘Freelancer’;

counter += 1;
counter = counter + 1;

counter -= 1;
counter = counter – 1;

counter *= 1;
counter = counter * 1;
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Assignment Expressions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Assignment Expressions</h1>
<?php
$firstName = "WP";

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 Expressions

$lastName = "Freelancer";
$fullName = $firstName . ", " . $lastName;
echo "Name $fullName <br>";

$counter = 10;
echo "Counter: $counter <br>";
$counter += $counter;
echo "Counter+=: $counter <br>";
$counter -= 10;
echo "Counter-=: $counter <br>";

?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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 Expressions

Exercise 1: Guess the difference between the two assignments.

$counter++ and $counter += counter;

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: What is the result of $counter -= $counter and $counter
-= 10; when $counter = 10;

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 Expressions

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3.2 Arithmetic

Usage of Arithmetic Expressions

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 Expressions

Expressions are evaluated into a result value or final value or

single value.

There are couple of Expressions:

Assignment Expressions
Arithmetic Expressions
Comparison Expressions

Logical Expressions

We will look at Assignment Expressions in this topic.

Expressions uses Operators to perform the activity.

+ is the arithmetic operator which is used to perform mathematics

calculations.

Arithmetic Operators are:

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 Expressions

++

//Increment by 1
counter++;
counter = counter + 1;

//Decrement by 1
counter—;
counter = counter – 1;

Order of Precedence:

++

*/%

+–

Anything mentioned in () will get higher precedence over anything.

(5 + 2) * 2; //Result – 14
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

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 Expressions

<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Arithmetic Expressions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Arithmetic Expressions</h1>
<?php

$counter = 10;

echo "Counter: $counter <br>";

$counter++;
echo "Counter++: $counter <br>";

$counter = 10;
echo "Counter: $counter <br>";
$counter--;
echo "Counter--: $counter <br>";

$counter = (10 - 5) * 2;
echo "(10 - 5) * 2: $counter <br>";

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 Expressions

?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Find a 15 is even or odd using Modulus (%) symbol.
$counter = 15%2;

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 Expressions

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Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Try to apply the ++ to the following things:

1++;

echo “$counter++”;

++1;

$message = “Hello”;

$message++;

$result = true;

$result++;

Some of the things won’t work so comment them and run the
code.

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 Expressions

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3.3 Comparison

Usage of Comparison Expressions

Expressions are evaluated into a result value or final value or

single value.

There are couple of Expressions:

Assignment Expressions

Arithmetic Expressions

Comparison Expressions
Logical Expressions

We will look at Comparison Expressions in this topic.

Expressions uses Operators to perform the activity.

Comparison expression always evaluate into a true or false value.

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 Expressions

> is the comparison operator which compares the two values.

message variable will be have a true or false.

Comparison Operations:

< – Less than

> – Greater than

== – Equal to

=== – Equal value and Equal Data Type

!== – Not Equal Value and Equal Data Type

!= – Not Equal

>= – Greater than and Equal

<= – Less than and Equal

Conditional (Ternary) Operator

PHP has a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable

based on some condition.

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 Expressions

$variablename = ($condition) ? value1:value2

$counter = (10<=10) ? 10 : 0;
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Comparison Expressions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Comparison Expressions</h1>
<?php

$counter = 10 == 10;
echo $counter; //1 = true and 0 = false

echo "<br>";
$result = 15 <= 21;
$message = ($result)? "YES": "NO";

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 Expressions

echo $message;

?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Learn how to compare NULL in the string with ===
operator.

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 Expressions

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Find empty string from 2 strings.

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 Expressions

Live Preview

3.4 Logical

Usage of Logical Expressions

Expressions are evaluated into a result value or final value or

single value.

There are couple of Expressions:

Assignment Expressions

Arithmetic Expressions

Comparison Expressions
Logical Expressions

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 Expressions

We will look at Logical Expressions in this topic.

Expressions uses Operators to perform the activity.

Logical Operators are used to check the if the condition is true or
false based on many conditions.

