An information series from the national authority on concrete masonry technology

SEISMIC DESIGN AND DETAILING

REQUIREMENTS FOR TEK 14-18B
MASONRY STRUCTURES Structural (2009)

INTRODUCTION to Occupancy Category I include those with a very low hazard

to human life in the event of failure (including many agricultural
Historically, degree of seismic risk and the resulting design buildings and minor storage facilities). Structures assigned to
loads have been linked to seismic zones, with higher seismic Occupancy Category III include those that would present a
zones associated with higher anticipated ground motion. More substantial public hazard including schools, jails, and structures
recently, design codes and standards (refs. 1, 2, 3) have replaced with an occupancy load greater than 5,000. Structures assigned
the use of seismic zones with Seismic Design Categories (SDCs). to Occupancy Category IV are designated essential facilities
While seismic zones and design categories share similar concepts, (such as hospitals and fire stations) and structures that contain
there are also specific considerations that make each unique. The substantial quantities of hazardous materials. Structures assigned
information that follows outlines the procedure for defining a to Occupancy Category II are those not included in any of the
project’s SDC, the permissible design methods that can be used other three categories.
with each SDC, and the prescriptive reinforcement associated Figures 1 and 2 define the SDC for 0.2 and 1 second spectral
with each SDC level. response acceleration, respectively. Each figure is based on Site
This TEK is based on the requirements of the 2006 and Class D (the default class when the soil profile is not known) and
2009 editions of the International Building Code (IBC) (refs. is applicable to structures assigned to Occupancy Categories I,
3a, 3b). While the applicable seismic provisions covered have II, and III (buildings other than high hazard exposure structures).
not changed significantly over the last several code cycles, de- Note that if the soil profile is known and is lower than D, a cor-
signers and contractors should be aware of several key revisions respondingly lower SDC may be realized.
that have been introduced in recent years. Structures are assigned to the highest SDC obtained from
either Figure 1 or Figure 2. Alternatively, Section 1613.5.6.1 of
SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORIES the 2006 or 2009 IBC (refs. 3a, 3b) permits the SDC to be de-
termined based solely on Figure 1 (0.2 second spectral response
SDCs range from SDC A (lowest seismic risk) through acceleration) for relatively short, squat structures (common for
SDC F (highest seismic risk). Several factors contribute to masonry buildings) meeting the requirements of that section. Table
defining the seismic design category for a particular project, 1 may be used to apply Figures 1 and 2 to structures assigned to
including: Occupancy Category IV.
• Maximum earthquake ground motion. Ground accelera-
tion values are obtained from maps published in the IBC (ref. DESIGN LIMITATIONS
3) or the ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Other Structures (ref. 2). Based on the assigned SDC, limitations are placed on the
• Local soil profile. Soil profiles are classified as Site Class design methodology that is permitted to be used for the design
A (hard rock) through Site Class F (organic or liquefiable soils). of the seismic force-resisting system (i.e., the masonry shear
When the soil properties are not know in sufficient detail to walls).
determine the site class, Site Class D (moderately stiff soil) is Designers have the option of using several design methods
assumed. for masonry structures: empirical design (ref. 4); allowable
• Use or occupancy hazard of the structure. Each structure stress design (ref. 5); strength design (ref. 6); or prestressed
is assigned to one of four unique Occupancy Categories corre- masonry design (ref. 7), each of which is based on the provi-
sponding to its use or hazard to life safety. Structures assigned sions contained in the Masonry Standards Joint Committee

Related TEK: Keywords: earthquake, prescriptive reinforcement, nonloadbearing

14-4B, 14-7B, 14-8B, 14- walls, reinforced concrete masonry, seismic, seismic design category, shear
12B, 14-20A walls, unreinforced concrete masonry

NCMA TEK 14-18B 1

 Legend:
SDC A
SDC B
SDC C
A
A
SDC D
B
B

Figure 1—Seismic Design Categories for Site Class D, Seismic Use Group I and II,
for a 0.2-Second Spectral Response Acceleration

Legend: SDC C
SDC A SDC D
SDC B SDC E

A
A

B
B

Figure 2—Seismic Design Categories for Site Class D, Seismic Use Group I and II,
for a 1-Second Spectral Response Acceleration

