Designation: £570 - 15° i Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Tubular Products’ ‘This sud is sued unde he fied designation S70; the aunber nimeiately following the desi om indicts the year of vigil adoption on he case of ein, the Sear of ns eis. A muber i parentheses Ins he per st approval A Spercriprepsion e) dates an ecorial henge since the last revision oe approval ‘This onda has been approved jor mse by agenier of the US Deparment of Defense 7 NOTE—Eiodally eorecied 10.1 im March i 1, Scope* 1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization ‘of equipment using the flux leakage test method for detection of outer surface, inner surface, and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic steel tubular products (Note 1) of uniform cross section such as seamless and welded tubing, No 1—The term “ube” or ular prodet” wl be use to eer both pipe ac bing. 1.2 This practice is intended for use on tubular products having outside diameters from approximately 20 24 in (12.7 to 610 mm) with wall thicknesses t0 Yin. (12.7 mm). These techniques have been used for other sizes, however, and may bbe so specified upon contractual agreement between the prchaser and the supplier. 1.3 This practice does not establish acceptance criterias they must be specified by the using parties 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 4 the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati- cal conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 13 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, ifany, asociated with its use. 1 is the responsibilty of the user ofthis standard to establish appropriate safery and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 21 ASTM Standards:* "This practice is under te jusicton of ASTM Comminee 7 on Nonde serve Tesing and is the dec responsiblity of Subsonminae £07.07 on lctromagnetic Method, Curent eon proved Jun |, 2015, Pblished July 205, Orga spproved ‘1976 Lasrprevous aon appv in 2008 a ESTO - 08. DOK 1D 200520. 15 "For cefeenced ASTM standards, vist he ASTM website, ws asm.rg, or conic ASTM Customer Service at srvice@astm or. For tal Boot of ASTM Srasard volume information refer othe stn Dacument Summary pase 00 He ASTM wets, E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 22 Other Documents: SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qulifi- cation and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Person- nel’ ANSHASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personne?” NAS-410NAS Cenification and Qualification of Nonde- structive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)* ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing—Qualification and Cer- tification of NDT Personnel* 3. Terminology 3.1. Definitions of terms relating to flux leakage examination are provided in Terminology E1316. 4, Summary of Practice 4.1 This method consists of the following steps: 4.1.1 The tube wall is magnetized at the area under exami- nation to 2 proper level approaching magnetic saturation. [Nore 2—Tubes subjected to magnetic inspections can retain various strengths and configuration of residual magnetic Reds depending upon the ‘magnetization technique. If the residual field resulting from 2 given ‘technique can interfere with subsequent applicstions of the tube, then a supplemental demagnetization process may be requited 4.1.2 A Bux sensor containing magnetic transducers is placed on or above the outside surface of the tube in the magnetized area 4.13 Either the ube or the flux sensor is moved at a ‘constant speed in the direction of the magnetic field so thatthe sensor scans the entire surface of the tube. ® avail frm American Soci for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). PO. Box 28518, 1711 Aringue Ln, Columbus, OH 43228 0518, bapuww aotone * Avalabe om Aerospace Indes Associaton of Amerie, ne, 1250 Eye ‘St, NW, Washingon, DC 20008, ' avaable fem Inestonl Ozuniston foe Standaiation (SO), 1, ch. de 1a oie Creuse, CP 55, CH-L211 Geneva 2, Swivetad, pwr. A Summary of Changes setion appears atthe end ofthis standard Conyoh © ASTM reanatra 100 Her Hater Die, PO Bat C70, Wet Cnerocan, PA SERS. Ute Sas 1 Iwo 98n 5, 205\B01T J} SI-O0-St02 uo e200 aSeR TOSBETBUB 0% pesuadTT Toye} pod TWsed ST Bur;.oMaU JO UOT aonpowdaL JOUR} On 371 (2ryTwuET29) s1Bynay UosHONL Fa pRRNATWASTOAl 570-15" 4.1.4 Bach magnetic transducer in the flux sensor is con- nected to an electronic console which amplifies, filters, and ‘electronically processes the signals such that significant dis- ‘continuities are indicated (visually, audibly), and marked with paint, or automatically