&& is the logical operator which checks left side and right side value
and decides if the condition is true or false.

(5 > 3) – true
(8 < 5) – false
true && false = false

result variable will have false boolean value.

Logical Operations:

&& – AND

|| – OR

! – NOT
Order of Precedence

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 Expressions

Order of precedence decides which operates evaluates first.

NOT

AND

OR
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Logical Expressions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Logical Expressions</h1>
<?php

$input1 = 10;
$input2 = 20;
$result = ($input1 < $input2) || ($input1 == $input2);

echo $input1 . " <= " . $input2 . " is " . $result;

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 Expressions

?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Guess the Output from below code.

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Guess the output from the below code.

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 Expressions

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 Expressions

4. STATEMENTS

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 Statements

4 Statements

4.1 If Statements

Usage of if Statements

if statement are used to check a condition and make a decision

based on the result of the condition.

It can choose some action when the condition is true and also take
some action when it false.

You can nest multiple conditions together and decide to choose

one action based on multiple conditions.
Syntax:
if ( condition1 ){

// Statements

} else if( condition1 || condition2 ){

// Statements

} else {

// Statements

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 Statements

}
Example 1:
if( $marks > 35 ){

echo “Your’re Passed!”;

}else{

echo “Better Luck Next Time!”;

}
Example 2:
if( $marks > 35 && $marks < 60 ){

echo “You are Passed with Grade C”;

}else if ( $marks > 60 && $marks < 80 ){

echo “You are Passed with Grade B”;

}else if ( $marks > 80 ){

echo “You are Passed with Grade A”;

}else{

echo “Try Again!”;

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

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 Statements

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>If Statements</title>
<?php
$dayOfWeek = "Wednesday";

$result = "";
$dayOfWeek = strtolower($dayOfWeek);

if( $dayOfWeek == 'monday' || $dayOfWeek == 'mon'){

$result = "First Day of Week";
}else if( $dayOfWeek == 'tuesday' || $dayOfWeek ==
'tue' ){
$result = "Second Days of Week";
}else if( $dayOfWeek == 'wednesday' || $dayOfWeek ==
'wed' ){
$result = "Mid Week";
}else if( $dayOfWeek == 'thursday' || $dayOfWeek ==
'thurs'){
$result = "Preparing for Weekend";
}else if( $dayOfWeek == 'friday' || $dayOfWeek ==
'fri'){
$result = "It's Friday!";
}else if( $dayOfWeek == 'saturday' || $dayOfWeek ==
'sat' ){
$result = "Enjoying Day!";

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 Statements

}else if( $dayOfWeek == 'sunday' || $dayOfWeek ==

'sun'){
$result = "Resting Day!";
}else{
$result = "Cannot find that Value!";
}
?>

</head>

<body>
<h1>If Statements</h1>
<?php
echo "This is the result: " . $result;

?>
</body>
</html>

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 Statements

Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Set the inputVariable number between 1 to 10 and
check if that variable is between 1 to 10 with if Statement.

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Enter the age of the user in the InputVariable and
decides if he is kid, man (age > 21) or senior citizen (age > 55).

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 Statements

4.2 Switch Statements

Usage of Switch Statements

switch statement are used to check a value and make a decision

based on the result of the value matching.
Syntax:
switch( $variable ){

case value:

//Statement

break;

case value:

//Statement

break;

default:

//Statement

break;

}
Example 1:
switch ( $dayOfWeek ){

case ‘Mon’:

echo “Welcome Monday”;

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 Statements

break;

case ‘Tuesday’:

echo “Welcome Tuesday”;

break;

default:

echo “Try Again!”;

break;

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Switch Statements</title>
<?php
$dayOfWeek = "Friday";

$result = "";
$dayOfWeek = strtolower($dayOfWeek);

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 Statements

switch($dayOfWeek){
case 'monday':
$result = "First Day of Week";
break;
case 'tuesday':
$result = "Second Days of Week";
break;
case 'wednesday':
$result = "Mid Week";
break;
case 'thursday':
$result = "Preparing for Weekend";
break;
case 'friday':
$result = "It's Friday!";
break;
case 'saturday':
$result = "Enjoying Day!";
break;
case 'sunday':
$result = "Resting Day!";
break;
default:
$result = "Cannot find that Value!";
}
?>

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 Statements

</head>

<body>
<h1>Switch Statements</h1>
<?php
echo "This is the result: " . $result;
?>
</body>
</html>

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Set InputVariable number between 1 to 10 and check if
the variable is between 1 to 10 as requested with the switch
Statement.

