Multiple recycling of concrete

Performance in terms of durability of concrete produced with coarse

recycled aggregates obtained from multiple recycling

Stefano Esteves da Silva

Extended Abstract
Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Jorge Manuel Caliço Lopes de Brito

Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Luís Manuel da Rocha Evangelista

October 2017
1. Introduction
1.1. Preliminary remarks
Construction is one of the most waste generating activities in existence. It is estimated that during the
year of 2014 the 28 countries belonging to the European Union generated about 821 million tonnes of
waste related to Construction (Eurostat, 2016). Thus, multiple recycling of concrete presents itself as a
possible alternative for the reutilization of construction and demolition waste.
Since there is not much scientific knowledge about the viability of the use of recycled aggregates
obtained from multiple recycling on the production of concrete, as the very scarce literature available
regarding this topic demonstrates, this dissertation intends to make a contribution to the scientific
community in this regard.
Hence, this study presents the results and conclusions obtained from an extensive experimental
campaign intended to study the durability performance of concrete produced with aggregates obtained
from up to three recycling cycles.

1.2. Methodology
This investigation intends to study the influence of the use of aggregates obtained by the multiple
recycling of concrete in terms of concrete durability properties. For this purpose, the experimental
campaign was organised in three phases.
The first phase consists in the procurement of all the recycled coarse aggregates necessary for the
study. Three different families were used, obtained from one (RCAI), two (RCAII) and three (RCAIII)
recycling cycles. For this purpose, three mixes of source concrete were produced (OCI, OCII, OCIII)
and later crushed with the help of a jaw crusher. The first source concrete (SCI) was made only with
natural aggregates. Both the OCII and OCIII were produced with a 100% substitution of natural coarse
aggregates with recycled coarse aggregates obtained from one and two cycles of recycling respectively.
In the second phase, seven more mixes were produced: a reference concrete, three mixes with 25%
and three more with 100% substitution of NCA with RCA. Just like the SCI, the reference concrete (RC)
was produced exclusively with natural aggregates. On the other hand, to produce the mixes with 25%
and 100% substitution of NCA recycled coarse aggregate from one (C125%, C1100%), two (C225%,
C2100%) and three (C325%, C3100%) recycling cycles were used. Figure 1 presents a schematic
diagram of the methodology explained.
Finally, the third phase consisted in testing in terms of durability the seven concrete mixes referred above.

C125%
C1100%
Crushing Casting
RCAI
SCI SCII
Crushing
Crushing Casting
RCAIII RCAII
SCIII

C325% C225%
C3100% C2100%
Figure 1 - Schematic diagram of the methodology used to produce all concrete mixes

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2. Experimental campaign
2.1. Materials
Both natural and coarse recycled aggregates were used in the production of the concrete mixes.
Two different types of natural aggregates were used, silica sand and limestone. The recycled coarse
aggregates were obtained from the multiple recycling of concrete with a design strength of 30 MPa.
Overall, three cycles of recycling were made. Type I cement of class 42.5R and tap water were also
used in the production of all mixes.

2.2. Concrete´s composition

To enable establishing a good comparison between all concrete mixes, a slump interval of 125 ± 15 mm
for all mixes was fixed.
Because of the higher water absorption shown by the recycled aggregates, and taking in consideration
Ferreira et al.'s (2011) conclusions about the disadvantages of the pre-saturation method, an adaptation
of the method suggested by Rodrigues et al. (2013) was used in this study.
The preferred method allows determining the water absorption of the recycled aggregates at a given
time, making it possible to adjust the w/c ratios during the mixing procedure of the concrete.
This implies that two different w/c need to be defined. The effective w/c is the ratio between water and
cement without contemplating the additional water necessary to compensate the recycled aggregate
absorption. On the other hand, the apparent w/c is defined as the ratio between the water and cement
contemplating the water necessary to compensate the recycled coarse aggregate absorption.
All the mixes were designed in accordance with the Faury’s method, taking in consideration the following
assumptions: cement content of 350 kg/m3; maximum particle size of 22.4 mm; design strength class of
C30/37. Table 1 presents all the proportions of the components of the concrete mixes tested.