2 NCMA TEK 14-18B

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (MSJC) 2006 IBC SEISMIC DESIGN AND DETAILING
(ref. 1). There are, however, restrictions placed on the use of REQUIREMENTS
both empirical design and unreinforced masonry, neither of
which considers reinforcement, if present, as contributing to The seismic design and detailing provisions for masonry
the structure's strength or ductility. Table 2 summarizes the are invoked through Section 2106 of the IBC (ref. 3a), which in
design procedures that may be used for each SDC. turn references the 2005 MSJC (ref. 1a). The IBC provisions
Similarly, as the seismic risk/hazard increases, codes require detail a series of modifications and additions to the seismic
more reinforcement to be incorporated into the structure. This requirements contained in the MSJC, which include:
reinforcement is prescriptively required as a minimum and is • IBC Section 2106.1 requires all masonry walls, regardless of
not a function of any level of determined loading on the struc- SDC, not designed as part of the seismic force-resisting system
ture. That is, design loads may require a specific reinforcement (partition and nonloadbearing walls, eg.) to be structurally
schedule to safely resist applied loads, which cannot be less than isolated, so that in-plane loads are not inadvertently imparted
the minimum prescriptive seismic reinforcement triggered by to them. The MSJC, conversely, requires isolation of such ele-
the assigned SDC. For convenience, each level of prescriptive ments only for SDC C and higher.
seismic reinforcement is given a unique name as summarized • IBC Section 2106.1.1 outlines minimum prescriptive de-
in Table 3. tailing requirements for three prestressed masonry shear wall
The following discussion reviews in detail the seismic de- types: ordinary plain, intermediate, and special prestressed
sign requirements for loadbearing and nonloadbearing concrete masonry shear walls. While the MSJC contains general design
masonry assemblies as required under the 2006 and 2009 IBC, requirements for prestressed masonry systems, it does not
which in turn reference the 2005 and 2008 MSJC, respectively. contain prescriptive seismic requirements applicable to this
While many of the seismic design and detailing requirements design approach.
between these two code editions are similar, there are unique • Anchorage requirements are addressed by Section 2106.2
differences that need to be considered when using one set of of the IBC. Although analogous requirements are included in
provisions over the other. The information presented covers MSJC Section 1.14.3.3, the MSJC requirements are based on
the seismic design and detailing requirements for all concrete antiquated design loads that are no longer compatible with those
masonry construction with the exception of concrete masonry of the IBC.
veneers, which is addressed in TEK 3-6B, Concrete Masonry • For structures assigned to SDC C and higher that include
Veneers (ref. 8). columns, pilasters and beams, and that are part of the seismic
The requirements listed below for each SDC and shear wall force-resisting system and support discontinuous masonry walls,
type are cumulative. That is, masonry assemblies in structures IBC Section 2106.4.1 requires these elements to have a mini-
assigned to SDC B must meet the requirements for SDC A as mum transverse reinforcement ratio of 0.0015, with a maximum
well as those for SDC B. Buildings assigned to SDC C must transverse reinforcement spacing of one-fourth the least nominal
meet the requirements for Categories A, B and C, and so on. dimension for columns and pilasters and one-half the nominal
depth for beams.
• For structures assigned to SDC D and higher, IBC Section
2106.5 includes modifications that are an indirect means of
attempting to increase the flexural ductility of elements that
Table 1—SDC for Structures Assigned to
are part of the seismic force-resisting system. For elements
Occupancy Category IV
designed by allowable stress design provisions (MSJC Chapter
SDC based on Revised SDC for 2), in-plane shear and diagonal tension stresses are required to
Figures 1 and 2 Occupancy Category IV be increased by 50 percent. For elements designed by strength
A A design provisions (MSJC Chapter 3) that are controlled by
B C flexural limit states, the nominal shear strength at the base of
C D a masonry shear wall is limited to the strength provided by the
D D horizontal shear reinforcement in accordance with Eqn. 1.
E F Vn = An ρn fy Eqn. 1