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 Statements

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Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Set a Variable to user age and decides if he is kid, man
(age > 21) or senior citizen (age > 55). Use the Switch Statement.
Tips:
switch(true){

case ($input > 21):

//Statements

break;

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 Statements

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4.3 While Statements

Usage of While Loop

While statement are used to loop a block code and run it until a
condition is met.

Running the same block of code until the condition is

satisfied.
Syntax:
while( condition ) {

//Statements

Example 1:
$counter = 0;

while ( $counter < = 10 ){

$counter++;

Syntax:
do{

//Statement

}while ( condition );

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 Statements

Example 1:
$counter = 0;

do{

$counter++;

} while ( $counter < = 10 );

break; – break is the keyword used to break the loop and come out
of the loop and execute statements after the while loop.

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Boolean Expressions</title>
<script>

var result = 2 > 1;

var message = (result) ? "CORRECT": "WRONG";

</script>

</head>

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 Statements

<body>
<h1>Boolean Expression</h1>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(message);
</script>
</body>
</html>

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 Statements

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1: Define CONSTANTS INPUT1 and INPUT2 and print all
the numbers between them. Print only maximum of 10 numbers.

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 Statements

break; – is a keyword that can be used in the loop to break from

the loop.

continue; – is a keyword that can be used in the loop to continue

the loop by skipping the below statements.
Tip:
if( $counter >= 10){
break;
}

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 2: Define TWO CONSTANT and print EVEN numbers only
between them. Print only maximum of 10 numbers.

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 Statements

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4.4 For Statements

Usage of For Loop

for Loop are used to loop a block code and run it until a condition
is met.

Running the same block of code until the condition is

satisfied.
Syntax:
for( counter initialization; condition; increments ) {

//Statements

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 Statements

Example 1:
for($counter = 0; $counter <= 10; $counter++){

echo $counter;

for($counter = 0, $input1 = 10; $counter <= 10; $counter++,

$input1++){

echo $input1;

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>For Statements</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>For Statements</h1>
<?php

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 Statements

for($counter=0; $counter<=10; $counter++){

echo "For Counter: " . $counter . "<br>" ;
}

?>

</body>
</html>

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Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Statements

Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Define two constant number with default value and
print all the numbers between them. Print only maximum of 10
numbers.

break; – is a keyword that can be used in the loop to break from

the loop.

continue; – is a keyword that can be used in the loop to continue

the loop by skipping the below statements.

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Exercise 2

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 Statements

Exercise 2: Define two constant with default value and

print EVEN numbers only between them. Print only maximum of
10 numbers.

Use the Loop like this:

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Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Statements

5. GENERAL

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 General

5 General

5.1 Exceptions

Usage of Try Catch Blocks

There are 3 types of error you can find in PHP:

Syntax Errors

Runtime Errors

Logic Errors

Syntax errors is where you forgot to follow the rules of PHP. It will
cause error when you execute the program.

Runtime Errors could be when it is running the program the PHP

interpreter could not understand how to proceed and throws and
error.

Logic Errors are logically error that are cause because the program
instructions are not logically correct.

Exceptions in programming are referred as Runtime Errors.

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 General

When Runtime Errors happens there is a way to catch those errors

and pass it to the application and make a clean exit from the
program.

This is called as Exception Handling.

The process of making sure the code will not break and if it does it
know the reason for it and make a clean exit.

To handle Runtime errors in the PHP we have try-catch blocks.