Table 1 - Composition of the concrete mixes [kg/m3]

SCI & SCII & SCIII &
Components # [mm] RC C125% C225% C325%
C1100% C2100% C3100%
4-5.6 97.2 72.9 - 72.9 - 72.9 -
Natural 5.6-8 107.4 80.6 - 80.6 - 80.6 -
coarse 8-11.2 116.0 87.0 - 87.0 - 87.0 -
aggregate 11.2-16 327.4 245.6 - 245.6 - 245.6 -
16-22.4 327.4 245.6 - 245.6 - 245.6 -
4-5.6 - 86.8 21.7 81.3 20.3 79.4 72.9
Recycled 5.6-8 - 95.9 24.0 89.9 22.4 87.8 80.6
coarse 8-11.2 - 103.4 25.9 97.0 24.2 94.8 87.0
aggregate 11.2-16 - 293.3 73.0 274.0 68.4 267.7 245.6
16-22.4 - 292.2 73.0 274.0 68.4 267.7 245.6
Fine sand 250.7 250.7 250.7 250.7 250.7 250.7 250.7
Coarse sand 472.4 472.4 472.4 472.4 472.4 472.4 472.4
Cement 350 350 350 350 350 350 350
Water 193.6 193.6 193.6 193.6 193.6 193.6 193.6
Compensation water - 40.33 10.11 48.56 12.11 54.89 13.67
w/c effective 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
w/c apparent 0.55 0.58 0.67 0.59 0.69 0.59 0.71

2.3. Aggregates testing

To determine the aggregates properties, several tests were performed. The size grading analysis
followed the NP EN 933-1 (2000) and NP EN 932-2 (1999) procedures. The density and water

2
absorption were determined according to NP EN 1097-6 (2003). The NP EN 1097-3 (2002) procedure
was used to determine the bulk density. The Los Angeles abrasion test was performed according to NP
EN 1097-2 (2011) and the shape index was determined according to the NP EN 933-4 (2002) standard.
Finally, all the samples tested were prepared according to the percentage of each aggregate’s size in
concrete.

2.4. Concrete testing

All mixes were tested in the fresh state for workability and density according to the NP EN 12350-2
(2009) and NP EN 12350-6 (2011) standards respectively.
In the hardened state, concrete mixes were subjected to a variety of tests to determine their durability
properties, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 - List of tests performed concerning the hardened concrete mixes and standards used
Test Standard Age [days]
Compressive strength NP EN 12390-3 (2011) 7, 28, 56
Shrinkage LNEC E 398 (1993) 0-91
Water absorption by immersion LNEC E 394 (1993) 28
Water absorption by capillary LNEC E 393 (1993) 28
Carbonation resistance LNEC E 391 (1993) 7, 28, 56, 90
Chloride penetration resistance LNEC E 463 (2004) 29, 90

3. Experimental results and discussion

3.1. Aggregate properties
Since aggregates are a major constituent of concrete, they have a big influence on the quality of the
mixes produced. Thus, the determination of their properties is fundamental to understand and correctly
evaluate the performance of the concrete produced. Table 3 presents all the results obtained from the
tests performed.

Table 3 - Aggregates tests results

Properties NCA RCAI RCAII RCAIII
Apparent density [kg/m3] 2668.40 2668.06 2629.87 2672.23
Oven dried density [kg/m3] 2593.04 2319.28 2175.01 2124.80
Saturated surface dry density [kg/m3] 2621.28 2450.00 2347.97 2329.65
Bulk density [kg/m3] 1355.1 1132.1 1034.4 990.1
Water absorption (24h) [%] 1.09 5.64 7.95 9.64
LA abrasion [%] 27.93 38.81 41.18 40.89
Shape index [%] 18 18 19 18

