Nama

Nama :: Yogi Sihite

Monica Aurelia

NIM Nim: 4203151047

: 4203151048

Kelas kelas: PIPA B IPA B

: Pendidikan

Mata Kuliah : Kimia Umum

Dosen Pengampu : Dr.Lisnawaty Simatupang ,S.Si.,M.Si

Tugas Rutin

A solution of phosphoric acid was made by dissolving 10.0 g H3PO4 in 100.0 mL water. The
resulting volume was 104 mL. Calculate the density, mole fraction, molarity, and molality of the
solution. Assume water has a density of 1.00 g/cm3.

Jawab :

Dik :m H3PO4=10g

VH¬2O =100mL

Vsol =104mL

Massa jenis(ρ)

mH3PO4=10g

mH2O = ρH2O.VH¬2O=1g/mL.100mL=100 g

msol =100g+10g=110g
Vsol =104mL

Ρ=msolVsol=110g104mL=1,06g/mL

Fraksi Mol

X=nAnsol

N(A) =jumlahzatterlarut

N(sol)= jumlahzatterlarut dan pelarut

nH3PO4=mH3PO4MrH3PO4=10g97,994g/mol=0,102mol

mH2O=mH2OMrH2O=100g18,016g/mol=5,551mol

xH3PO4= nH3PO4nH3PO4+mH2O=0,102mol5.551mol+0,102mol=0,018

xH2O= nH2OnH3PO4+mH2O=5,551mol5.551mol+0,102mol=0,982

Molaritas

C=nAVsol

N(A) =jumlahzatterlarut

V(sol)= volume total larutan

C(H3PO4)=nH3PO4Vsol=0,102mol0,104dm3=0,98mol/dm3

Molalitas
B=nAmB

N(A) =jumlahzatterlarut

M(B)= massapelarut

B=nH3PO4mH2O=0,102mol0,1kg=1.02mol/kg

An aqueous antifreeze solution is 40.0% ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) by mass. The density of
the solution is 1.05 g/cm3. Calculate the molality, molarity, and mole fraction of the ethylene glycol

Jawab :

Dik : w = 0,40

Ρ =1,05g/cm3

Mr(C2H6O2)=62,07g/mol

nC2H6O2=w.ρ.VMr

=0.4.1,05g/cm3.1000cm362,07g/mol=6,7666 mol

Molalitas

B=nAmB

N(A) =jumlahzatterlarut
M(B)= massapelarut

Msol =mC2H6O2+mH2O

Msol =nC2H6O2.MrC2H6O2+mH2O

mH2O=msol-nC2H6O2.MrC2H6O2

= ρ.V-nC2H6O2.MrC2H6O2

=1,05g/cm3.1000cm3-6,7666mol.62,07g/mol

= 630 g

bC2H6O2=nC2H6O2mH2O=6,7666mol0,63kg=10,74 mol/kg

Molaritas

C=nAVsol

N(A) =jumlahzatterlarut

V(sol)= volume total larutan

cC2H6O2=6,7666mol1dm3=6,77 mol/dm3

Fraksi Mol

X=nAntotal
N(A) = jumlah zat terlarut

N(total)= total mol larutan

Ntotal=nC2H6O2+nH2O

Ntotal=6,7666mol+630g18,016g/mol=41,65mol

X=nC2H6O2ntotal=6,7666ml41,65mol=0,1625

The lattice energy* of NaI is -686 kJ/mol, and the enthalpy of hydration is -694 kJ/mol.
Calculate the enthalpy of solution per mole of solid NaI. Describe the process to which this enthalpy
change applies.

Jawab:

Diketahui:

∆H Reaksi= -686 Kj/mol

∆H Pereaksi= -694 Kj/mol

Ditanya:

∆HR..?

Penyelesaian:
∆H = ∆H Reaksi - ∆H Pereaksi

= -686 Kj/mol – (-694 Kj/mol)

= 8 Kj/mol

Jadi, entalpi larutan Permol NaI padat adalah 8 Kj/mol. Pada entalpi perubahan energi kisi sebagai
reaksi dan entalpi.

Although Al(OH)3 is insoluble in water, NaOH is very soluble. Explain in terms of lattice
energies.

Jawab :

Al(OH)3 bermuatan -3

NaOH bermuatan -1

NaOH memiliki energi kisi yang lebih lemah sehingga akan lebih mudah terjadi hidrasi. Untuk
Al(OH)3 memiliki energi kisi yang lebih kuat sehingga akan lebih sulit terjadinya hidrasi.