Using this we can catch the errors and decide what to do next.
SYNTAX:
try{

//Statements

}catch(Exception $exceptionObj) {

//Statments

}
Example:
try{

$firstName = “”;

if( $firstName == “” ) throw new Exception( “Name is empty” );

}catch(Exception $e){

echo “Message: ” . $e->getMessage();

}finally{

echo “This is from the Finally Block”;

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 General

try {} block will have all the statements

throw is a keyword to throw an error from the program. Once the

program throw an error it will stop processing the next steps. It
will jump to catch {} block.

catch {} block will be executed once the throw is called. The

program will execute out from the catch block safely.

finally{} block will execute every time irrespective of error or not. It

is good place to close all open connections. Handle clean exit.

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 General

<title>Exceptions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Exceptions</h1>
<?php
try{

throw new Exception("Error in the try block!");

}catch(Exception $e){

echo "Exception: ". $e ->getMessage();

}finally{

echo" <br> This is from the Finally Block!";

?>

</body>
</html>

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 General

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Define one constant number and raise error if the
number is not integer.

Tip:
if( !is_numeric(INPUTVALUE ) )

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Exercise 2

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 General

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Define a number between 1 to 100.

Show the following message on the page:

If the input is between 1 to 100 – less than 100.

If the input is greater than 100 – greater than 100.

If the input is not number – throw an error

Live Preview

5.2 Debug

Step 1: Write PHP Code with Errors

Try the following Errors:

$inputValue = 10;echo inputValue;

echo “This is a String” + “another String”;

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 General

Download the Exercise 1

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Debugging</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Debugging</h1>
<?php

$inputValue = 10;
echo inputValue;

?>

</body>
</html>

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 General

Live Preview 1
Exercise 1:

Add Sum() method in the php file and do not create that function.
This will cause the program to fail.
Exercise 2:

Write echo statement before the sum() method and echo after the
sum() method.

Find out the error by seeing the echo messages.

Step 2: Debug

Using echo you need to write the trace logs.

See which the last echo that was executed.

5.3 Files

Usage of Files

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 General

You can read files on the server using the PHP libraries.

Modes used during opening the file:

rb – Open the file for reading purpose.

wb – Create a new file and if already exists then it overwrite it.

ab – Create the file and append the data is already existed.

xb – Create a new file and if already exists then it does not create.

Here are the methods to open and close a file

fopen($path, $mode)

fclose($file)

feof($file) – To check if the file is at the end.

Method to read and write into the file:

fread($file, $length) – length is used to specify number of bytes to

read.

fgets($file) – Read a line

fwrite($file, $data) – Write the $data value to the file.

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">

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 General

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-

scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Files</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Files</h1>
<?php

//Create a local file and name it "readme.txt"

/*
* READ A FILE - rb mode
*
*/
$file = fopen('readme.txt', 'rb');
$line = "";
while( !feof($file) ){
$line = fgets($file);
echo $line;
}
fclose($file);

/*
* WRITE A FILE - wb mode
*

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 General

*/
$file = fopen("newfile.txt", "wb");
fwrite( $file, "<br><h1>It is a long established fact that
a reader
will be distracted by the readable
content of a page when looking at its
layout.</h1>");
fclose( $file );

?>

</body>
</html>

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 General

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Write a new file newfile.txt with some content. Read the
same file and display the output on the browser.

Live Preview
Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Append some text to an existing file with ‘ab‘ mode.

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 General

Live Preview

5.4 Includes & Requires

Usage of Includes and Requires

PHP allows to break the code into small pieces of file and then
include then in the main page.

These are statements that can be used:

include

include_once

require

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 General

require_once

include and require both help to include the file into another file.

If the included file is not available then include statement will

ignore and continue to execute the other part of the code.

if the included file is not available then require statement will stop
the execution of the program.

require_once or include_once will not import if the file is already

included.
Sample Example

Download the Example

File: index.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Includes</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Includes</h1>
<?php

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 General

include 'functions.php';
echo add(1, 2);

require 'display.php';
?>

</body>
</html>

File: functions.php
<?php
function add($a, $b){
return $a + $b;
}
?>

File: display.php
<?php
echo '<br><h1>This is displayed from display.php</h1>';
?>

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 General

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Use the same code from above and delete the
display.php and functions.php in this exercise and see the error.