According to the results achieved, it can be said that the quality of the RCA is lower than that of the
NCA. Additionally, it is also noted that in general the properties of the aggregate decrease as the number
of recycling cycles increases. These results can be explained by the bigger porosity of the adhered
mortar that is part of the RCA composition. In fact, with the increase of the recycling cycles, the quantity
of adhered mortar also increases, consequently reducing the quality of the recycled aggregates.
However, as shown by the results, most of the properties studied present an asymptotic behaviour with
the increase of the recycling cycle. This may indicate that the quantity of adhered mortar that takes part
of the recycled aggregate composition tends to stabilize at the end of a given number of cycles. This
behaviour is verified by the excellent correlations obtained with the exponential asymptotic model for

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the oven dried density (Figure 2), saturated surface dry density (Figure 3), bulk density (Figure 4) and
LA abrasion (Figure 5).

Saturated surface dry density [kg/m3]

Exponencial
Model Exponential
Oven dry density [kg/m3]
asymptotic
Modelo asymptotic
2600 Equation y = a-b*cx x
Equation y = a-b*c
a 2065.364 ± 22.543
2600 a 2291.670 ± 33.705
b -528.574 ± 22.978
b -330.977 ± 34.791
c 0.471 ± 0.038
c 0.456 ± 0.094
2400 R
2 0.999
R2 0.995
2500

2200
2400

2000 2300
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3

Number of recycling cycles Number of recycling cycles

Figure 2 - Oven dry density as a function of the Figure 3 - Saturated surface dry density as a
number of recycling cycles of the RCA function of the number of recycling cycles of the
RCA
1400 Exponencial
Model asymptotic
40
Bulk density [kg/m3]

x
Equation y = a-b*c
1300
LA abrasion [%]
a 955.72 ± 1.15
b -399.33 ± 1.21
c 0.44 ± 0.00 Exponencial
35 Model
1200 R2 1 asymptotic
x
Equation y = a-b*c
a 41.23 ± 0.41
1100
30 b 13.30 ± 0.61
c 0.17 ± 0.05
1000 R2 0.998

25
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Number of recycling cycles Number of recycling cycles
Figure 4 - Bulk density as a function of the number Figure 5 - LA abrasion as a function of the number
of recycling cycles of the RCA of recycling cycles of the RCA

3.2. Fresh concrete properties

The concrete workability and density were tested in the fresh state. As stated in section 2.2, all mixes
presented approximately the same workability, within the 125 ± 15 mm slump interval. However, contrary
to what was observed by Huda and Alam (2014), no relevant loss of workability of the mixes that included
aggregates from higher recycling cycles was noted. A possible explanation is the very similar shape
index presented by the NCA and RCA (Table 3).
The results obtained for fresh density are presented in Table 4. It was observed that it followed the same
asymptotic behaviour shown by the density of the recycled coarse aggregates (Figure 6). In fact, an
excellent linear correlation can be established between the two parameters (Figure 7). Also, as can be
seen in by the results obtained, the higher the percentage of substitution of NCA the lower the density
values presented by the fresh concrete.

Table 4 - Average value of the fresh concrete density of all mixes

Fresh concrete density[kg/m3] RC C1100% C125% C2100% C225% C3100% C325%

Average 2413.80 2319.30 2385.30 2279.80 2383.80 2264.80 2375.80

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 2420

Oven dry density of RCA [kg/m3]

Fresh concrete density [kg/m3] 25% substitution of NCA 2600
2400 100% substitution of NCA

