Piping system

in
Building

by

Asst. Prof. Channarong Asavatesanupap

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Thammasat University
2
Building piping
Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one
location to another. It includes pipe, fittings, valves, and other piping components
3
Water distribution
City water supply is distributed through municipal street mains. There are large
pipes that usually run underground below the streets. The water flows under
pressure that must be great enough to overcome the frictional resistance and static
pressure of the distribution system.

Upfeed distribution

When water is fed to fixtures in a building by the incoming pressure of water , it is

called upfeed distribution. For medium-size buildings, additional pumps have to
be installed to increase pressure.
Downfeed distribution

Downfeed distribution systems may be designed for building more than six stories
in height. Water is pumped to the roof of the building to storage tanks. The water
from the storage tanks serves the floors below due to the force of gravity.

Upfeed distribution Upfeed with pump Downfeed distribution

5
Supply piping materials
Water pipes and fittings may be of brass, black steel, copper, galvanized steel,
or plastic. However, the specific type of materials may be used for each particular
piping system.
6 Steel and Galvanized steel
Steel and Galvanized steel may used for supply when water is noncorrosive. It
is made from mild carbon steel. In order to prevent rust and corrosion, the steel
pipe is dipped in a hot bath of molten zinc. This process is known as galvanizing.
Nominal sizes* of galvanized steel pipe range from 1/8 inch to 12 inch, in several
wall thicknesses.

Nominal size or trade size used for purposes of general identification; the actual size of a part will be approximately the same as
the nominal size but need not be exactly the same.
The pipe wall thickness is usually described using terms
Schedule 40, for standard wall and Schedule 80, for extra strong
wall. Schedule 40 is normally used for plumbing applications.
8 Plastic
Plastic pipes are produced from synthetic resins derived from fossil fuels. Four
types of plastics are commonly used for plumbing pipes and fittings: (1) polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), (2) chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), (3) acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS) and (4) polyethylene (PE).
Working pressure (kgf/cm2)
11 Water supply accessories and controls
Valve is a device used on a piping system to control the flow of fluid within that
system. It is desirable to install a valve to control individual fixtures, branch supply
lines and every riser (i.e., vertical supply line).

Gate valve is commonly used

device that can obstruct the flow
of water by means of a wedge
disk fitted within the valve body.
It mainly performs shut-off duty,
not intended for flow regulations

Gate valve
symbol
Gate valve
 Globe valve is installed when it is
necessary to regulate the flow of water.
It is a compression-type valve that
controls the flow of water by means of a
circular disk in stalled within the valve
body. The globe valve has small ports,
an “S” flow pattern, and relatively high
pressure drop.

Globe valve
symbol
Check valve is a device that prevents
the flow of water in a direction reverse
to the normal flow. It is used to direct
the flow of water in only one direction.
Any reversal flow closes the valve.

Check valve
symbol

Swing-type Lift-type
Ball valve controls the water by
means of a rotating ball with a
cylindrical hole through its center.
When the hole is aligned with the
water flow, the water flow freely
through the valve. It is usually used in
pipes smaller than 3 inches in size.

Ball valve
symbol

Rotating ball
Butterfly valve has a rotating disk that
controls the water flow. When fully
open, the disk is aligned with the
water flow. To close the disk is rotated
at a right angle so that it fully blocks
the flow. They are used mostly on
pipes that are 3 inches or larger in size.

Butterfly valve
symbol
Water hammer arrestor
When a water supply valve or a
fixture in a supply system is
closed quickly, the force
exerted by the fast flowing
water causes the pipe to shake
and rattle. This is known as
water hammer. It can be
prevented by closing the valve
slowly or be controlled by using
a “water hammer arrestor”.
Pipe expansion joint
is an assembly designed to safely
absorb the heat-induced expansion
and contraction of construction
materials, to absorb vibration, to
hold parts together, or to allow
movement.
18
Sizing of supply pipes
Total water demand

In order to determine the size of water supply main to a building and the
subsequent branch sizes, it is necessary to determine the maximum load that the
supply main should carry. This demand can be calculated form the total supply
fixture units for all the plumbing fixtures installed in a building have been
calculated, the total water demand can then be found out in terms of GPM

Water velocity

Water flowing through supply pipes tends to produce noise due to friction. The
higher the velocity, the greater the noise and the pressure drop.
Water velocity (cont.)

To avoid excessive noise, generally accepted practice for commercial buildings is to

limit water velocity to between 6 and 8 fps (2-2.5 m/s). For industrial projects, 10
fps (3 m/s) is acceptable in work areas where the noise is not noticeable.
Recommended velocity (1) Main: 8 m/s (2) Risers and Branches: 6 m/s


Q  AV  D 2V D  f (Q, V )
4

 L V2 PMajor
PMajor f   g (V , D, pipe material )
 D 2 g  L

f = friction factor = f (surface roughness, flow type)

Friction factor, f
is a dimensionless quantity used to calculate friction losses in pipe flow.

can be obtained from

f  f (e / D, Re) Moody diagram

VD
Re 

where e = surface roughness
Re = Reynolds number
 = fluid viscosity [water = 1.002 x 10-3 Pa-s (2.034 lbf-s/ft2)]
Moody diagram
Example 1

¾” S40 PVC pipe delivers10 GPM of water. Calculate pressure drop

per length of water flow.