Observe the Warning and Fatal Error. Warning is coming from

include and Fatal Error from require.

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Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

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 General

Exercise 2: Put all the HTML code in index.html and include that
file in the index.php

Live Preview

5.5 Libraries

Usage of Libraries

You can create a library file and put all the functions that you
commonly use in this library file.

This is the common practice for any web development where you
break the main program into smaller chunks of code and then
include them in the main program.

You can use include statement to import this functions file in your
page so that you can access those functions.
Sample Example

Download the Example

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 General

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Libraries</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Libraries</h1>
<?php

include 'calculator.php';

define('INPUTVALUE1', 50);
define('INPUTVALUE2', 23);

echo 'Calculator : '. INPUTVALUE1 . ' AND ' . INPUTVALUE2 .

'<br>';
echo 'Addition: '. add(INPUTVALUE1, INPUTVALUE2) . '<br>';
echo 'Minus: '. minus(INPUTVALUE1, INPUTVALUE2) . '<br>';
echo 'Multiply: '. multiply(INPUTVALUE1, INPUTVALUE2) .
'<br>';

?>

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 General

</body>
</html>

FileName: functions.php
<?php

function add($a, $b){

return $a + $b;
}

function minus($a, $b){

return $a - $b;
}

function multiply($a, $b){

return $a * $b;
}

?>

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 General

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Create your own Library and use it. Continue using it
for other projects as well.

Follow this practice to split the project into small files and include
them.

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 General

6. FORMS

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 Forms

6 Forms

6.1 GET

Usage of Form GET Method

GET is type of method used by the form to pass the form data to
the page that is mentioned in the action of the form.

GET method will send the data in the url.

When you define a form here are the important things:

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

action attribute – This define to which file this form data has to be
sent to.

method attribute are of two types – GET and POST.

GET means data is visible in the URL bar.

POST means data is hidden.

Using GET we can send limited data and using POST we can send
huge data.

<input> type has a name attribute which helps to define the name
of the element. This name is like a variable that holds the data
what user enters.

name attribute for form element is posted to the next page.

<input type=”submit”> will show a submit button when clicked the

form will be submit the data the file. This action is taken care by
the browser.
How to Read the GET Variables from the URL

If the URL is something like:

http://site.com/display.php?input_text=hello&input_email=test@tes
t.com

$text = $_GET[‘input_text‘];
$emailid = $_GET[‘input_email‘];

URL will have the name=value pairs separated with &.

$_GET[] is an array that gets created automatically with the GET

parameters which you can access it and check if any value is there
or not.

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 Forms

$_GET[] is super global variable which is always available even it is

empty it is available.

When you click the submit button the form data is passed to
display.php which read the parameters and display the output.

Browser will also go from index.php page to display.php page.

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Forms - GET</title>

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

</head>

<body>
<h1>Form - GET</h1>
<form action="display.php" method="get">
<fieldset>
<legend>Student Enquiry Form</legend>
<p>
<label for="input_text">Text:</label>
<input name ="input_text" type="text"
placeholder="Text">
</p>
<p>
<label for="input_email">Email:</label>
<input name ="input_email" type="email"
placeholder="[email protected]">
</p>
</fieldset>
<p><input type="submit"> <input type="reset"></p>
</form>
</body>
</html>

FileName: display.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Forms - GET</title>
</head>

<body>

<h1>Form - GET</h1>
<a href="index.php">Back to Home Page</a><br>
<?php

$name = $_GET['input_text'];
$email = $_GET['input_email'];

echo "Name: $name and Email: $email";

?>
</body>
</html>

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Create a Form that accepts two numbers and show the
calculation of those two numbers on another page.

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

Live Preview
Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Show the result on the same page and redirect to same
page.