Which solvent, water or carbon tetrachloride, would you choose to dissolve each of the
following? A. KrF2b. MgF2 c. SF2 d. CH2O e. SO2 f. CH2PCH2g. CO2

Jawab:

KrF2
Ini adalah molekul linier. Menjadi non polar. Menjadi non polar ia larut dalam pelarut non polar.

MgF2

Menjadi molekul polar itu larut dalam pelarut polar. Jadi itu larut dalam H2O

SF2

Menjadi molekul polar itu larut dalam pelarut polar. Jadi itu larut dalam H2O

CH2O

Ini adalah molekul polar. Jadi itu larut dalam pelarut polar H2O

SO2

Ini adalah molekul polar. Jadi itu larut dalam pelarut polar H2O

CH2PCH2

Ini adalah molekul non polar. Jadi itu larut dalam CCl4

CO2

Ini adalah molekul non polar. Jadi itu larut dalam CCl4

The solubility of nitrogen in water is 8.21x 10-4mol/L at 0 oC when the N2 pressure above
water is 0.790 atm. Calculate the Henry’s law constant for N2 in units of mol/L .atm for Henry’s law
in the form C =kP, where C is the gas concentration in mol/L. Calculate the solubility of N2 in water
when the partial pressure of nitrogen above water is 1.10 atm at 0oC.
Jawab :

Dik :

C=8,21×10-4mol/L

P=0,790atm

C=kP

K=CP

K=8,21×10-4mol/L0,790atm=1,04×10-3mol/atm.L

C=1,04×10-3mol/atm.L×1,10atm=1,14×10-3mol/L

Calculate the solubility of O2 in water at a partial pressure of O2 of 120 torr at 25oC. The
Henry’s law constant for O2 is 1.3 x 10-3mol/L .atm for Henry’s law in the form C =kP, where C is the
gas concentration (mol/L).

Jawab :
Sgas= kelarutan gas (dalam mol/L atau M)

kH =konstantahukum henry untuk gas

Pgas=tekananparsial gas

Menghitung kelarutan O2 :

So2=1,3×10-3molL.atm120 torr×1atm760 torr

So2=1,3×10-3molL.atm0,15789 atm

So2=2,05×10-4

Jadi,kelarutan O2 adalah 2,05×10-4M

Glycerin, C3H8O3, is a nonvolatile liquid. What is the vapor pressure of a solution made by
adding 164 g glycerin to 338 mL H2O at 39.8oC? The vapor pressure of pure water at 39.8oC is 54.74
torr and its density is 0.992 g/cm3.

Jawab :

Mol H2O=338 mL ×0,992g/mL18,01g/mol=18,62mol

molC3H8O3=164 g92,09gmol=1,78mol

Plarutan=Xair×54,74 torr

=18,6218,62+1,78×54,74 torr=0,913×54,74 torr=49,97 torr

The vapor pressure of a solution containing 53.6 g glycerin (C3H8O3) in 133.7 g ethanol
(C2H5OH) is 113 torr at 40oC. Calculate the vapor pressure of pure ethanol at 40oC assuming that
glycerin is a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute in ethanol.

Jawab :

Menggunakan Hukum Raoult

HitunglahFraksi mol C2H5OH

Mol C3H8O3=53,6g×1mol92,09g=0,582mol

molC2H5OH=133,7g×1mol46,07g=2,90mol

Total mol=0,582+2,90=3,48mol

Subsitusikanke Hukum Raoult

Plarutan=xC2H5OHPC2H5OH0
113 torr=2,90mol3,48mol ×PC2H5OH0

PC2H5OH0 =136 torr

Jadi ,Tekanan uap ethanol adalah 136 torr

The normal boiling point of methanol is 64.7oC. A solution containing a nonvolatile solute
dissolved in methanol has a vapor pressure of 710.0 torr at 64.7oC. What is the mole fraction of
methanol in this solution?

Jawab:

Diketahui:

Tekanan Metanol = 649 = 2 torr

Tekanan Uap Murni Metanol = 710,0 torr

Ditanya:

Fraksi Mol (X1 Metanol...?)