Table 2—Permitted Design Procedures for Elements Participating in the Lateral

Force-Resisting System

Empirical Allowable stress design Strength design Prestressed

SDC design Unreinforced Reinforced Unreinforced Reinforced
A X X X X X X
B X X X X X
C X X X
D X X X
E X X X
F X X X

NCMA TEK 14-18B 3

 Due to a shear capacity check in MSJC Section 3.1.3 that requires sive stresses. Although such walls contain some reinforcement,
the nominal shear strength of a shear wall to equal or exceed the the MSJC also mandates prescriptive reinforcement to ensure a
shear corresponding to the development of approximately 156% minimum level of performance during a design level earthquake.
of the nominal flexural strength, Equation 1 controls except in The reinforcement required by design may also serve as the pre-
cases where the nominal shear strength equals or exceeds 250% scriptive reinforcement. The minimum prescriptive vertical and
of the required shear strength. For such cases, the nominal shear horizontal reinforcement requirements are identical to those for
strength is determined as a combination of the shear strength detailed plain masonry shear walls (see Figure 3).
provided by the masonry and the shear reinforcement. Intermediate Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls—Intermediate
reinforced masonry shear walls are designed using reinforced
2005 MSJC Seismic Design and Detailing masonry design procedures. Intermediate reinforced shear wall
Requirements reinforcement requirements differ from those for ordinary rein-
The majority of the prescriptive seismic design and de- forced in that the maximum spacing of vertical reinforcement
tailing requirements for masonry assemblies are invoked by is reduced from 120 in. (3,048 mm) to 48 in. (1,219 mm) (see
reference to Section 1.14 of the 2005 MSJC. The following Figure 4).
summarizes these requirements as they apply to concrete Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls—Prescriptive re-
masonry construction. inforcement for special reinforced masonry shear walls must
comply with the requirements for intermediate reinforced
Masonry Shear Wall Types masonry shear walls and the following (see also Figure 5):
In addition to the prestressed masonry shear walls outlined • The sum of the cross-sectional area of horizontal and vertical
by the IBC, the MSJC includes detailing requirements for six reinforcement must be at least 0.002 times the gross cross-
different shear wall options. A summary of these shear wall sectional wall area.
types follows. Table 3 summarizes the SDCs where each shear • The cross-sectional reinforcement area in each direction must
wall type may be used. be at least 0.0007 times the gross cross-sectional wall area.
Empirically Designed Masonry Shear Walls—Masonry shear • The vertical and horizontal reinforcement must be uniformly
walls designed by the empirical design method (MSJC Chapter distributed.
5). Empirically designed masonry shear walls do not account • The minimum cross-sectional area of vertical reinforcement
for the contribution of reinforcement (if present) in determining must be one-third of the required horizontal reinforcement.
the strength of the system. • All horizontal reinforcement must be anchored around the
Ordinary Plain (Unreinforced) Masonry Shear Walls—Ordi- vertical reinforcement with a standard hook.
nary plain masonry shear walls are designed as unreinforced The following additional requirements pertain to stack bond
elements, and as such rely entirely on the masonry to carry masonry shear walls assigned to SDC D, E or F. These walls
and distribute the anticipated loads. These shear walls do not must be constructed using fully grouted open-end units, fully
require any prescriptive reinforcement. As such, they are grouted hollow units laid with full head joints, or solid units.
limited to SDCs A and B. The maximum reinforcement spacing for stack bond masonry
Detailed Plain (Unreinforced) Masonry Shear Walls—Detailed shear walls assigned to SDC D is 24 in. (610 mm). For those
plain masonry shear walls are also designed as unreinforced ele- assigned to SDC E or F, the cross-sectional area of horizontal
ments, however some prescriptive reinforcement is mandated by reinforcement must be at least 0.0025 times the gross cross-
the MSJC to help ensure a minimum level of inelastic deformation sectional area of the masonry, and it must be spaced at 16 in.
capacity and energy dissipation in the event of an earthquake. (406 mm) o.c., maximum.
As the anticipated seismic risk increases (which corresponds to
higher SDCs), the amount of prescriptive reinforcement also Prescriptive Seismic Detailing for Nonloadbear-
increases. The minimum prescriptive reinforcement for detailed ing Elements
plain masonry shear walls is shown in Figure 3. When incorporated into structures assigned to SDC C,
Ordinary Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls—Ordinary reinforced D, E or F, masonry partition walls and other nonloadbearing
masonry shear walls, which are designed using reinforced masonry masonry elements (i.e., those not designed to resist loads other
procedures, rely on the reinforcement to carry and distribute than those induced by their own mass) must be isolated from
anticipated tensile stresses, and on the masonry to carry compres- the lateral force-resisting system. This helps ensure that forces

