Mharashtra Atlas PDF

NATIONAL WETLAND ATLAS:
MAHARASHTRA
Sponsored by
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Government of India
Space Applications centre

Indian Space Research Organisation
Ahmedabad – 380 015
This publication deals with the updated database and
status of wetlands, compiled in Atlas format. Increasing
concern about how our wetlands are being influenced has
led to formulation of a project entitled “National Wetland
Inventory and Assessment (NWIA)” to create an updated
database of the wetlands of India. The wetlands are
categorised under 19 classes and mapped using satellite
remote sensing data from Indian Remote Sensing
Satellite: IRS P6- LISS III sensor. The results are
organised at 1: 50, 000 scales at district, state and
topographic map sheet (Survey of India reference) level
using Geographic Information System (GIS). This
publication is a part of this national work and deals with
the wetland status of a particular State/Union Territory of
India, through text, statistical tables, satellite images,
maps and ground photographs.
The atlas comprises wetland information arranged into

nine sections. How the NWIA project work has been
executed highlighted in the first six sections viz:
Introduction, NWIA project, Study area, Data used,
Methodology, and Accuracy. This is the first time that high
resolution digital remote sensing data has been used to
map and decipher the status of the wetlands at national
scale. The methodology highlights how the four spectral
bands of LISS III data (green, red, near infra red and short
wave infra red) have been used to derive various indices
and decipher information regarding water spread,
turbidity and aquatic vegetation. Since, the aim was to
generate a GIS compatible database, details of the
standards of database are also highlighted in the
methodology.
The results and finding are organised in three sections;

viz: Maps and Statistics, Major wetland types, and
Important Wetlands of the area. The Maps and Statistics
are shown for state and district level. It gives details of
what type of wetlands exists in the area, how many
numbers in each type, their area estimates in hectare.
Since, the hydrology of wetlands are influenced by
monsoon performance, extent of water spread and their
turbidity (qualitative) in wet and dry season (post-
monsoon and pre-monsoon period) are also given.
Similarly the status of aquatic vegetation (mainly floating
and emergent types) in two seasons is also accounted for.
Status of small wetlands are also accounted as numbers
and depicted in maps as points. Wetland map also show
important ancillary information like roads/rail, relevant
habitations. False Colour Composite (FCC) of the satellite
image used (any one season) is shown along with the
derived wetland map to give a feeling of manifestation of
wetlands in remote sensing data and synoptic view of the
area. The status of some of the important wetlands like
Ramsar sites, National Parks are shown with recent field
photographs.
For further details contact:
Director,
Space Applications Centre, ISRO,
Ambawadi Vistar (P.O.)
[email protected]
Atlas SAC/RESA/AFEG/NWIA/ATLAS/19/2009
NATIONAL WETLAND ATLAS

Maharashtra
Sponsored by
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
As a part of the project on National Wetland Inventory and Assessment (NWIA)
May 2010
Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad

and
Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre (MRSAC), Nagpur
First Publication: May 2010, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad
Copyright: 2010, SAC, ISRO
This publication may be produced in whole or in part and in any form for education or non-profit uses,
without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of source is made. SAC
will appreciate a copy of any publication which uses this publication as a source.
Citation: National Wetland Atlas: Maharashtra, SAC/RESA/AFEG/NWIA/ATLAS/19/2009, Space Applications Centre