Penyelesaian:

X = PP° = 649 x 2710 x 0 = 0,914

 At a certain temperature, the vapor pressure of pure benzene (C6H6) is 0.930 atm. A
solution was prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of a nondissociating, nonvolatile solute in 78.11 g of
benzene at that temperature. The vapor pressure of the solution was found to be 0.900 atm.
Assuming the solution behaves ideally, determine the molar mass of the solute.

Jawab :

Dik:

P° pelarut = 0,930 atm

P larutan = 0,900 atm

Massa pelarut = 78,11 gr

Massa terlarut = 10,0

Mr Benzena (C6H6) = (6 x 12) + (6 x 1)

= 72 + 6

= 78

Dit : mol zat terlarut

Npelarut= GrMr

Npelarut= 78,1178

N pelarut=1,001
P larutan=P° pelarut .Xp

Xp= P larutan P° pelarut

Xp= 0,900 0,930

Xp=0,967

Xp= n pelarutn terlarut+n pelarut

0,967= 1,001n terlarut+1,001

0,967 n terlarut+1,001= 1,001

0,967 n terlarut +0,967= 1,001

0,967 n terlarut= 1,001-0,967

N terlarut= 0,0340,967

N terlarut=0,035 mol

A solution is made by dissolving 25.8 g urea (CH4N2O), a nonelectrolyte, in 275 g water.

Calculate the vapor pressures of this solution at 25oC and 45oC. (The vapor pressure of pure water is
23.8 torr at 25oC and 71.9 torr at 45 oC.)

Jawab:

Diketahui:
Massa Urea (zat terlarut) = 25,8 gr

Massa Air (zat pelarut) = 275 gr

Tekanan Uap air murni pada suhu 25 °C = 23,8 mmHg

Tekanan Uap air murni pada suhu 45 °C = 71,9 mmHg

Ditanya:

P pada suhu 25 °C?

P pada suhu 45 °C?

Penyelesaian:

P = X (Pelarut) x P°

X(Pelarut) = Jumlah mol airJumlah mol urea+Jumlah mol air

Jumlah mol air = Massa airMr air = 27518 = 15,27

Jumlah mol urea = Massa UreaMr Urea = 25,860 = 0,43

Maka, X (Pelarut) = 15,270,43+15,27 = 0,97

Jadi, P = X (Pelarut) x P°

P (25°C) = 0,97 x 23,8

 = 23,086

P (45°C) = 0,97 x 71,9

= 69,743

A solution is prepared by dissolving 27.0 g urea, (NH2)2CO, in 150.0 g water. Calculate the
boiling point of the solution. Urea is a nonelectrolyte.

Jawab :

Mr (NH2)2CO = (2 x 14) + (4 x 1) + 12 + 16

= 28 + 4 + 12 + 16

= 60

mNH22CO=GrMr x 1000p

mNH22CO=27,060 x 1000150

mNH22CO=0,45 x 6,666

mNH22CO=2,999

∆Tb=Kb x m

∆Tb=0,52 x 2,999
∆Tb=1,559 °C

Tb larutan=Tb pelarut+ ∆Tb

Tb larutan=100° C+1,559° C

Tb larutan=101,559 ° C

A 2.00-g sample of a large biomolecule was dissolved in 15.0 g carbon tetrachloride. The
boiling point of this solution was determined to be 77.85 oC. Calculate the molar mass of the
biomolecule. For carbon tetrachloride, the boiling-point constant is 5.03oC .kg/mol, and the boiling
point of pure carbon tetrachloride is 76.50oC.

Jawab:

Diketahui:

Gr = 2 gr

G air = 15 gr

Tb = 77,85°C

∆Tb = 5,03 °C

Tb = 76,50 °C

Ditanya:
Mr..?

Penyelesaian:

N = grMr

5,03 = 2Mr

Mr = 25,03

Mr = 0,39 x 77,85

= 30,36

What mass of glycerin (C3H8O3), a nonelectrolyte, must be dissolved in 200.0 g water to

give a solution with a freezing point of -1.50oC?

Jawab:

Tf larutan=Tf pelarut- ∆Tf

-1,50℃ =0℃- ∆Tf

∆ Tf=1,50 ℃

∆Tf=Kf.m

∆Tf=Kf.GrMr x 1000P
1,50 ℃=1,86 . Gr92 x 1000200

138 ℃=1,86 . Gr x 5

5Gr=1381,86

Gr=74,1935

Gr=14,838

The freezing point of t-butanol is 25.50oC and Kf is 9.1oC .kg/mol. Usually t-butanol absorbs
water on exposure to air. If the freezing point of a 10.0-g sample of t-butanol is 24.59oC, how many
grams of water are present in the sample?