Table 3—Permitted Shear Wall Types for Seismic Design Categories

Ordinary Detailed Ordinary Intermediate Special

SDC Empirical unreinforcedA unreinforced reinforced reinforcedA reinforcedA
A X X X X X X
B X X X X X
C X X X
D X
E X
F X
A
Includes prestressed masonry assemblies meeting the same prescriptive reinforcement requirements as conventional masonry con-
struction.

4 NCMA TEK 14-18B

are not inadvertently transferred from the structural to the Shear Capacity Check—In the 2005 MSJC, all masonry
nonstructural system. Nonstructural elements, such as parti- elements (both reinforced and unreinforced) designed by the
tion walls, assigned to SDC C and above must be reinforced strength design method were required to have a design shear
in either the horizontal or vertical direction (see Figure 6). strength exceeding the shear corresponding to the development
of 125 percent of the nominal flexural strength, but need not
2009 IBC SEISMIC DESIGN AND DETAILING be greater than 2.5 times the required shear strength. Because
REQUIREMENTS this provision is related primarily to the seismic performance of
masonry structures, the 2008 MSJC requires it only for special
Unlike the 2006 IBC, the 2009 edition, which references reinforced masonry shear walls. Similarly, when designing
the 2008 MSJC, contains no modifications to the seismic special reinforced masonry shear walls by the allowable stress
design and detailing provisions of the referenced standard. A design method, the shear and diagonal tension stresses resulting
summary of the substantive differences between the seismic from in-plane seismic forces are required to be increased by
design and detailing provisions of the 2005 and 2008 editions a factor of 1.5. Each of these checks is intended to increase
of the MSJC follows. flexural ductility while decreasing the potential for brittle
shear failure.
2008 MSJC Seismic Design and Detailing Stiffness Distribution—In Chapter 1 of the 2008 MSJC,
Requirements prescriptive seismic detailing requirements for masonry
shear walls are related to an implicit level of inelastic ductile
The 2008 MSJC includes a comprehensive reorganization capacity. Because these detailing provisions apply primarily
of the seismic design and detailing requirements intended to to shear walls, which in turn provide the principal lateral force-
clarify the scope and intent of these provisions. In addition to resistance mechanism for earthquake loads, the 2008 MSJC
the reorganization, several substantive changes applicable to requires that the seismic lateral force-resisting system consist
concrete masonry construction have been incorporated, and mainly of shear wall elements. At each story, and along each
these are detailed below. The prescriptive seismic detailing line of lateral resistance within a story, at least 80 percent of
requirements for masonry shear walls remains substantially the the lateral stiffness is required to be provided by shear walls.
same as under the 2005 MSJC and 2006 IBC. This requirement is intended to ensure that other elements, such
Participating versus Nonparticipating Members—Elements of as masonry piers and columns, do not contribute a significant
a masonry structure must now be explicitly classified either as amount of lateral stiffness to the system, which might in turn
participating in the seismic force-resisting system (for example, inadvertently change the seismic load distribution from that
shear walls) or as nonparticipating members (for example, non- assumed in design. The 2008 MSJC does permit, however, the
loadbearing partition walls). Elements designated as shear walls unlimited use of non-shear wall elements such as piers and
must satisfy the requirements for one of the designated shear columns provided that design seismic loads are determined
wall types. Nonparticipating members must be appropriately using a seismic response modification factor, R, of 1.5 or less,
isolated to prevent their inadvertent structural participation. consistent with the assumption of essentially elastic response to
This provision is similar in intent to the 2006 IBC requirement the design earthquake. In previous editions of the MSJC, these
to isolate partition walls in SDC A and higher. requirements were imposed only for masonry designed by the
Connections—In previous editions of the MSJC, a minimum strength design method. In the 2008 MSJC, this requirement
unfactored (service level) connection design force of 200 lb/ applies to all structures assigned to SDC C or higher.
ft (2,919 N/m) was prescribed for all masonry shear wall as- Support of Discontinuous Elements—New to the 2008 MSJC,
semblies except ordinary plain (unreinforced) masonry shear which was previously found in the 2006 IBC provisions, are
walls. In the 2008 MSJC, this minimum design load has been the prescriptive detailing requirements for masonry columns,
removed and replaced with a reference to the minimum loads pilasters, and beams supporting discontinuous stiff elements
prescribed by the adopted model building code. When the that are part of the seismic force-resisting system. Such ele-
adopted model building code does not prescribe such loads, ments can impose actions from gravity loads, and also from
the requirements of ASCE 7 are to be used, which require a seismic overturning, and therefore require that the columns,
factored design force (strength level) of 280 lb/ft (4,087 N/m). pilasters and beams supporting them have stricter prescriptive
Story Drift—Due to the inherent stiffness of masonry structures, reinforcement requirements. These requirements apply only
designers are no longer required to check the displacement of to structures assigned to SDC C and higher.
one story relative to adjacent stories for most masonry systems, System Response Factors for Prestressed Masonry—In deter-
simplifying the design process. Shear wall systems that are mining seismic base shear and story drift for structures whose
not exempted from checks for story drift include prestressed seismic lateral force-resisting system consists of prestressed
masonry shear walls and special reinforced masonry shear walls. masonry shear walls, the value of the response modification
Stack Bond Prescriptive Detailing—Special reinforced masonry coefficient, R, and of the deflection amplification factor, Cd,
shear walls constructed of masonry laid in stack bond must now are required to be taken equal to those used for ordinary plain
have a minimum area of horizontal reinforcement of 0.0015 times (unreinforced) masonry shear walls. The requirement previ-
the gross cross-sectional wall area. This is an increase from the ously existed as a recommendation in the MSJC Code Com-
0.0007 required in such walls in structures assigned to SDC D, mentary. These values, as they apply to all types of masonry
and is a decrease from the 0.0025 required in such walls in struc- shear walls, are summarized in Table 4.
tures assigned to SDC E and F by earlier editions of the MSJC.