(ISRO), Ahmedabad, India, 222p.
Available from: Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad – 380 015, India
Production: SAC carried out the work in collaboration with MRSAC, Nagpur, Sponsored by Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Govt. of India.
MESSAGE
It gives me great pleasure to introduce this Atlas, the latest in a series, prepared by Space Applications
Centre, Ahmedabad in connection with the National Wetland Inventory and Assessment Project.
This Atlas maps and catalogues information on Wetlands across India using the latest in satellite imaging,
one of the first of its kind. Wetlands are areas of land critical ecological significance that support a large
variety of plant and animal species adapted to fluctuating water levels. Their identification and protection
becomes very important.
Utility-wise, wetlands directly and indirectly support millions of people in providing services such as food,
fiber and raw materials. They play important roles in storm and flood control, in supply of clean water, along
with other educational and recreational benefits. Despite these benefits, wetlands are the first target of
human interference and are among the most threatened of all natural resources. Around 50% of the
earth’s wetlands are estimated to already have disappeared worldwide over the last hundred years through
conversion to industrial, agricultural and residential purposes. Even in current scenario, when the
ecosystem services provided by wetlands are better understood - degradation and conversion of wetlands
continues.
Aware of their importance, the Government of India has formulated several policies and plans for the
conservation and preservation of these crucial ecosystems. Realising the need of an updated geospatial
data base of these natural resources as the pre-requisite for management and conservation planning,
National Wetland Inventory and Assessment (NWIA) project was formulated as a joint vision of Ministry of
Environment & Forestry, Govt. India, and Space Applications Centre (ISRO). I am told that the latest
remote sensing data from Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS P6) have been used to map the wetlands.
The present atlas is part of this project and highlights the results of the study state in terms of statistics of
various types of wetlands, extent of water, aquatic vegetation and turbidity in pre and post monsoon period.
I also note that special efforts are made to provide detailed information of important wetlands like Ramsar
sites, National Parks etc.
I am certain that this Atlas will raise the bar in developing such database and will be of great use for
researchers, planners, policy makers, and also members of the general public.
FOREWORD
Wetlands defined as areas of land that are either temporarily or permanently covered by water exhibit
enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water regime and chemistry. Wetlands
are one of the most productive ecosystems and play crucial role in hydrological cycle. Utility wise, wetlands
directly and indirectly support millions of people in providing services such as storm and flood control, clean
water supply, food, fiber and raw materials, scenic beauty, educational and recreational benefits. The
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment estimates conservatively that wetlands cover seven percent of the earth’s
surface and deliver 45% of the world’s natural productivity and ecosystem services. However, the very
existence of these unique resources is under threat due to developmental activities, and population pressure.
This calls for a long term planning for preservation and conservation of these resources. An updated and
accurate database that will support research and decision is the first step towards this. Use of advanced
techniques like Satellite remote sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS) is now essential for accurate
and timely spatial database of large areas. Space Applications Centre (ISRO) took up this challenging task
under the project “NWIA” (National Wetland Inventory and Assessment) sponsored by Ministry of
Environment & Forests. To account for numerous small yet important wetlands found in the country, mapping
at 1:50,000 scales has been taken up. Two date IRS LISS III data acquired during pre and post monsoon
season are used for inventory to account for wet and dry season hydrology of wetlands. The map outputs
include the status of water spread, aquatic vegetation and turbidity. Ancillary layers like road/rail, habitations
are also created. Very small wetlands below the mappable unit are also identified and shown points. The
results are complied as Atlases of wetlands for states/Union Territories of India. This Atlas highlights results
for a particular state/UT and hopes to improve our understanding of the dynamics and distribution of wetlands
and their status in the area.
I congratulate the team for bringing out this informative atlas and sincerely hope that this will serve as a
useful source of information to researchers, planners and general public.
January 25, 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project “National Wetland Inventory & Assessment (NWIA)”, is sponsored by Ministry of Environment &
Forestry (MoEF), Govt. of India and executed by Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad. We are
grateful to Dr. Ranganath R. Navalgund, Director, Space Applications Centre, for his encouragement to take
up this challenging task and formulation of the project team for timely implementation. Earnest thanks are
also due to Dr. Jai Singh Parihar, Dy. Director, Remote Sensing Applications Area, Space Applications
Centre, for providing overall guidance and support to the project. The present Atlas for the state of
Maharashtra is a part of the “National Wetland Atlas.
This project has benefited from the wisdom of many people. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the contributions
made by the wetland experts especially to Prof. C.K. Varshney, Former Dean, School of Environmental
Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Prof. A.R. Yousuf, The University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Prof. Pradeeep Shrivastava, Head, Wetland Research Centre, Barakatullah University, Bhopal, Dr. Prikshit
Gautam, Director, WWF-India, Dr. S. Narendra Prasad, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Nature,
Coimbtore and Dr. R.K. Suri, Additional Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, New
Delhi, and the database experts from ISRO who participated in the peer Review meeting to finalise the
“Wetland Classification System” followed in this project
We acknowledge the positive role played by 16th SC-B (Standing Committee on Bioresources and
Environment) of NNRMS (National Natural Resources Management System) meeting in formulating this
project. We are extremely thankful to the members of the“Steering Committee” of the project, under the
chairmanship of Dr E J James, Director – Water Institute, Karunya University, for their periodical review,
critical comments and appreciation of the efforts by the project team. We are thankful to SC-B under the
chairmanship of Secretary, MoEF, for periodic review of the progress of the project and guidance towards
timely completion of the work. We acknowledge the valuable contributions made by Dr J K Garg, the then
scientist of SAC for his active role in formulation of this project, co-authoring the procedure manual document.
We are grateful to Dr G V Subramanyam, Adviser, MoEF, for his very active and positive role for
implementation of the project. We are thankful to Dr Jag Ram, Director, MoEF and Dr Harendra Kharwal,
MoEF for their support in budget and project management related issues. We are thankful to the “Technical
Review” team of SAC for critical comments and suggestion to finalise the Atlas. We acknowledge the support
received from Dr P S Roy, Dy Director, NRSC and Dr S Sudhakar, Head, LRD, NRSC in terms of valuable
suggestions and providing the geo-referenced image of NRC-LU&LC project for use as master image in this
project. We acknowledge the efforts put by Dr R D Shah, Mr Pragnesh Kumar Vaishnav and Ms Yatisha P
Vaishnav, Geology Department, M G Science Institute, Ahmedabad in finalization of GIS database.
PROJECT TEAM
Project Director: Dr. (Mrs.) Sushma Panigrahy
Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad
Dr. T. S. Singh
Shri J. G. Patel
Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Nagpur
Shri Vinod M Bothale

