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Chapter4,5 and 6 PDF

This document provides an overview of chapters 4, 5 and 6 from the fluid mechanics section taught by Amandeep Singh Gabbi. It discusses key concepts like the Bernoulli equation, its derivation and assumptions. Dimensional analysis methods including Buckingham Pi theorem are also introduced. The document contains definitions of dimensions, units, dimensional homogeneity and examples applying these principles.

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150 views118 pages

Chapter4,5 and 6 PDF

This document provides an overview of chapters 4, 5 and 6 from the fluid mechanics section taught by Amandeep Singh Gabbi. It discusses key concepts like the Bernoulli equation, its derivation and assumptions. Dimensional analysis methods including Buckingham Pi theorem are also introduced. The document contains definitions of dimensions, units, dimensional homogeneity and examples applying these principles.

Uploaded by

Varsha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 4,5 and 6

Amandeep Singh Gabbi


AP,DME
ACET

1
The Bernoulli Equation
 The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between
pressure, velocity, and elevation, and is valid in regions of
steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are
negligible.
 Despite its simplicity, it has proven to be a very powerful
tool in fluid mechanics.
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
Assumptions
 Inviscid flow (ideal fluid, frictionless)
 Steady flow
 Along a streamline
 Constant density (incompressible flow)
 No shaft work or heat transfer
 Care must be exercised when applying the Bernoulli
equation since it is an approximation that applies only to
inviscid regions of flow.
 The Bernoulli approximation is typically useful in flow
regions outside of boundary layers and wakes, where the
fluid motion is governed by the combined effects of
pressure and gravity forces.
7
Case II. If the differential manometer contains a liquid which is lighter than the
liquid flowing through the pipe , the value of h is given by
Force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe bend
Introduction. DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
 A dimension is a measure of a physical quantity (without
numerical values), while a unit is a way to assign a number to
that dimension. For example, length is a dimension that is
measured in units such as microns (μm), feet (ft), centimeters
(cm), meters (m), kilometers (km), etc.
 There are seven primary dimensions (also called fundamental or
basic dimensions)—mass, length, time, temperature, electric
current, amount of light, and amount of matter.
 All nonprimary dimensions can be formed by some combination
of the seven primary dimensions.
 For example, force has the same dimensions as mass times
acceleration (by Newton’s second law). Thus, in terms of primary
dimensions,

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Introduction. DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

 Surface tension (σs), has dimensions of force per unit length.


The dimensions of surface tension in terms of primary
dimensions is

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9
DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
 Law of dimensional homogeneity: Every additive term in an
equation must have the same dimensions.
 Consider, for example, the change in total energy of a simple
compressible closed system from one state and/or time (1) to
another (2), as shown in the figure
 The change in total energy of the
system (∆E) is given by

 where E has three components:


internal energy (U), kinetic energy
(KE), and potential energy (PE).

4
1
DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
 These components can be written in terms of the system mass (m);
measurable quantities and thermodynamic properties at each of the
two states, such as speed (V), elevation (z), and specific internal
energy (u); and the known gravitational acceleration constant (g),

 It is straightforward to verify that the left side of the change in


Energy equation and all three additive terms on the right side have
the same dimensions—energy.

4
2
DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY

 In addition to dimensional homogeneity, calculations are valid


only when the units are also homogeneous in each additive term.
 For example, units of energy in the above terms may be J, N·m ,
or kg·m2/s2, all of which are equivalent.
 Suppose, however, that kJ were used in place of J for one of the
terms. This term would be off by a factor of 1000 compared to
the other terms.
 It is wise to write out all units when performing mathematical
calculations in order to avoid such errors.
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3
Example 1. Dimensional Homogeneity of the Bernoulli
Equation
 Probably the most well-known equation in fluid mechanics is
the Bernoulli equation . One standard form of the Bernoulli
equation for incompressible irrotational fluid flow is

 (a) Verify that each additive term in the Bernoulli equation


has the same dimensions. (b) What are the dimensions of the
constant C?

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8
The Method of Repeating Variables and the
Buckingham Pi Theorem
 In this section we will learn how to generate the nondimensional
parameters, i.e., the Π’s.
 There are several methods that have been developed for this
purpose, but the most popular (and simplest) method is the method
of repeating variables, popularized by Edgar Buckingham (1867–
1940).
 We can think of this method as a step-by-step procedure or
―recipe‖ for obtaining nondimensional parameters. There are six
steps in this method as described below in detail

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1
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