removed from the production line, or both, 4.1.5 A suitable means for assuring near magnetic saturation ofthe product (subject to periodic check or calibration) must be provided as part of the examination to verify the capability of ‘detection of outside diameter and inside diameter discontinui- ties, 5. Significance and Use 5.1 This practice outlines a procedure for examining ferro- magnetic tubular products using the fux leakage method. If properly applied, this method is capable of detecting the presence and location of significant longitudinally or trans- versely oriented discontinies such as pits, scabs, slive ‘gouges, roll-ins, laps, seams, cracks, holes, and improper welds in ferromagnetic tubes under inspection. In addition, the severity of a discontinuity may be estimated end a rejection level set with respect tothe magnitude ofthe electromagnetic indication produced by the discontinuity. 5.2 The response from natural discontinuities can be signifi- cantly different from the response for artificial discontinuities such as drilled holes or notches of equivalent depth. For this reason, sufficient work should be done to determine the conditions necessary to detect and mark nanural discontinuities whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the tube, in order to establish acceptance criteria between the supplier and purchaser. 6. Basis of Application 6.1. The following criteria may be specified in the purchase specification, contractual agreement, or elsewhere, and may require agreement between the purchaser and supplier: 6.l.1 Acceptance criteria 6.1.2 Type, dimensions, location, and number of artificial discontinuities to be placed on the reference standard, 6.1.3 Size and type of tubing to be examined. 6.1.4 Extent of examination (that is, full length, weld zone only if welded, etc). 6.1.5 Disposition of material with discontinuity indications 6.1.6 Methods of verifying dimensions of artificial discon- tinnities and allowable tolerances. {6.1.7 Time of inspection, that is, the point(s) in the manu- facturing process at which the material will be inspected. 6.1.8 Nondestructive testing (NDT) personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSU ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, [SO 9712 or a similar document. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be specified in the purchase specification or contractual agreement between the using partes. 6.1.9 If specified in the purchase specification or contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be evaluated and qualified as described in Practice E543. The applicable edition of Practice 13 shall be identified in the purchase specification or contractual agreement between the using parties. 7. Interferences 7.1 There are some manufacturing processes that produce tubing with surface conditions that could interfere with or obscure signals related to inner surface discontinuities. In the examination of heavy-walled tubing having these conditions, the ability to examine reliably for inner surface discontinuities may be affected. 7.2. When examining tubes with large rapid surface variations, false signals may be caused by the sensors bouncing along the surface of the tubes. 7.3 For active pole magnetizing systems, a small sir gap between the magnetizing system and material under examing- tion could cause a heavy accumulation of scale buildup on the pole pisces. DETECTION OF LONGITUDINAL DISCONTINUITIES. 8. Apparatus 8.1 Rotary Mechanism—The rotary mechanism shall be capable of rotating a magnetizing system or flux leakage sensors, or both, in unison around tubing that is being translated axially through the mechanism, thereby producing 3 helical scan over the surface. Good examination practices require that the pole pieces of the magnetizing system rotate uniformly about the tube and that the ffux sensor ride on the tube oF be spaced uniformly above the surface of the tube during rotation. 8.2 Spin Feed Mechanism—The spin feed mechanism shall be capable of positioning « magnetizing system or flux leakage sensors, or both, on or near the surface ofa translating rotating tube such that there is @ uniform spacing between the pole pieces of the magnetizing system and the tube. The flux Teakage sensors shall ride on the surface of the tube or be held uniformly from the surface of the tube during examination. 