NCMA TEK 14-18B 5

 Continue horizontal reinforcement
through control joint as
8 in. (203 mm) 16 in. (406 mm)
required at diaphragms
maximum maximum

Reinforcement
within 16 in. (406 mm)
of openings larger
120 in. than 16 in. (406 mm)
(3,048 mm)
maximum*
Control
24 in. (610 mm) joint
or 40db

Minimum
No. 4 (M #13)
prescriptive 8 in.
16 in. reinforcement
(406 mm) (203 mm)
maximum maximum
120 in. (3,048 mm)
maximum

*In lieu of bond beams with No. 4 bars (M #13) at 120 in. (3,048 mm) on center, provide two wires of wire size W1.7
(MW 11) joint reinforcement at 16 in. (406 mm) on center.

Figure 3—Prescriptive Seismic Detailing for Detailed Plain (Unreinforced) Masonry

Shear Walls and for Ordinary Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Reinforcement
Continue horizontal reinforcement
within 16 in. (406 mm)
8 in. (203 mm) through control joint as required
16 in. (406 mm) of openings larger
maximum at diaphragms
maximum than 16 in. (406 mm)

48 in.
120 in. (1,219 mm)
(3,048 mm) maximum
maximum*
Control
24 in. joint
(610 mm)
or 40db

Minimum
No. 4
16 in. (M #13) 8 in.
prescriptive (203 mm)
(406 mm)
maximum reinforcement maximum

*In lieu of bond beams with No. 4 bars (M #13) at 120 in. (3,048 mm) on center, provide two wires of wire size W1.7
(MW 11) joint reinforcement at 16 in. (406 mm) on center.
Figure 4—Prescriptive Seismic Detailing for Intermediate Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