Shri Dinesh Waghmare
Dr. A.K. Sinha
Mrs. Tutu Sengupta
Mr. Sanjay Patil
Mrs. Sapna Deotale
Mr. Sanjay Apturkar
Mr. Bhau Patil Gavit
Mrs. Archana Kolhe
Mr. Sanjeev Verma
Mr. Vivek Kale
Ms. Smita Dhirde
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Wetlands
1.2 Mapping and geospatial techniques
1.3 Wetland Inventory of India
2.0 NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT

2.1 Wetland Classification System
2.2 GIS database contents
3.0 STUDY AREA
4.0 DATA USED
5.0 METHODOLOGY
5.1 Creation of spatial framework
5.2 Geo-referencing of satellite data
5.3 Mapping of wetlands
5.4 Conversion of the conformation into a vector layer
5.5 Generation of reference layers
5.6 Coding and attribute scheme
5.7 Map composition and output
6.0 ACCURACY ASSESSMENT
7.0 WETLANDS OF MAHARASHTRA: MAPS AND STATISTICS

7.1 District-wise Wetland Maps and Statistics
7.1.1 Nandurbar
7.1.2 Dhule
7.1.3 Jalgaon
7.1.4 Buldhana
7.1.5 Akola
7.1.6 Washim
7.1.7 Amravati
7.1.8 Wardha
7.1.9 Nagpur
7.1.10 Bhandara
7.1.11 Gondiya
7.1.12 Gadchiroli
7.1.13 Chandrapur
7.1.14 Yavatmal
7.1.15 Nanded
7.1.16 Hingoli
7.1.17 Parbhani
7.1.18 Jalna
7.1.19 Aurangabad
7.1.20 Nasik
7.1.21 Thane
7.1.22 Mumbai (Sub-urban)
7.1.23 Mumbai
7.1.24 Raigarh
7.1.25 Pune
7.1.26 Ahmadnagar
7.1.27 Beed
7.1.28 Latur
7.1.29 Osmanabad
7.1.30 Solapur
7.1.31 Satara
7.1.32 Ratnagiri
7.1.33 Sindhudurg
7.1.34 Kolhapur
7.1.35 Sangli
8.0 MAJOR WETLAND TYPES
9.0 IMPORTANT WETLANDS OF MAHARASHTRA
10.0 SOI MAP-SHEET-WISE WETLAND MAPS (selected sheets)
References
Annexure–I: Definitions of wetland categories used in the project.