83 Magnetizing System: 83.1 An active field magnetizing system consists of & suitable means of applying a strong adjustable transverse ‘magnetic field to the region of the tube under the flux sensors ‘and shall be capable of bringing that region of the tube to near saturation. Typical systems employ either permanent magnets or controllable electromagnets. If permanent magnets are used, ‘a. means shall be provided to adjust the spacing of the pole pieces in order to reach the proper magnetization level. Refer to Section 13 for application of longitudinal magnetic fields 8.3.2 A residual field magnetizing system consists of a ‘means of applying a circular residual magnetic fleld to an entire tube before the tube is inspected. Typical systems employ a centrally positioned conducting rod through which a high direct current is passed; alternatively, the current may be ‘conducted through the tube itself. The current produces @ circular active magnetic field which is concentric with the ‘current distribution. When the current ceases, there remains @ residual magnetic field which is circular, concentric with the tube, and wholly contained within the tube wall, ‘5 20suaarY 0} §f-90-9102 uo e209 asee Tousadysu3 03 pasuaaty yeyuay Two ass wane on i Ja) (aT yTUsT2S) Suaynay UOSUOYL fq paynaussTaAlly 570-15" 84 Flux Leakage Sensors: 8.4.1 The flux sensor shall consist of magnetic field trans- ‘ducers that respond to variations in magnetic flux density. ‘These sensors generally consist of one of the following types: electromagnetic coils, Hall probes, magneto diodes, ‘magnistors. of magnetoresistors. These Sensors are normally used to detect the flux leakage directly from the discontinuity in the tube; however, they may also be used to detect flux leakage patterns that have been transferred from the tube to a strip of magnetic tape. The fux sensors should be of sufficient number and length so as to provide 100 % coverage while scanning the tube surface to be examined at the desired ‘examination speed. Their location (with respect to the mag- netic pole pieces and the tubular product) should result in ‘maximum response to the leakage field caused by a disconti- ‘ity in the tubular product. 8.4.2 The depth and orientation of a discontinuity below the ‘outside surface will affect the magnitude of the signal received from it, Sensitivity decreases significantly as the distance ‘between the fux leakage sensor and the tube under examina- ion is increased. Therefore, the sensors should remain clean and have uniform contact with the tube surface, or if air riding the sensors should be held at a uniform distance above the surface of the tube. 85 Electronic Instramentation—The electronic apparatus shall be capable of amplifying signals from the flux sensors and. processing them for the operation of alarms. Multiple probes ‘may be used to inerease the speed of examination, The signals, ‘may be processed in two separate channels to result in a differentiation between inner and outer surface discontinuities. Each of the two sets of electronic channels should contain its ‘own sensitivity and threshold triggering controls for indepen- dent setting of percentage of wall ejection levels 8.6 Driving Mechanism—A mechanical drive mechanism shall be used which is capable of rigidly holding and passing the tube through the inspection apparatus at constant speed and. ‘concentric with the inspection apparatus. As required, the driving mechanism shall be capable of rotating and advancing, or just advancing the tube with a constant speed, 9. Principles of Examination 9.1 Conduct the examination of tubular products for Iongi- tudinal discontinuities employing a transverse magnetic field and flux leakage detectors using one or more of the following techniques: 9.1.1 Obiain a transverse magnetic field by either (1) positioning north and south poles of a magnet on opposite ses ‘of atube on a diameter or chord as shown in Fi. I(a) and 1(b); ‘or (2) passing a high direct current theough a conducting rod cenirally positioned in the tube under examination, 9.1.2 Position fax sensor (or sensors) containing magnetic field transducers on or near the tube surface and move at & uniform speed over the area being magnetized, 9.1.3 Ata discontinuity in the tube wall the Bux lines are distorted, producing a leakage field. The maximum flux leak- age for a discontinuity normally occurs when magnetization is perpendicular to the discontinuity 9.1.4 For active pole magnetization, rotation of the magne- tizing system about the tube results in transverse magnetization ‘of the tube wall that is periodically perpendicular to all radii of| the tube (Fig, 2(a)), Rotation of the tube with the magnetizing poles held stationary will also produce the same effect (Fis. 20). 