Lecture 12

Prepared by

Rocksana Akter
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
DUET, Gazipur
 Road Intersection
When two or more roads intersect each other, it is called
Intersections or Road Junction.

Road intersections should be designed to provide safety to road

users and free flow of traffic.

This area is designated for the vehicles to turn to different directions

to reach their desired destinations.

This is because vehicles moving in different direction want to occupy

same space at the same time.
The factors to be considered while making selection for a particular
type of road junction are as follows:

 Availability of means of traffic control

 Degree of traffic congestion

 Funds available

 Number of intersecting streets or roads

 Volume and nature of traffic

Following are the general principles to be observed in the design of road
junctions to minimize the risks of accidents:

• Angle of crossing
• Camber
• Channelizing
• Entry speeds
• Gradient
• Importance of roads
• Kerbs
• Pedestrian
• Simplicity
• Visibility
 Road intersections

At grade intersections Grade separated intersection

Un channelised channelised
Rotary
 At Grade intersection …
An intersection is a junction where two or more roads meet or cross.
Roads that cross each other at the same level or elevation are called At grade
Intersections.
 1. Un- Channelised At Grade Intersections…
These are At-grade intersections without islands for directing traffic
into definite paths.
These are simple in design and dangerous in traffic operations.

 These are classified into :-

a. Square junction
b. Skew junction or Acute junction
c. T- junction
d. Y- junction
e. Multiple junction
 Square junction

Skew junction (or)

Acute junction
 T- junction

Y- junction
Multiple junction
2. Channelised At Grade
Intersections…
At these intersections islands are introduced to reduce the
total conflict area available. These islands are useful to channelise the turning
traffic, to control the speed and angle of approach.
 Channelized intersection……..

• Vehicles approaching an intersection are directed to definite paths by

islands, marking etc. and this method of control is called channelization.
• It provides more safety and efficiency.
• It reduces the number of possible conflicts by reducing the area of
conflicts available in the carriageway.
• The presence of traffic islands, markings etc. forces the driver to reduce
the speed and becomes more cautious while maneuvering the
intersection.
• It also serves as a refuge for pedestrians and makes pedestrian
crossing safer.

INTERSECTION
 3. Rotary Intersection
• The rotary intersection of roads is also called as traffic rotary
which is nothing but enlarged intersection of roads where
vehicles cross roads or change their direction without
stopping.
• All vehicles coming from different roads move in single
direction around the central island and diverges into required
exit.

INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
 Grade Separated Intersection
• This are the intersections at which the vehicles crosses at
different levels.
• They cause less hazard and delay than grade intersections.
• The objective of this is to eliminate all grade crossing conflicts and
to accommodate other intersecting maneuvers by merging,
diverging and weaving at low relative speed.
• It increases the capacity of roads and reduce the congestions.

INTERSECTION
1. Underpass
• It is an underground passageway, completely enclosed except
at the openings,commonly at each end.
• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail
traffic.
• If an underpass is constructed for pedestrians and/or cyclists
beneath a road or railway, allowing them to reach the other
side in safety, then such a construction is termed as a Subway.

INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
2. Overpass
• It is also known as a flyover, is a bridge, road, railway or
similar structure that crosses over another road or railway.
• A pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians safe crossing over
busy roads without impacting traffic.
• And Railway overpasses are used to replace at- grade crossing
as a safer alternative.
• Overpasses allows for unobstructed rail traffic flow from mixing
with vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
3. Trumpet Interchange
• It is used where one highway terminates at another highway.
• They are trumpet shaped intersection.
• These involve at least one loop ramp connecting traffic either entering or
leaving the terminating expressway with the far lanes of the continuous
highway.
• Trumpets are suitable at the locations where the side road exists on only
one side of the freeway, and traffic is relatively low.
• The principal advantages are low construction cost and are useful for
highways as well as toll roads.

INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
4. Diamond Interchange
• It is the simplest form of grade separated intersection
between two roadways.
• The conflicts between through and crossing traffic are eliminated
by a bridge structure.
• The left turn crossing movement conflicts are considerably
reduced by eliminating the conflict with the traffic in opposite
direction.
• it is suitable for locations where the volume of left turn traffic is
relatively low.
• It requires a minimum amount of land and is economical to
construct.
• The single point of exit from the major roadway eases the
problem of signing.
INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
5. Cloverleaf Interchange
• A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange in which left turns
are handled by ramp roads .
• To go left vehicles first continue as one road passes over or under the other,
then exit right onto a one-way
three-fourths loop ramp (270°) and merge onto the
intersecting road.
• The objective of a cloverleaf is to allow two highways to cross without
the need for any traffic to be stopped by red lights, even for left and right
turns.
• The limiting factor in the capacity of a cloverleaf interchange is
traffic weaving.

INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
6. Partial Cloverleaf Interchange

• It is a modification that combines some elements of a diamond

interchange with one or more loops of a cloverleaf to eliminate only
the more critical turning conflicts.
• This is the most popular freeway -to- arterial interchange.
• It is usually employed when crossing roads on the secondary road
will not produce objectionable amounts of hazard and delay.
• It provides more acceleration and deceleration space on the
freeway.

INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
7. Directional Interchange
• A Directional interchange provides direct paths for left turns.
• These interchanges contain ramps for one or more direct or semi
direct left turning movements.
• They are the basic patterns that use the least space, have the fewest
or least complex structures, minimize internal weaving and
appropriate for the common terrain and traffic conditions.
limitations
• high cost of construction
• It requires large amount of land compared to the others.

INTERSECTION
INTERSECTION
 TRAFFIC ISLANDS

When two or more roads of equal importance intersect at a point traffic

islands were introduced and all vehicles are compelled to move along the
same direction only.
 There are different types of traffic islands. They are :-
1. Circular islands
2. Turbine Island
3. Rhombus Islands
4. Tangent Island
 Design elements
1. Design Speed
• It should be passed with low speed which will results the safety without any
collision.
• Speed restriction board should be provided on the road towards rotary
intersection.
2. Shape of Central Island
• The shape of Central Island should not contain any corners.
• It should be formed by curves to allow the comfortable rotations around it.
• The shape is dependent upon number of roads meeting at that junction.
• The shapes generally provided are circular, elliptical, turbine and tangential.

INTERSECTION
3. Radius of Rotary Roadway
• The radius of roadway is dependent upon the shape of Central
Island and the frictional force.
• If it is circular shape, radii are similar at all points and if it is
elliptical or tangent radii is different at different points.
4. Weaving Angle and Weaving Distance
• The weaving angle should be small but minimum of 15ois
maintained.
• The weave length should be at least four times the width of
weaving section.

INTERSECTION
5. Width of Carriageway at Entry and Exit
• The width of carriage way at entry and exits is dependent of
volume of traffic in that particular region or area.
• minimum width of 5.0 meters should be maintained for
rotary intersections.
6. Width of Rotary Roadway
• The width should be equal to the effective width of
weaving section.

INTERSECTION
7. Curves at Entrance and Exit
• Entry curve radius can be provided as same as radius of
central island.
• the vehicle accelerates at exits hence the radius of curve at
exit should be greater than the radius of curve at entrance.
8. Sight Distance
• The sight distance provided at rotary intersections should be
as higher as possible and value must be less than the
stopping sight distance.

INTERSECTION
8. Camber and Super Elevation
• if the vehicle is changing its direction to its opposite side ,the
vehicle may over turn or slip, to overcome this, minimum cross
slope is provided which is nothing but camber.
• This camber acts as super elevation in case of rotary
roadways.

INTERSECTION
END