Annexure–II: Details of district information followed in the atlas.
List of Figures
Figure 1: Spectral Signature of various targets
Figure 2: Various land features as they appear in four spectral bands and in a typical three band FCC.
Figure 3: Location map
Figure 4: Spatial framework of Maharashtra
Figure 5: IRS P6 LISS-III coverage of Maharashtra
Figure 6 : IRS LISS-III FCC (25 March 2007 and 25 November 2007)
Figure 7: Flow chart of the methodology used
Figure 8: Steps in the extraction of wetland components
Figure 9: Various combinations of the indices/spectral bands used to identify wetland components
Figure 10: Type-wise wetland distribution in Maharashtra
Figure 11: District-wise wetland distribution
List of Tables
Table 1: Wetland Classification System and coding
Table-2: Satellite data used
Table 3 : Qualitative turbidity ratings
Table 4 : Area estimates of wetlands in Maharashtra
Table-5: District-wise wetland area
Table 6: Area estimates of wetlands in Nandurbar
Table 7: Area estimates of wetlands in Dhule
Table 8: Area estimates of wetlands in Jalgaon
Table 9: Area estimates of wetlands in Buldhana
Table 10: Area estimates of wetlands in Akola
Table 11: Area estimates of wetlands in Washim
Table 12: Area estimates of wetlands in Amravati
Table 13: Area estimates of wetlands in Wardha
Table 14: Area estimates of wetlands in Nagpur
Table 15: Area estimates of wetlands in Bhandara
Table 16: Area estimates of wetlands in Gondia
Table 17: Area estimates of wetlands in Gadchiroli
Table 18: Area estimates of wetlands in Chandrapur
Table 19: Area estimates of wetlands in Yavatmal
Table 20: Area estimates of wetlands in Nanded
Table 21: Area estimates of wetlands in Hingoli
Table 22: Area estimates of wetlands in Parbhani
Table 23: Area estimates of wetlands in Jalna
Table 24: Area estimates of wetlands in Aurangabad
Table 25: Area estimates of wetlands in Nasik
Table 26: Area estimates of wetlands in Thane
Table 27: Area estimates of wetlands in Mumbai suburban
Table 28: Area estimates of wetlands in Mumbai urban
Table 29: Area estimates of wetlands in Raigad
Table 30: Area estimates of wetlands in Pune
Table 31: Area estimates of wetlands in Ahmadnagar
Table 32: Area estimates of wetlands in Beed
Table 33: Area estimates of wetlands in Latur
Table 34: Area estimates of wetlands in Osmanabad
Table 35: Area estimates of wetlands in Solapur
Table 36: Area estimates of wetlands in Satara
Table 37: Area estimates of wetlands in Ratnagiri
Table 38: Area estimates of wetlands in Sindhudurg
Table 39: Area estimates of wetlands in Kolhapur
Table 40: Area estimates of wetlands in Sangli
List of Plates
Plate-1: Major wetland types of Maharashtra