9.1.5 Relative motion between the flux sensor and the flux leakage field caused by the discontinuity is generally utilized to generate a voltage in the flux sensor. The amplitude of the voltage generated by the sensor is generally indicative of the severity ofthe discontinuity when all other factors are constant. ‘The flux leakage field measured at the outside surface of the tube resulting from an inside surface discontinuity is much broader than the leakage field from a discontinuity of equal severity located on the outer surface ofthe tube, resulting in @ lower signal frequency forthe inner surface discontinuity (Fig. 3(@) and 3(b)). Several types of equipment utilize this infor ‘mation to determine whether the discontinuity is located on the inner or outer surface of the tube. 9.1.6 Near saturation is required to provide repeatable and reliable indications for the presence of outer surface, inner surface, or subsurface discontinuities. A suitable measuring ‘means or reference samples or both are required to properly ‘adjust the equipment for operation at the required sensitivity ‘and magnetization level. 9.2 The examination of tubular products for wansverse discontinuities utilizing a longitudinal magnetic field is dis- cussed in Section 14. 10, Reference Standard 10.1 The tubes selected for reference standards should be first examined to ascertain that they are free of interfering natural discontinuities prior to the introduction of artificial defects, The standard tube shall have similar electromagnetic properties but the same nominal dimensions asthe tubes to be examined on a production basis. The standard shall be of sufficient length to permit the required spacing of artificial ‘discontinuities and to be mechanically stable while in the ‘examining position in the apparatus. Artificial discontinuities placed in the tube shall be ofthe following types: 10.11. Notches—Longitudinal outside surface or inside sur face notches may be produced either by air abrasive, milling, or EDM (Electric Discharge Machining). Notch depth is usually specified as a percent of nominal wall thickness with typical values being 5, 10, 12/5, or 20 %. Notch width shall be the rminimum practical but shall not exceed 0,040 in. (1 mm) [Notch width and geometry are relevant variables that can affect signal response and should be taken into consideration in applying this method. Maximum notch length shall be speci: fied. Lengths of %, Ye, and 1 in, (6.3, 127, and 25.4 mm) are typical. Notch orientation may be longitudinal or at an angle tat is typical ofthe discontinuities produced by the particular ‘manufacturing process. Refer to Section 15 for transverse notches. 10.1.2 Holes—When holes are used for calibration, they should be made through the tube wall without causing perma- nent distortion of the tube. The diameter of these holes may be specified based on factors involving intended service or other i fe i ‘ ‘payyTW9E ST BUTAIIMIU JO UOT FOMPEWKAY Ja ON 51 (orssiueras) svaynay uomuoul fa peunarwastaAi es70-15" Flux Sensor Gx N oO . Flux Sensor FIG. 1 Transverse Magnetization appropriate criteria, Typical hole diameters range from through 4 in. (0.79 through 3.2 mm), although a ‘isin. (1,6-mm) diameter hole is specified for use with all sizes of tube and tubing in one widely used industrial standard. It is considered good practice to include holes with diameters ‘greater and smaller than the reference size used t0 set the rejection level, since these provide a useful means of verifying adequate dynamic response of the equipment. 10.1.3 Hole and Notch Combination—Hole size and notch configuration (type, orientation, and dimension, etc.) influence the levels of flux leakage signal response, Correlation between these signals plus the method and tolerances used in their measurement, shall be as specified in the agreement between the supplier and the purchaser, 10.2 In preparing a reference standard for welded tubes. artificial discontinuities should be placed in both the weld metal and the parent meta, if both are to be examined. When inspecting only the weld area, the discontinuities need be placed only in the weld area of the reference standard. 11. Adjustment and Standardi Sensitivity ion of Apparatus 11.1 The procedure for setting up and checking the sensi- tivity of the apparatus is as follows 1.1.1 Fabricate the reference standard as specified in the ‘agreement berween purchaser and supplier. 