Introduction to Fieldbus

Foundation Physical Layer

Fazi Hashim – MTL

Muhammad Syafiq bin Hamid – KLAESB

Product Sales /Application Engineer
Email: [email protected]
 Fieldbus

What is fieldbus

Benefits of fieldbus

How is fieldbus different to 4-20mA?

Wiring and Interconnection

Components

Topologies

(Design) tools

Installation and ‘lessons learned’

Earthing/Grounding

Communication
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 What is fieldbus

(Foundation) Fieldbus:

is all-digital, serial communication system

interconnects “field” equipment such as sensors,
actuators and controllers

is used in both process and manufacturing
automation

has built-in capability to distribute the control
application across the network

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 What is fieldbus

Foundation Fieldbus

connects many instruments on the same segment

allows various hazardous area methods on the same
segment (e.g. Ex d and Ex i using fieldbus barriers)
– not done so that plant people do not get confused

provides/requires/uses intelligent field instruments
regardless their function, whether temperature,
ON/OFF valves, flow, pressure, etc.

uses standardized device configuration methods DD
and EDDL

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 Fieldbus Infrastructure
Foundation Fieldbus uses a common FF power supply (or FF IS power
supply) compared to multiple isolators and individual wiring

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 Benefits of fieldbus
Some of the many benefits of fieldbus:

Faster and easier to design

Greater flexibility (adding/changing devices –
drawings remain unchanged)

Reduced validation, particularly for I.S. (e.g. FISCO)

Higher accuracy (digital data throughout)

Precise timing – improved process control

Reduced components (less isolators, I/O cards), less
wiring, less cabinet space

Less prone to failures (real “Single Loop Integrity”,
e.g. with Redundant FISCO)

Diagnostics are included, and do not need to be
designed-in

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 How does it work?

T
31250 bps (bit per second)
mA

1 2 3
vice vice vice Constant current
De De De
+ Fieldbus
Average 15.29mA per device base current
Speed: approx. 25 values per second
Loop time for 3 devices: 100ms (e.g.)

42.5 °C, Flow is 0.15 m/s,

everything ok Temperature is 42.5 °C,
everything ok

time Fieldbus
36 mbar, but I need
maintenance soon,
my diaphragm has
built-up

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 Physical layer elements – Gen. Purpose

Power supply /
24VDC Conditioner
Host
Computer Redundant Device Coupler
FFPS FF Power Supply & Terminator
FFPS
T & Conditioner
T
&Terminator Wiring
components
T
H1 Interface
(non-IS) Spurs
(non-IS) Trunk

Cable

Device 1 Device 2 Device 3

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 Terminators

Required for all balanced transmission lines (= differential signal
not referenced to ground, 0V, earth or so)

Eliminates reflection (matches cable impedance)

A ‘terminator’ for light reflections

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 Physical Layer

IEC 61158-2 Physical Layer standard

31.25kbit/s transmission rate

Up to 32 devices per segment - depends on several factors
– Limited to 16 by host
– Limited to less by distance
– Limited to less by process cycle time
– Current “best practice” is “10+2 spare” =12 instruments

Shielded twisted pair (type A) recommended – can use existing field
wiring

2-core-cable carries power and signal (like HART)

Up to 1900m (total) with type A cable – up to 9.5km with repeaters
(normally not used)
– FISCO IIB: up to 800m trunk practical
– Fieldbus barrier: up to 1200m trunk practical

Up to 120m spur length
 Physical Layer

Point-to-point ( = 1 device only) Device connection
- not cost efficient

Line (bus with spurs)
- high maintenance Line

Daisy chain
- prone to failures

Chickenfoot (tree)
- Highest reliability, best practice Daisy chain

Can be intrinsically safe

Chickenfoot

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 Fieldbus Cable

Example: Type A cable: Shielded twisted pair

Recommended

“Type A” does not specify the diameter; You
can get type A cable in AWG 22, AWG 18,
AWG 16, etc

“Type A” is also available as multipair:
as long as individual pairs are twisted and
shielded, it is “type A”
 Full range of FF Power supplies

Dual Segment /
Single Segment Multiple segments
For solar Redundant
redundant
powered
applications 8 Segments
Redundant, 2x4Segments
High Density N+1
Redundant,
High Density,
Flexible power

Redundant
FISCO

FISCO
Entity
FNICO

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 Device Coupler (Megablock/fieldbus barrier)

Non-IS / Zone 2

Zone 1 / Ex me
Fieldbus Barrier
For advanced
High Energy Trunk

Zone 1/0 / Ex i
Redundant
Fieldbus Barrier
For advanced
High Energy Trunk
Simple & Reliable
Solution

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 Device Couplers (Megablock/fieldbus barrier)

Device couplers (recommended):

Connect instruments via spurs

Spurs have individual short circuit protection

Wiring blocks (not recommended):

Connect instruments via spurs

Spurs do not have short circuit protection

Fieldbus barriers:

Galvanically isolated device couplers

Provide intrinsically safe (Ex i) spurs

Used for “High Energy Trunk” applications

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 Surge on Fieldbus

New: FS32 Surge Protector

Plug-on solution

Easily applied to retrofit existing installations with
Megablocks/FBB

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 Fieldbus topologies

HET

(Redundant)
FISCO
Fieldbus Design Tools (Examples)
 Project Procedure

Best practice:

Bench test
Functional tests and interoperability test

FAT

SAT

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 Portable diagnostic tools

Fieldbus tester FBT-6

Connect at field junction box / FFPS cabinet

Measures relevant fieldbus parameters

Establishes baseline
after commissioning

Transfer data to PC via USB

Do this regularly for trending data

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 Earthing/Grounding

Grounding in the control room

One point grounding only

Continuous shield from control room to the
field

Shield not connected at the field instrument

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 Communication

Digital communication
– e.g. “27.452 °C” or “12.453 mbar”

Diagnostic always included
– e.g. “Good”, “Uncertain”, “Bad”

Block-based: function blocks
(AI/AO/DI/DO/PID/…), transducer blocks
(virtualization of the hardware), resource
block (device identification)

Device can contain multiple function blocks
– e.g. pressure TX: AI (absolute pressure),
AI (diff. pressure), AI (temperature)
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 Communication

Scheduled communication
– Time synchronized
– Deterministic
– Precisely periodic (isochronous)
(“macro cycle”)

Leads to higher accuracy in PID control;

Designed for process control

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