Plate-2a, 2b, 2c and 2d : Field photographs and ground truth data of different wetland types in
Maharashtra
Plate 3: Lonar Lake
Plate 4: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Lonar Lake
Plate 5: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Lonar Lake
Plate 6: Nathsagar Reservoir Notified Wetland
Plate 7: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Nathsagar Reservoir Notified Wetland
Plate 8: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Nathsagar Reservoir Notified Wetland
Plate 9: Yeldari Reservoir
Plate 10: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Yeldari Reservoir
Plate 11: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Yeldari Reservoir
Plate 12: Namdur Madhyameshwar Tank
Plate 13: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Namdur Madhyameshwar Tank
Plate 14: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Namdur Madhyameshwar Tank
Plate 15: Navegaon Notified Wetland
Plate 16: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Navegaon Notified Wetland
Plate 17: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Navegaon Notified Wetland
Plate 18: Ujani Reservoir
Plate 19: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Ujani Reservoir
Plate 20: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Ujani Reservoir
1.0 INTRODUCTION
It is increasingly realized that the planet earth is facing grave environmental problems with fast depleting
natural resources and threatening the very existence of most of the ecosystems. Serious concerns are voiced
among scientists, planners, sociologists, politicians, and economists to conserve and preserve the natural
resources of the world. One of the constraints most frequently faced for decision making is lack of scientific
data of our natural resources. Often the data are sparse or unauthentic, rarely in the form of geospatial
database (map), thus open to challenges. Hence, the current emphasis of every country is to have an
appropriate geospatial database of natural resources based on unambiguous scientific methods. The wetland
atlas of Maharashtra, which is part of the National Wetland Atlas of India, is an attempt in this direction.
1.1 Wetlands
Wetlands are one of the crucial natural resources. Wetlands are areas of land that are either temporarily or
permanently covered by water. This means that a wetland is neither truly aquatic nor terrestrial; it is possible
that wetlands can be both at the same time depending on seasonal variability. Thus, wetlands exhibit
enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water regime and chemistry, dominant
plants and soil or sediment characteristics. Because of their transitional nature, the boundaries of wetlands
are often difficult to define. Wetlands do, however, share a few attributes common to all forms. Of these,
hydrological structure (the dynamics of water supply, throughput, storage and loss) is most fundamental to
the nature of a wetland system. It is the presence of water for a significant period of time which is principally
responsible for the development of a wetland. One of the first widely used classifications systems, devised by
Cowardin et al, 1979, was associated to its hydrological, ecological and geological aspects, such as: marine
(coastal wetlands including rock shores and coral reefs, estuarine (including deltas, tidal marshes, and
mangrove swamps), lacustarine (lakes), riverine (along rivers and streams), palustarine ('marshy'- marshes,
swamps and bogs). Given these characteristics, wetlands support a large variety of plant and animal species
adapted to fluctuating water levels, making the wetlands of critical ecological significance. Utility wise,
wetlands directly and indirectly support millions of people in providing services such as food, fiber and raw
materials, storm and flood control, clean water supply, scenic beauty and educational and recreational
benefits. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment estimates conservatively that wetlands cover seven percent
of the earth’s surface and deliver 45% of the world’s natural productivity and ecosystem services of which the
benefits are estimated at $20 trillion a year (Source: www.MAweb.org). The Millennium Assessment (MA)
uses the following typology to categorise ecosystem services:
Provisioning services: The resources or products provided by ecosystems, such as food, raw materials
(wood), genetic resources, medicinal resources, ornamental resources (skin, shells, flowers).
Regulating services: Ecosystems maintain the essential ecological processes and life support systems, like
gas and climate regulation, water supply and regulation, waste treatment, pollination, etc.
Cultural and Amenity services: Ecosystems are a source of inspiration to human culture and education
throughout recreation, cultural, artistic, spiritual and historic information, Science and education.
Supporting services: Ecosystems provide habitat for flora and fauna in order to maintain biological and
genetic diversity.
Despite these benefits, wetlands are the first target of human interference and are among the most
threatened of all natural resources. Around 50% of the earth’s wetland area is estimated to already have
disappeared over the last hundred years through conversion to industrial, agricultural and residential
developments. Even in current scenario, when the ecosystem services provided by wetlands are better
understood - degradation and conversion of wetlands continues. This is largely due to the fact that the
