Introduction to Fieldbus
Foundation Physical Layer
Fazi Hashim – MTL
Muhammad Syafiq bin Hamid – KLAESB
Product Sales /Application Engineer
Email:
[email protected] Fieldbus
What is fieldbus
Benefits of fieldbus
How is fieldbus different to 4-20mA?
Wiring and Interconnection
Components
Topologies
(Design) tools
Installation and ‘lessons learned’
Earthing/Grounding
Communication
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What is fieldbus
(Foundation) Fieldbus:
is all-digital, serial communication system
interconnects “field” equipment such as sensors,
actuators and controllers
is used in both process and manufacturing
automation
has built-in capability to distribute the control
application across the network
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What is fieldbus
Foundation Fieldbus
connects many instruments on the same segment
allows various hazardous area methods on the same
segment (e.g. Ex d and Ex i using fieldbus barriers)
– not done so that plant people do not get confused
provides/requires/uses intelligent field instruments
regardless their function, whether temperature,
ON/OFF valves, flow, pressure, etc.
uses standardized device configuration methods DD
and EDDL
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Fieldbus Infrastructure
Foundation Fieldbus uses a common FF power supply (or FF IS power
supply) compared to multiple isolators and individual wiring
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Benefits of fieldbus
Some of the many benefits of fieldbus:
Faster and easier to design
Greater flexibility (adding/changing devices –
drawings remain unchanged)
Reduced validation, particularly for I.S. (e.g. FISCO)
Higher accuracy (digital data throughout)
Precise timing – improved process control
Reduced components (less isolators, I/O cards), less
wiring, less cabinet space
Less prone to failures (real “Single Loop Integrity”,
e.g. with Redundant FISCO)
Diagnostics are included, and do not need to be
designed-in
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How does it work?
T
31250 bps (bit per second)
mA
1 2 3
vice vice vice Constant current
De De De
+ Fieldbus
Average 15.29mA per device base current
Speed: approx. 25 values per second
Loop time for 3 devices: 100ms (e.g.)
42.5 °C, Flow is 0.15 m/s,
everything ok Temperature is 42.5 °C,
everything ok
time Fieldbus
36 mbar, but I need
maintenance soon,
my diaphragm has
built-up
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Physical layer elements – Gen. Purpose
Power supply /
24VDC Conditioner
Host
Computer Redundant Device Coupler
FFPS FF Power Supply & Terminator
FFPS
T & Conditioner
T
&Terminator Wiring
components
T
H1 Interface
(non-IS) Spurs
(non-IS) Trunk
Cable
Device 1 Device 2 Device 3
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Terminators
Required for all balanced transmission lines (= differential signal
not referenced to ground, 0V, earth or so)
Eliminates reflection (matches cable impedance)
A ‘terminator’ for light reflections
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Physical Layer
IEC 61158-2 Physical Layer standard
31.25kbit/s transmission rate
Up to 32 devices per segment - depends on several factors
– Limited to 16 by host
– Limited to less by distance
– Limited to less by process cycle time
– Current “best practice” is “10+2 spare” =12 instruments
Shielded twisted pair (type A) recommended – can use existing field
wiring
2-core-cable carries power and signal (like HART)
Up to 1900m (total) with type A cable – up to 9.5km with repeaters
(normally not used)
– FISCO IIB: up to 800m trunk practical
– Fieldbus barrier: up to 1200m trunk practical
Up to 120m spur length
Physical Layer
Point-to-point ( = 1 device only) Device connection
- not cost efficient
Line (bus with spurs)
- high maintenance Line
Daisy chain
- prone to failures
Chickenfoot (tree)
- Highest reliability, best practice Daisy chain
Can be intrinsically safe
Chickenfoot
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Fieldbus Cable
Example: Type A cable: Shielded twisted pair
Recommended
“Type A” does not specify the diameter; You
can get type A cable in AWG 22, AWG 18,
AWG 16, etc
“Type A” is also available as multipair:
as long as individual pairs are twisted and
shielded, it is “type A”
Full range of FF Power supplies
Dual Segment /
Single Segment Multiple segments
For solar Redundant
redundant
powered
applications 8 Segments
Redundant, 2x4Segments
High Density N+1
Redundant,
High Density,
Flexible power
Redundant
FISCO
FISCO
Entity
FNICO
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Device Coupler (Megablock/fieldbus barrier)
Non-IS / Zone 2
Zone 1 / Ex me
Fieldbus Barrier
For advanced
High Energy Trunk
Zone 1/0 / Ex i
Redundant
Fieldbus Barrier
For advanced
High Energy Trunk
Simple & Reliable
Solution
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Device Couplers (Megablock/fieldbus barrier)
Device couplers (recommended):
Connect instruments via spurs
Spurs have individual short circuit protection
Wiring blocks (not recommended):
Connect instruments via spurs
Spurs do not have short circuit protection
Fieldbus barriers:
Galvanically isolated device couplers
Provide intrinsically safe (Ex i) spurs
Used for “High Energy Trunk” applications
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Surge on Fieldbus
New: FS32 Surge Protector
Plug-on solution
Easily applied to retrofit existing installations with
Megablocks/FBB
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Fieldbus topologies
HET
(Redundant)
FISCO
Fieldbus Design Tools (Examples)
Project Procedure
Best practice:
Bench test
Functional tests and interoperability test
FAT
SAT
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Portable diagnostic tools
Fieldbus tester FBT-6
Connect at field junction box / FFPS cabinet
Measures relevant fieldbus parameters
Establishes baseline
after commissioning
Transfer data to PC via USB
Do this regularly for trending data
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Earthing/Grounding
Grounding in the control room
One point grounding only
Continuous shield from control room to the
field
Shield not connected at the field instrument
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Communication
Digital communication
– e.g. “27.452 °C” or “12.453 mbar”
Diagnostic always included
– e.g. “Good”, “Uncertain”, “Bad”
Block-based: function blocks
(AI/AO/DI/DO/PID/…), transducer blocks
(virtualization of the hardware), resource
block (device identification)
Device can contain multiple function blocks
– e.g. pressure TX: AI (absolute pressure),
AI (diff. pressure), AI (temperature)
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Communication
Scheduled communication
– Time synchronized
– Deterministic
– Precisely periodic (isochronous)
(“macro cycle”)
Leads to higher accuracy in PID control;
Designed for process control
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