Jawab:

∆Tf = Kf x m

Dimana ∆Tf = Penurunan Titik Beku

M = Molalitas

∆T = 25,50 oC – 24,59 oC

= 0,91 oC

0,91 oC = 9,1 oC/m x m

M = 0,91 oC
 = 9,1 oC/m

= 0,1 m

0,1 m di dalam air = 1 kg butanol

Jadi, 10 gr butanol = 10 g butanol x 0,1 mol airkg butanol

= 10 g butanol x 0,1 mol airkg butanol x 1 kg1000 g

= 0,001 mol

Massa air = 0,001 mol x 18 gr/mol

= 0,018 gr

Calculate the freezing point and boiling point of an antifreeze solution that is 50.0% by mass
of ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) in water. Ethylene glycol is a nonelectrolyte.

Jawab: ∆Tf = Kf x m

Dimana ∆Tf = Penurunan Titik Beku

M = Molalitas

Kf = Konstanta Krioskopik (1,86 untuk air)

M = 50 gr C2H6O2 x 1 mol62,07 gr50 gr H2O x 1 kg1000 gr

 = 16, 1 mol/kg

∆Tf = Kf x m

= 1,86 oC/molal x 16,1 m

= 29,9 oC

Tf = 0 – 29,9 = - 29,9 oC

∆Tb = Kb x m

= 0,51 oC/m x 10,1 m

= 8,2 oC

Tb = 100 + 8,2

= 108,2 oC

What volume of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), a nonelectrolyte, must be added to 15.0 L water
to produce an antifreeze solution with a freezing point -25.0oC? What is the boiling point of this
solution? (The density of ethylene glycol is 1.11 g/cm3, and the density of water is 1.00 g/cm3.)

Jawab :

25 oC = 1,86 x m

M = 25 °C1,86
 = 13,44 mol

15 L air x 1 kg/L = 15 kg air

15 kg air x 13,44 mol etilen glikol = 204, 6 mol etilen glikol

201,6 mol x 62,08 grmol x 1 mL1,11 gr = 11275 mL = 11,3 L etilen glikol

From the following:pure water, solution of C12H22O11 (m = 0.01) in water, solution of NaCl
(m = 0.01) in water, solution of CaCl2 (m = 0.01) in water, choose the one with the; a. Highest
freezing point.b. lowest boiling point. C. Lowest freezing point, d. Highest osmotic pressure, e.
Highest boiling point.

Calculate the freezing point and the boiling point of each of the following solutions. (Assume
complete dissociation.)

a. 5.0 g NaCl in 25 g H2O

b. 2.0 g Al(NO3)3 in 15 g H2O

Jawab : Diubah ke m

C12H22O4 (m=0,01) di air → 1 (0,01m) = 0,01

NaCl (m=0,01) di air → 2 (0,01m) = 0,02

CaCl2 (m= 0,01) di air → 3 (0,01m) = 0,03

Titik beku tertinggi → mendekati nol

Air (H2O)

Titik didih terendah → Negatif

CaCl2

Titik beku terendah → Most above 100 °C

CaCl2

Tekanan Osmotik Tertinggi

Air (H2O)

Titik Didih Tertinggi

CaCl2

Calculate the freezing point and the boiling point of each of the following solutions. (Assume
complete dissociation).

a. 5.0 g NaCl in 25 g H2O,

b. 2.0 g Al(NO3)3 in 15 g H2O

Jawab:

Kf H2O = 1,858 oC/m

Kb H2O = 0,521 oC/m

 Mol NaCl = (5,0 g)58,44 g/mol = 0.0856 mol

Mol NaCl = (0,0856 mol) (0,025 kg) = 3,424 Molal

∆T = α Kf m

= (2) (1,858 oC/m) (3,424 m)

= 12,7 oC

A water desalination plant is set up near a salt marsh containing water that is 0.10 M NaCl.
Calculate the minimum pressure that must be applied at 20 oC to purify the water by reverse
osmosis. Assume NaCl is completely dissociated.

Jawab:

NaCl (s) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

C= 2

Π = 2 x 0,10 mol12 x 0.08206 L atmmol . k x 293 k

Π = 4,8 atm

Jadi tekanan minimum = 4,8 atm