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

Tips:

Check if the values are not empty

if( !empty( $_GET['input_text1'] ) && !empty(
$_GET['input_text2'] ) ){

Live Preview

6.2 POST

Usage of Form POST Method

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 Forms

POST is type of method used by the form to pass the form data to
the page that is mentioned in the action of the form.

POST method will send the data as an attachment. It is not visible

in the URL.

When you define a form here are the important things:

action attribute – This define to which file this form data has to be
sent to.

method attribute are of two types – GET and POST.

GET means data is visible in the URL bar.

POST means data is hidden.

Using GET we can send limited data and using POST we can send
huge data.

<input> type has a name attribute which helps to define the name
of the element. This name is like a variable that holds the data
what user enters.

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

name attribute for form element is posted to the next page.

<input type=”submit”> will show a submit button when clicked the

form will be submit the data the file. This action is taken care by
the browser.
How to Read the POST Variables

POST variable are not visible in the URL.

$text = $_POST[‘input_text‘];
$emailid = $_POST[‘input_email‘];

$_POST[] is an array that gets created automatically with the POST

parameters which you can access it and check if any value is there
or not.

$_POST[] is super global variable which is always available even it

is empty it is available.

When you click the submit button the form data is passed to
display.php which read the parameters and display the output.

Browser will also go from index.php page to display.php page.

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 Forms

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Forms - POST</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Form - POST</h1>
<form action="display.php" method="post">
<fieldset>
<legend>Student Enquiry Form</legend>
<p>
<label for="input_text">Text:</label>
<input name ="input_text" type="text"
placeholder="Text">
</p>
<p>
<label for="input_email">Email:</label>

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

<input name ="input_email" type="email"

placeholder="[email protected]">
</p>
</fieldset>
<p><input type="submit"> <input type="reset"></p>
</form>
</body>
</html>

FileName: display.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Forms - POST</title>
</head>

<body>

<h1>Form - POST</h1>
<a href="index.php">Back to Home Page</a><br>
<?php

$name = $_POST['input_text'];

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

$email = $_POST['input_email'];

echo "Name: $name and Email: $email";

?>
</body>
</html>

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Create a Form that accepts two numbers and show the
calculation of those two numbers on another page. Use POST
Method.

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 Forms

Live Preview
Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Show the result on the same page and redirect to same
page. Use POST Method.

Tips:

Check if the values are not empty

if( !empty( $_POST['input_text1'] ) && !empty(
$_POST['input_text2'] ) ){

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 Forms

Live Preview

6.3 Cookies

Usage of Cookies

Cookies are information that you can store at clients browser.

Cookies are stored in a file at the client system in name=value pair

format.

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 Forms

Cookies helps to track what user is doing on the web page and
send that information to server so that server knows what client
did on the web page.

For every request, browser sends the cookies to server and if there
are any changes to cookies then that information is also sent to
the server.

Cookies helps to store information and capture the user actions

on the web page inside it. This information is then sent to server.

Cookies last until the browser is closed. We can also manually set
the expiration time for any cookie.

Some of the browser disable cookies in that case cookies will not
work and also user can choose to change browser setting to not
store cookies.

Cookies can help to change the view of the page based on the user
actions.
How to Set a Cookie

$name = ‘WPFreelancer.com’;
$value = 20;
$expire = strtotime(‘+1 year’);
$path = ‘/’;
//Its a name=value pair.
setcookie($name, $value, $expire, $path);
How to Get a Cookie
$_COOKIE[$cookie_name]

How to Delete a Cookie

By setting the time last year all the cookies with that name are
deleted.

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 Forms

$expire = strtotime(‘-1 year’);

setcookie(‘WPFreelancer.com’, ”, $expire, ‘/’);
Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Cookies</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Cookies</h1>
<?php

$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "WPFreelancer";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 *
30), "/");

if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

echo "Welcome '" . $cookie_value . "'. Nice to meet

you!";

} else {

echo "Hey, '" . $cookie_value . "' you are back<br>";

echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];

?>
</body>
</html>

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

Exercise 1: Ask user to enter the cookie name on one page and
check on the other page if the cookie is new or old.