6 NCMA TEK 14-18B

 Reinforcement
within 16 in. (406 mm) Maximum13 height Minimum
of openings larger No. 4 (M #13)
3 length, or 48 in.
1
than 16 in. (406 mm) (1,219 mm) prescriptive
8 in. (203 mm) 16 in. (406 mm) reinforcement
maximum maximum

16 in.
(406 mm)
maximum

16 in.
(406 mm)
maximum

Figure 5—Prescriptive Seismic Detailing for Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Isolation Isolation
joint joint
16 in. (406 mm)
16 in. (406 mm)
maximum maximum
**Joint reinforcement alternative
to bond beams: For walls thicker
48 in. (1,219 mm)
48 in. (1,219 mm) than 4 in. (102 mm), two longitudi-
maximum* maximum* nal W1.7 (MW 11) wires minimum.
For walls 4 in. (102 mm) thick or
Bond
As anbeams As one
with
alternative an
to alternative
No. 4beams,
bond to bond less,
(M#13) only one W1.7 (MW 11) wire
beams,
bed joint reinforcement
bed joint reinforcement
minimum** may be is required.
may be The maximum joint
incorporated atincorporated
a maximumatspacing
a maximum reinforcement
spacing spacing is 16 in.
of 16 in. (406 of
mm)16 in. (406 mm) (406 mm) for either case.
16 in. (406 mm)
16 in. (406 mm)
maximum maximum
Isolationjoint Isolation
Isolation 48 in. 48 in.
joint
joint Reinforcement Option (1,219 mm) (1,219 mm)
Horizontal 16 in. (406 mm)
16 in. (406 mm)
maximum maximum
maximum maximum
*Note:
*Note: For stack bondForconstruction
stack bond construction
of masonry
of masonry partition wallspartition
in walls in
Seismic DesignSeismic Design
Category E orCategory
F, E or F,
the maximumthe maximum
spacing spacing of horizontal
of horizontal
reinforcementreinforcement is 24 inches (610
is 24 inches (610 Isolation Isolation
mm). The
mm). The horizontal horizontal cross-sectional
cross-sectional joint joint
area of reinforcement
area of reinforcement is required to isIsolation
required to Isolation
be at times
be at least 0.0015 least 0.0015
the grosstimesjoint
the gross joint No. 4 (M#13), minimum (typ.)
cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of the masonry.
area of the masonry.
Stack bond
Stack bond partition wallspartition
are alsowalls are also
required to berequired to beofconstructed
constructed solidly of solidly
grouted hollowgrouted
open-endhollow open-end
units or units or
two wythes oftwo wythes
solid units.of solid units.
Vertical Reinforcement Option
Figure 6—Reinforcement Options for Nonloadbearing Elements in SDC C and Higher

NCMA TEK 14-18B 7

 Table 4—Seismic Design Coefficients and Factors for Masonry Bearing Wall Systems

Response modification Systems overstrength Deflection amplification

Shear wall type: coefficient, R factor, W0 factor, Cd
Empirical Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
Ordinary plain (unreinforced) 1.5 2.5 1.25
Detailed plain (unreinforced) 2 2.5 1.75
Ordinary reinforced 2 2.5 1.75
Intermediate reinforced 3.5 2.5 2.25
Special reinforced 5 2.5 3.5
Prestressed 1.5 2.5 1.75

REFERENCES

1. Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures, Reported by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee.
a. 2005 Edition: ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05
b. 2008 Edition: TMS 402-08/ACI 530-08/ASCE 5-08
2. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-05. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.
3. International Building Code. International Code Council.
a. 2006 Edition
b. 2009 Edition
4. Empirical Design of Concrete Masonry Walls, TEK 14-8B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2008.
5. Allowable Stress Design of Concrete Masonry, TEK 14-7B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2009.
6. Strength Design of Concrete Masonry, TEK 14-4B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2008.
7. Post-Tensioned Concrete Masonry Wall Design, TEK 14-20A. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2002.
8. Concrete Masonry Veneers, TEK 3-6B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2005.

NCMA and the companies disseminating this technical information disclaim any and all responsibility and liability for the accuracy
and the application of the information contained in this publication.

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www.ncma.org

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8 NCMA TEK 14-18B