D@ Dnominal 3 / 4"  0.804" (0.0204m )

V  Q / A
Q  10 GPM (0.000631 m3 / s )  6.33 f / s
  (1.93m / s )
A D  0.003519 ft (0.0003269 m )
2 2 2

4
Unit conversion:
1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m,
1 psi = 6.895 kPa, 1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s.
Example 1 (cont.)

VD
Re   39,200
 f  0.039
(from Moody diagram)
e / D  Smooth pipe

  2300 Laminar
VD 
Re  2300  Re  4000 Transition
 
  4000 Turbulent
Moody diagram
Example 1 (cont.)

PMajor  V2 997 1.932

 f  0.039  3.55 kPa / m
L D 2 0.0204 2

PMajor
 3.55 kPa / m  10.82 psi / 100'
L
10 GPM

Friction loss diagram

for fairly smooth pipe flow
(e.g. pvc, steel pipe)
Friction loss diagram
for rough pipe flow
(e.g. old cast iron , concrete pipe)
Friction loss diagram
for Fairly rough pipe flow
(e.g. New cast iron pipe)
Example 2
1” S40 galvanized steel pipe delivers 20 GPM of water. Calculate
pressure drop per length of water flow using Moody diagram.

D@ Dnominal 1"  1.049" (0.02664m )

V  Q / A
Q  20 GPM (0.001262 m 3 / s )  7.42 fps
  2.264m / s
A D  0.006001 ft (0.0005574 m )
2 2 2

4
Example 2 (cont.)

VD
Re   60,011
 f  0.032
(from Moody diagram)
e / D  0.00563

  2300 Laminar
VD 
Re  2300  Re  4000 Transition
 
  4000 Turbulent
Moody diagram
Example 2 (cont.)

PMajor  V2 997 2.264 2

 f  0.032  3.07 kPa / m
L D 2 0.02664 2

PMajor
 3.55 kPa / m  9.26 psi / 100'
L
Example 3
Determine the diameter of galvanized steel pipe needed to
deliver water at a flow rate of 10 GPM and a velocity of 8 fps
Plumbing system design
Plumbing fixtures

is an exchangeable device which

can be connected to a plumbing
system to deliver and drain water.
The most common plumbing fixtures
are: bathtubs, drinking fountains,
kitchen sinks, showers, channel
drains, and lavatories.
 Supply Fixture Units (SFU)
Demand for water by a plumbing
fixture varies according to its type
and the occupancy category of
the building in which it is installed.

Drainage Fixture Units (DFU)

is a measure of the probable
discharge into the drainage
system by various types of
plumbing fixtures.

Minimum supply pressure

is a certain demand of water
pressure for each fixture.
Fixture Unit is a design factor which represents a probable flowrate of a plumbing
fixture. The number of fixture units depends on the volume of water required, the
average duration of a single use, and the number of uses per unit time.
Example 4

Calculate SFU and DFU for a public building with 12 water closets
(flush valve type), 4 urinals (flush valve type), 8 lavatories, and 3
drinking fountains.
Supply Drainage
SFU DFU
Type of fixtures units Type of fixtures units
per unit total per unit total
Public WC's 12 10 120 Public WC's 12 6 72
Public urinals 4 5 20 Public urinals 4 4 16
Public lavatories 8 2 16 Public lavatories 8 1 8
Drinking foundtains 3 0.25 0.75 Drinking foundtains 3 0.5 1.5
Total 157 Total 98
Supply GPM

The Supply Fixture Units - FSU - are used to determine the

water demand in water supply systems. One FSU for a single
unit corresponds to one GPM.

1 SFU = 1 GPM

This conversion can only be used for one or a few fixtures.

When the total amount for many fixtures are added up, the
number must be compensated due to the intermittent use of
the fixtures. This is normal taken care of in the figures or tables
available for sizing supply pipe lines.
 Total SFU to water supply demand in gallons per minute (supply GPM)
1 GPM = 3.79 liter/min
Note: Read solid-line curves for residential and commercial occupancies;
use the dashed curves for large assembly occupancies (for examples: stadium, theater)
Source:
Example 4
Select the sizes of PVC pipe for the pluming system (Tank-type
WC). The main supply pipe velocity should not exceed 8 fps, and
the riser and the branch velocities should not exceed 6 fps.
6
Branch
5
30 SFU
3
Pipe # SFU GPM Pipe size Velocity
4 30 SFU 1 120 25.9 1 1/4" <8.0
Riser 2 60 18.4 1" <6.0
60 SFU 3 30 14.7 1" <6.0
2 4 60 18.4 1" <6.0
5 30 14.7 1" <6.0
Main 6 30 14.7 1" <6.0
1
HW#4
A private building with 10 water closets (Gravity tank type), 3
urinals (flush valve type), 2 bathroom group (Gravity tank type)
and 4 lavatories. Calculate (a) total supply demand (supply GPM)
(b) Total pressure drop of the supply main pipe if the total length is
30 feet. (Note: Designed flow velocity should not exceed 8 fps.)
Pressure loss from fittings and valves
Fittings such as elbows, tees and valves represent a significant component
of the pressure loss in most pipe systems. The calculation of pressure losses
through pipe fittings and some minor equipment is as follows:

Method 1: K-value

 V2
Pminor   K  ,where K = loss coefficient
 2g 

Method 2: Equivalent length

Friction Loss in Fittings or valves = Equivalent length of Straight Pipe

 L eq 
K  f  
 D 
Example of Fitting friction loss table

L/D
 Quick finding Method
Tee Elbow

Angle valve
Plug-type cock
 Example 5
Find the fitting loss of 1” gate valve
while fully open.

Method 1: K-valve

From fitting loss table

Kgate = 0.18

Method 2: Equivalent length

From figure C13.1

Leq, gate = 0.6

(Leq = (KD)/f = 0.18 x (1/12)/0.025 = 0.6)

Example 6
Calculate the total loss of the following system.

5” Plastic pipe
Q = 500 GPM

Minor loss (Pressure loss in fittings and valves)

 L V 2 
Ptotal  PMajor  Pminor    f   K  
 D i  2 g 
Major loss (Pressure loss in a straight pipe)
Example 6 (cont.)
Calculate the total loss of the following system.

Using Moody diagram and Fig c13.1

Loss
D L V
No. f K Head Pressure
(in.) (ft.) (fps)
(ft) (psi)
1 Straight pipe 5 0.0256 350 - 8 21.37 9.26
Sharp edged
2 5 0.0256 7.5 0.5 8 0.46 0.20
exit
3 Gate valve 5 0.0256 3 0.18 8 0.18 0.08
4 Check valve 5 0.0256 35 2.2 8 2.14 0.93
total 24.15 10.47
51 Pump selection
is based on two parameters:

Flow Rate (Total water demand: GPM)

Pumps are selected for the peak flow rate. The peak flow rate is the sum of water
demands for all plumbing fixtures, i.e. the total water demand.

Total Dynamic Head (Pressure rise)

Total dynamics head of the pump is the head difference between the summation of
total head loss HL, static head loss HS, and desired discharge head HD and supply
main head HM.

TDH = HL + HS + HD – HM
Pressure head
is a term that represents a fluid pressure per specific
weight (height of fluid column).

Pressure Head
Imperial
14.6 psi 33.7 ftH2O
SI
101.325 kPa 10.33 mH2O
Pump input power
is the power consumed by a pump in order to move
and increase pressure of a fluid.

Phydraulic  Pshaft  pump

 Q    H P 
Pelec
Pshaft  Pelec motor
Shaft power

Pump Motor

Coupling
Pump input power (cont.)

9.8  Q  SG  TDH  [SI unit: kW]

Pshaft 
 pump

13  Q  SG  TDH 
Pshaft  [SI unit: HP]
 pump (1HP = 746 W)

Q  SG  TDH  [Imperial unit: HP]

Pshaft 
3960  pump
,where Q = GPM, TDH = ft., SG = Specific gravity (e.g. SGwater =1)
Pump energy consumption (cont.)

9.8  Q  SG  TDH 

kWhpump   pump run time[h]
 pump  motor
Example 7
Calculate the required pump horse power for delivering 26 GPM
(5.9 m3/h) water through a pipe system shown in Figure if the
designed friction loss is 10 psi/100’. Given: The longest pipe run (1-
2-3-6) is 200’ (61m), and allow 50% extra for friction losses in the
pipe fittings. The supply main pressure is 25 psi. Pump efficiency is
60%.
6
TDH = HL + HS + HD – HMa
WC
(Gravity tank)
5 3
WC 26’ (8 m)
Friction loss
4
WC
2 PL = 10 psi/100’ x (200’+0.5x200’)
= 30 psi
1
HL = 69.2 ft.
Example 7 (cont.)

Static loss
HS = 26 ft.
Discharge loss
PD = 10 psi (Water closet: Gravity tank)
HD = 23 ft.
Supply main pressure
PM = 25 psi
HM = 57.6 ft.
TDH = 69.2 + 26 + 23 – 57.6 = 60.6 ft. (18.5 m)
Example 7 (cont.)

26GPM  1 60.6'

Pshaft   0.66 HP
3960  0.6
 Final Examination

Date/Time: June 07(Wed), 2017 13:30-16:30

5 Problems:

Conditions of Examination
1. Closed book
2. Calculator allowed

Good Luck !!!