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Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Add and check the cookie from same page.

Live Preview

6.4 Session

Usage of Sessions

Sessions is an array that is stored at the server based on the

session id.

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 Forms

session id are generated when the user first time visit the site and
this session id are stored in the cookie.

So, every time user make request to the server, this cookie is
passed to the server with the sessionid and based this session id
server is able to maintain an active session of the user.

If a session is already created for that specific user then PHP will
not create a duplicate session.

By default, PHP uses a cookie to store a session ID in each

browser. Then, the browser passes the cookie to the server with
each request.
Start Session

session_start();

is used to start a session.

Create a Session Variable

session_start();
$_SESSION[“firstname”] = “WPFreelancer”;
Read a Session Variable

session_start();
echo $_SESSION[“firstname”];
Delete a Session Variable

session_start();
if(isset($_SESSION[“firstname“])){
unset($_SESSION[“firstname“]);
}
Sample Example

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 Forms

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Sessions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Sessions</h1>
<?php

session_start();

//Create a Session
$_SESSION["firstname"] = "WPFreelancer";

echo $_SESSION["firstname"];

?>
</body>

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

</html>

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Delete the session and print it again.

Live Preview
Exercise 2

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Create a form and accept a session value and store it
and display it.

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

Live Preview

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Forms

7. Snippets

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Snippets

7 Snippets

7.1 Regex

Usage of Regex

Regular Expression are special searching pattern that is very

powerful to search for matching patter in text strings.

To start using the Regular expression we need to get the data

between forward slash and then use the method preg_match() on
the data and this pattern to search.

You create a pattern and then use method preg_match() to match

on the data.

preg_match() method will return true or false.

SYNTAX:
preg_match($pattern, $data);

$pattern = “/WP/’;

$sitename = “WP Freelancer”;

$found = preg_match($pattern, $sitename);

$found will have true or false.

Some patters:

. – Any Single Character

\w – Any Letter, number or underscore

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 Snippets

\W – Any character

\d – Any Digit

\s – White Space Character

\S – Any Character that is not whitespace.

Sample Example

Download the Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Page Description">
<title>Regular Expressions</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Regular Expressions</h1>
<?php

$pattern = '/WP/';
$sitename = "WPFreelancer";
$found = preg_match($pattern, $sitename);
echo $found;

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Snippets

?>
</body>
</html>

Live Preview
Exercise 1

Download the Exercise 1

Exercise 1: Search incase sensitive search for the same string.

Regular Expression: $pattern = ‘/wp/i’;

Live Preview
Exercise 2

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 Snippets

Download the Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Match a pincode p-104848 in the string.

Regular Expression: $pattern = ‘/p-\d/’;

Live Preview

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Snippets

8. PROJECTS

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Projects

8 Projects

8.1 Save Student Registration Form Data to File

In this Project, you will write a simple application where user will his
details and when submitted the data is save in a text file in append
mode.

Download the Exercise 1

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

 Projects

Live Preview

EXERCISE 1:
Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days
The above program will throw error when checkbox is not checked.
This is on purpose.

You need find out first if the parameter exists in that array $_GET
and then assign the value to variable.

Use the empty method to check if the variable is empty before

inserting.

EXERCISE 2:
Make a function to save the content and save it in functions.php

Include the functions.php file and call this function.

8.2 Online Test

In this Project, you will write a simple application online test with
some question. Once user provide the answer he immediately verify
the result.

Download the Exercise 1

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

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Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

EXERCISE 1:
Change the $_GET to $_POST and perform the same operation.

EXERCISE 2:
Display the result on the next page.

8.3 Online Calculator

In this Project, you will write a simple calculator application where

user will enter the values and our program will calculate various
math formulas.

Download the Exercise 1

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

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EXERCISE 1:
Add some Math formulas and add to the table.

EXERCISE 2:
Add some styling to the table.

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days

Become PHP Full Stack Web Developer in Just 30 Days