1.1.2 Adjust the magnetizing system for the size material to be inspected. oyu 04 posuadqy [eTUAeN payaTAGAD uo asn s,20susoT7 05 Si-90-SH02 UO e209 280M TO. pavitiuad sf SuppoRiay Jo Uarannoded Jalan} of iAil e570 - 15" Rotation ‘Tube Rotation ) FIG. 2 Rotational Transverse Magnetization 11.1.3 Center the sensing apparatus to properly receive the material to be examined. I1.L.4 Scan the reference standard (containing reference notches or holes or both) and adjust magnetization power, law channel sensitivity, and filter network as applicable for optimal signal-to-noise ratio, The tube is normally not translated (advanced) during standardization but all other conditions are identical to those used in production inspection of the tubular product, After standardization, pass the reference standard through the inspection assembly at operating speed 10 demon- strate adequate performance. 11.1.5 Pass the tubes to be examined through the inspection apparatus with the sensitivity adjusted as described above. Set aside tubes with discontinuity indications indicated by the ‘apparatus. Itis recommended that all such tubes be reexamined in accordance with the purchase specification to determine the ‘acceptability of the tube under the applicable specifications. 11.16 Standardize the examination apparatus at the start ‘and end of each examination run using the reference standard, Restandardize at least every 4 h, or whenever improper functioning of the apparatus is suspected. Whenever improper eyvayon 0% posuaay lauiny on Sf Burcm.au ao vor3an pana payne aye esc]Alp 570-15" 4 (@) Outer sutace Detect Tex (0) Inne Surtace Dott FIG. 3. External Flux Leakage for 0.0. and 1D. Discontinuities functioning is found, restandardize the apparatus and reexam- ine all tubes examined during the period since the last proper standardization took place. 11.1.7 Select the examination speed so as to provide assur- ance of detecting the minimum length discontinuity prescribed in the specification DETECTION OF TRANSVERSE DISCONTINUITIES 12. Summary 12.1 The following sections define and clarify portions of Sections 8, 9, 10, and 11 in regard to the examination of tubular products for transversely oriented discontinuities by employing a longitudinal magnetic field. 13. Apparatus 13.1 The magnetizing system shall consist of a suitable means of applying a strong adjustable longitudinal magnetic field to the region of the tube under the flux sensors, and shall bbe capable of bringing that region of the tube to near saturation. 14. Principles of Examination 14.1 Conduct the examination of tubular products for dis- continuities employing a longitudinal magnetic field and flux leakage detectors using one or more of the following tech- niques: 14.1.1 Obtain a longitudinal field as shown in Fig. 4¢a) by either (1) positioning north and south poles of 2 magnet on a any on povatmod 3 povnannistaAil 570 - 15°" sector of @ tube: or (2) passing a direct current through encircling coils centrally positioned about the tbe under examination 14.1.2 Position @ flux sensor (or sensors) containing mag- netic field transducers on or near the tube surface which is ‘magnetized as the tube moves through the magnetizing system, 14.1.3 Passing the tbe under examination through the ‘magnetizing system results in magnetization of the tube wall that is Tongitdinal to the axis of the tube under examination 1S. Reference Standard 15.1 Dimensions of notches and holes remain the same as covered by Section 10; however, notches should be produced transverse to the axis of the tube. 16, Adjustment and Standardization of Apparatus Sensitivity 16.1 Select the proper coils, magnetizing yokes, or perma- nent magnets where required and follow procedures in Section 1 17. Keywords 17.1 electromagnetic (eddy current) testing; ferromagnetic: flux leakage; NDT; nondestructive testing; steel; tubular prod- ucts SUMMARY OF CHANGES ‘Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E570-09) ‘that may impact the use of this standaed. (1) Editorial revisions were made throughout the document. (2)1n 2.2 and 6.1.8, changes such the addition of ISO 9712 were made to be consistent with Policy P-10. (3)1n 10.1, the reference standard material description was revised to specify that the reference standard has similar clectromagnetic properties to the tubing being examined. (4) n 10.1.1, the maximum notch width was modified, ASTI nteratonl takes no positon respecting he vay of any patent ight assorted in connection with any item mentioned Inti stance. User fs sacar are express aise nt Gelrmnason of fe vaio any sve patent gh, adhe ek Of rinngemert of Such rights, are entre the own respons ‘Thi stand is ute to rein a anytime bythe response teccalcommitee and mus be reviewed every Wve years and \natrevised, etre reapprovedcr whan. Your Corenis ae ited aero revison ois sandal sdaltonl anda {and sould be adtresoa to ASTM intomatonl Headeuares. 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