2380 Exponencial
Model
asymptotic
2360 Equation y = a-b*c^x 2400
a 2377.78 ± 5.10
b -35.87 ± 6.81
2340 c 0.25 ± 0.20
Modelo Linear
R2 0.97
2320 Equação y = a + b*x
2200
Exponencial a -4964.40 ± 27
Model
asymptotic b 3.13 ± 0.12
2300 Equation y = a-b*c^x
R
2 0.997
a 2253.62 ± 1.13
2280 b -160.23 ± 1.23
c 0.41 ± 0.01 2000
2260 R2 1.00 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450
Fresh concrete density [kg/m3]
0 1 2 3
Number of recycling cycles
Figure 6 - Concrete fresh density as a function of the RCA number Figure 7 - Correlation between RCA oven dry
of recycling cycles of the RCA density and the fresh density of concrete
mixes with 100% substitution of NCA

3.3. Hardened concrete properties

3.3.1. Compressive strength
Even though this study focuses on the durability properties of the concrete, it is fundamental to evaluate
the compressive strength resistance to have an idea of the quality of the concrete. The results obtained
are presented in Table 5.
The results show that in all ages, the mixes with 100% of RCA showed a lower compressive strength
than the RC. Also, the higher the recycling cycles of the RCA the lower the performance presented by
the mixes. On the other hand, mixes with 25% substitution of NCA did not demonstrate such an evident
trend. In fact, only the compressive strength of the C325% mix was always lower than the RC. This may
suggest that this property is not significantly influenced by low percentages of incorporation of RCA.

Table 5 - Compressive strength results at 7, 28 and 56 days

Compressive strength [MPa]
Concrete 7 days 28 days 56 days
RC 46.2 55.9 63.8
C125% 47.6 59.7 65.0
C225% 47.0 55.9 60.7
C325% 45.2 55.9 62.7
C1100% 44.0 54.1 59.0
C2100% 43.3 53.3 57.6
C3100% 40.3 48.6 56.2

3.3.2. Shrinkage
Figure 8 shows the results obtained for shrinkage deformation. As expected, mixes with higher
percentage of substitution of NCA present a higher shrinkage deformation. This can be explained by the
lower stiffness of the recycled aggregates. In fact, the bigger the quantity of adhered mortar that
constitutes the aggregate the less stiffness it has, hence the lower resistance it shows to deformation.
This explains the worse results obtained by mixes with recycled aggregates obtained from a higher
number of recycling cycle.
As seen in Figure 8, the evolution of shrinkage deformation in all mixes presents a non-linear behaviour.
It is much more relevant in the first ages than in the older ones, as expected. Additionally, until 7 days of
age the concrete mixes with incorporation of RCA show very similar results to the ones presented by the

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RC. This can be due to the higher porosity of the recycled aggregates, which allows them to retain water.
This water is then gradually released allowing for an internal curing, which slows down the shrinkage
deformation in the first ages of concrete. It can also be stated that the 91 days of duration of the test were
not enough to verify a stabilization of the deformation by shrinkage on all the mixes in study.
Furthermore, although good correlations factors have been obtained with the use of the exponential
asymptotic model, three recycling cycles are not enough to verify a stabilization of this property (Figure
9). This is corroborated by the unacceptable large error intervals of the asymptotes obtained.

RC -400
Exponencial
Shrinkage deformation [m/m]

C125% Model asymptotic

0

Shrinkage deformation [mm]

-450
C325% Equation y = a-b*c^x
C225% a -1233.434 ± 936.5
-500
-200 C1100% b -776.671 ± 924.67
C2100% -550 c 0.836 ± 0.234

C3100% R2 0.985

-400 -600
Exponencial
-650 Model asymptotic
Equation y = a-b*c^x
-600 -700 a -659.291 ± 994.4
b -210.716 ± 988.5
-750 25% c 0.890 ± 0.582
-800 100%
-800 R2 0.922

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 0 1 2 3
Time [days] Number of recycling cycles
Figure 8 - Evolution of shrinkage deformation Figure 9 - Shrinkage deformation at 91 days for mixes with
over time 25% and 100% substitution of NCA as a function of the
number of recycling cycles of the RCA

3.3.3. Water absorption by capillary and immersion

Table 6 presents the obtained results of water absorption by capillary and immersion, as well as the
comparison of every concrete mix with the RC at the end of the test ( % RC).
The results show that every mix that incorporates recycled aggregates present a bigger water absorption
than the RC. Also, as seen in other properties, the bigger the number of the recycling cycle of the
aggregates utilized, the worse the quality of the concrete is. This is again due to the higher porosity
presented by the adhered mortar and by its bigger presence in the constitution of aggregates that are
obtained from higher number of recycling cycles. Furthermore, both these properties are also affected
by the amount of water used in the mixing procedure of concrete, which increases as the amount of
recycling cycles needed to obtain the RCA also increases (Table 1).

Table 6 - Water absorption by capillary results and comparison with the RC

Water absorption by capillary Water absorption by
Concrete % RC % RC
(72 h) [x10-3 g/mm2] immersion [%]
RC 3.43E-03 - 13.45 -
C125% 5.84E-03 70.26 15.26 13.46
C225% 6.25E-03 82.22 15.69 16.65
C325% 6.57E-03 91.55 16.06 19.41
C1100% 7.53E-03 119.53 18.60 38.29
C2100% 9.21E-03 168.51 21.67 61.12
C3100% 10.70E-03 211.95 21.72 61.49

As seen in Figure 10, the water absorption by capillary of the mixes with 25% and 100% substitution of
NCA present an asymptotic behaviour in regard to the number of recycling cycles. This is also the case
for the water absorption by immersion (Figure 11).

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Furthermore, since the result obtained for the water absorption by immersion for the C325% (16.06%)
and C3100% (21.72%) mixes are within the error range of the asymptotes given by the exponential
asymptotic model (16.095±0.18% for 25% and 22.637±1.19% for the 100%), it can be concluded that
three recycling cycles were enough to achieve stabilization of this property.
This is also true for water absorption for capillary for the mixes with 25% substitution of NCA, since the
result obtained for C325% (6.57x10-3) also is inside the error range of asymptote given by the correlation
model (6,536x10-3±0,146x10-3).
Water absorption by capillary (72h) [x10-3 g/mm2]

Exponencial
Exponencial Model asymptotic
Model asymptotic 25%
11 25% Equation y = a-b*c^x

Water absorption by immersion [%]

22 100%
Equation y = a-b*c^x
100% a 22.637 ± 1.19
10 a 11.876 ± 0.9
b 9.237 ± 1.297
b 8.411 ± 0.95 20
9 c 0.405 ± 0.135
c 0.536 ± 0.08
2
R2 0.989
8 R 0.996
18
7 Exponencial Exponencial
Model
Model asymptotic asymptotic
6 y = a-b*c^x 16 Equation y = a-b*c^x
Equation
a 6.536 ± 0.146 a 16.095 ± 0.18
5
b 3.102 ± 0.197 b 2.638 ± 0.218
14
4 c 0.237 ± 0.067 c 0.336 ± 0.084
2 2
R 0.997 R 0.995
3
12
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Number of recycling cycles Number of recycling cycles

Figure 10 - Capillary absorption of mixes with 25% Figure 11 - Water absorption by immersion of mixes
and 100% substitution of NCA as a function of the with 25% and 100% substitution of NCA as a function
number of the recycling cycles of the RCA of the number of the recycling cycles of the RCA

3.3.4. Carbonation
The carbonation resistance essentially depends on the diffusion capacity of concrete. Since recycled
aggregates have a bigger porosity, it is expected that mixes with bigger substitution percentages show
lower resistance to the penetration of CO2. Furthermore, it is also likely that the use of RCA obtained
from a higher number of recycling cycles also lowers the performance of concrete, since this kind of
aggregates presents a higher quantity of adhered mortar.
In fact, as seen in Figure 12, the ranking of mixes with bigger penetration depths at 91 days is: C3100%;
C2100%; C1100%; C325%; C225%; C125% and RC.
Figure 12 also shows that the speed of penetration of the carbonation front was higher in the first 7 days.
However, contrary to what was stated by Yuan et al. (2010), in the case of this study it was not observed
a decrease in the speed of penetration of the carbonation front over time.
It is also worth noting that at 28 days almost all mixes present a variation on the evolution of the
carbonation depth. Since this behaviour was seen in all mixes except C3100% and no logical
explanation was found, it is believed that an experimental anomaly may have occurred.
As seen by Figure 13, the excellent correlations obtained with the exponential asymptotic model
demonstrates yet again the tendency of stabilization of the carbonation resistance with the increase of
recycling cycles used to obtain the RCA. However, three recycling cycles were not enough to achieve a
stabilization of this property.

7
 12
RC Exponencial
C125% Model asymptotic
10 C225% 25% Equation y = a-b*c^x
11
C325%
Carbonation depth [mm]

100% a 13.076 ± 0.42

Carbonation depth [mm]

C1100% b 7.175 ± 0.412
8 10
C2100% c 0.686 ± 0.026
C3100% R2 1.000
6 9
Exponencial
Model asymptotic
8 Equation y = a-b*c^x
4
a 7.565 ± 0.13
7 b 1.660 ± 0.13
2 c 0.506 ± 0.06
6 R2 0.998

0 0 1 2 3
Number of recycling cycles
0 7 28 56 91
Time [days]
Figure 13 - Carbonation depth of mixes with 25% and
Figure 12 - Evolution of the carbonation depth
100% substitution of NCA as a function of the number of
over time
the recycling cycles of the RCA

3.3.5. Chloride penetration

Table 7 presents the results obtained in the chloride penetration test. As expected the chloride
penetration resistance decreases with the amount of NCA substitution. Also, the chloride penetration
coefficient is higher for concrete mixes with RCA obtained from higher number of recycling cycles. As
with other properties studied, the higher amount of adhered mortar is again the logical explanation for
this result.
The results also show an increase of the chloride resistance from 28 to 91 days. Kou and Poon (2012)
observed the same in their study and stated that a possible explanation was the higher volume of hydration
products, which form impermeable regions and increase the resistance to the penetration of chloride ion.
Figure 14 and Figure 15 present the evolution of the chloride penetration coefficient as a factor of the
number of recycling cycles of RCA for mixes at 28 and 91 days. Again, it is possible to note a stabilization
tendency, which is corroborated by the very good correlations obtained with the exponential asymptotic
model. Additionally, the results obtained for C325% at 28 and 91 days are within the error range of the
asymptote (15.873 ± 0,273 m2/s at 28 days; 15.296 ± 0,0,418 m2/s at 91 days), which led to conclude
that three recycling cycles were enough to stabilize this property for concretes produced with the
incorporation of 25% of AGR.

Table 7 - Test results of the chloride penetration resistance

Average chloride penetration coefficient [x10-12 m2/s]
Concrete 28 days %(28 days) BR 91 days %(91 days) BR
RC 13,60 - 12,55 -
C125% 14,85 6,5 % 14,57 16,1 %
C225% 15,59 14,6 % 14,77 17,7 %
C325% 15,64 15,0 % 15,38 22,5 %
C1100% 17,15 26,1 % 15,45 22,7 %
C2100% 19,06 40,1 % 17,29 37,8 %
C3100% 20,04 47,4 % 18,02 43,6 %

8
 m/s ]

m/s ]
2

2
21
18 100% RCA
-12

-12
20
100% RCA
Chloride penetration coefficient [x10

Chloride penetration coefficient [x10

25% RCA 25% RCA
19 17

18 16

17
15
16
14
15

13
14

13 12
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Number of recycling cycles Number of recycling cycles
Substitution Substitution Substitution Substitution
100% 25% 100% 25%
of NCA of NCA of NCA of NCA
x
Equation y = a-b*c Equation x
y = a-b*c Equation x
y = a-b*c Equation y = a-b*cx
a 21,175 ± 0,052 a 15,873 ± 0,273 a 19,176 ± 0,494 a 15,296 ± 0,418
b 7,577 ± 0,051 b 2,284 ± 0,292 b 6,642 ± 0,482 b 2,731 ± 0,513
c 0,530 ± 0,005 c 0,419 ± 0,120 c 0,549 ± 0,053 c 0,309 ± 0,194
2 2 2
R 1,000 R2 0,992 R 0,999 R 0,975

Figure 14 - Chloride diffusion coefficient at 28 days as Figure 15 - Chloride diffusion coefficient at 91 days as a
a function of the number of recycling cycles of the function of the number of recycling cycles of the RCA
RCA

4. Conclusions
The aim of this dissertation was to study the influence of the incorporation of RCA obtained from multiple
recycling of concrete on the durability performance of concrete. The following conclusions could be drawn:

• A higher number of recycling cycles generates RCA with higher amount of adhered mortar;
• Therefore, the use of these aggregates in the composition of concrete results in a lower
durability performance;
• The increase of adhered mortar present in the constitution of RCA tends to stabilize given enough
number of recycling cycles. This leads to an asymptotic behaviour of every property studied;
• Three recycling cycles were not enough to achieve a stabilization of the aggregates properties
(apart from LA abrasion). However, some of the properties of the mixes made with this kind of
RCA showed a stabilization at the end of a given number of recycling cycles.

5. References
Ferreira, L., Brito, J. d., & Barra, M., Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete
aggregates on concrete properties, Magazine of Concrete Research, 63, n.º 8, pp. 617-27, 2011.
Huda, S. B., & Alam, M. S., Mechanical behavior of three generations of 100% repeated recycled
coarse aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 65, pp. 574-82, 2014.
Kou, S. C., & Poon, C. S., Enhancing the durability properties of concrete prepared with coarse
recycled aggregate, Construction and Building Materials, 35, pp. 69-76, 2012.
Rodrigues, F., Evangelista, L., & Brito, J. d., A new method to determine the density and water
absorption of fine recycled aggregates, Materials Research, 16, n.º 5, pp. 1045-51, 2013.
Yuan, C. F., Luo, Z., Ding, T. F., Wang, H., Hao, Y., & Zhang, H. L., Orthogonal experiment of
carbonation resistance for recycled aggregate concrete, Journal of Wuhan University of
Technology, 21, pp. 9-12, 2010.

9
6. Standards/Test specifications
NP EN 933-1 (2000) - “Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 1: Particle size distribution.
Sieving method” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 932-2 (1999) - “Tests for general properties of aggregates. Part 2: Methods of reducing
laboratory samples”, (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 933-4 (2002) - “Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 4: Determination of
particle shape - shape index” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 1097-2 (2011) - “Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 2: Methods
for the determination of resistance of fragmentation” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 1097-3 (2002) - “Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 3:
Determination of bulk density and void volume” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 1097-6 (2003) - “Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 6:
Determination of density and water absorption” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 12350-2 (2009) - “Testing fresh concrete. Part 2: Slump test” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 12350-6 (2011) - “Testing fresh concrete. Part 6: Density” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
NP EN 12390-3 (2011) - “Testing of hardened concrete. Part 3: Compressive strength of test
specimens” (in Portuguese), IPQ, Lisbon.
LNEC E 391 (1993) - “Concrete: Determination of the carbonation resistance” (in Portuguese),
National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon.
LNEC E 393 (1993) - “Concrete: Determination of the water absorption” (in Portuguese), National
Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon.
LNEC E 394 (1993) - “Concrete: Determination of the water absorption by immersion” (in Portuguese),
National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon.
LNEC E 398 (1993) - “Concrete: Determination of shrinkage and expansion” (in Portuguese), National
Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon.
LNEC E 463 (2004) - “Concrete: Determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient by the migration
test under stationary regime” (in Portuguese), National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon.

7. Sites
Eurostat - Environment and Energy. Waste statistics in Europe 2014. Available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Waste_statistics, visited on the 30
November of 2016.

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