‘full value’ of ecosystem functions is often ignored in policy-making, plans and corporate evaluations of
development projects.
1.2 Mapping and Geospatial Technique
To conserve and manage wetland resources, it is important to have inventory of wetlands and their
catchments. The ability to store and analyse the data is essential. Digital maps are very powerful tools to
achieve this. Maps relate the feature to any given geographical location has a strong visual impact. Maps are
thus essential for monitoring and quantifying change over time scale, assist in decision making.
The technique used in the preparation of map started with ground survey. The Survey of India (SOI)
topographical maps are the earliest true maps of India showing various land use/cover classes including
wetlands. Recent years have seen advances in mapping technique to prepare maps with much more
information. Of particular importance is the remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS)
1
technique. Remote sensing is now recognised as an essential tool for viewing, analyzing, characterizing, and
making decisions about land, water and atmospheric components.
From a general perspective, remote sensing is the science of acquiring and analyzing information about
objects or phenomena from a distance (Jensen, 1986; Lillesand and Keifer, 1987). Today, satellite remote
sensing can be defined as the use of satellite borne sensors to observe, measure, and record the
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) reflected or emitted by the earth and its environment for subsequent analysis
and extraction of information. EMR sensors includes visible light, near-, mid- and far-infrared (thermal),
microwave, and long-wave radio energy. The capability of multiple sources of information is unique to
remote sensing. Of specific advantage is the spectral, temporal, and spatial resolution. Spectral resolution
refers to the width or range of each spectral band being recorded. Since each target affects different
wavelengths of incident energy differently, they are absorbed, reflected or transmitted in different proportions.
Currently, there are many land resource remote sensing satellites that have sensors operating in the green,
red, near infrared and short wave Infra red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum giving a definite spectral
signature of various targets due to difference in radiation absorption and reflectance of targets. These
sensors are of common use for land cover studies, including wetlands. Figure 1 shows typical spectral
signature of few targets from green to SWIR region. Converted to image, in a typical false colour composite
(FCC) created using NIR, red and green bands assigned as red, green and blue colour, the features become
very distinct as shown in Figure 2. In FCC, the vegetation thus appears invariably red (due to high reflection
in NIR from green leaves).
Since the early 1960s, several satellites with suitable sensors have been launched into orbit to observe and
monitor the earth and its environment. Most early satellite sensors acquired data for meteorological purposes.
The advent of earth resources satellite sensors (those with a primary objective of mapping and monitoring
land cover) occurred, when the first Landsat satellite was launched in July 1972. Currently, more than a
dozen orbiting satellites of various types provide data crucial to improving our knowledge of the earth’s
atmosphere, oceans, ice and snow, and land. Of particular interest to India is the indigenous series of
satellites called Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS-Series). Since the launch of the first satellite IRS 1A in
1987, India has now a number of satellites providing data in multi-spectral bands with different spatial
resolution. IRS P6/RESOURCESAT 1 is the current generation satellite that provides multi-spectral images in
spatial resolution of 5.8 m (LISS IV), 23.5 m (LISS III) and 56m (AWiFS). Over the past few decades, Indian
remote sensing data has been successfully used in various fields of natural resources (Navalgund et al,
2002).
Development of technologies like Geographic Information System (GIS) has enhanced the use of RS data to
obtain accurate geospatial database. GIS specialises in handling related, spatially referenced data, combining
mapped information with other data and acts as analytical tool for research and decision making. During the
past few decades, technological advances in the field of satellite remote sensing (RS) sensors, computerized
mapping techniques, global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) has
enhanced the ability to capture more detailed and timely information about the natural resources at various
scales catering to local, regional, national and global level study.
Figure 1: Spectral Signature of various targets
2
RED GREEN
NIR RED GREEN

NIR SWIR
IRS LISS III FCC
Figure 2: Various land features as they appear in four spectral bands and in a typical three band FCC.
3
India with its large geographical spread supports large and diverse wetland classes, some of which are
unique. Wetlands, variously estimated to be occupying 1-5 per cent of geographical area of the country,
support about a fifth of the known biodiversity. Like any other place in the world, there is a looming threat to
the aquatic biodiversity of the Indian wetlands as they are often under a regime of unsustainable human
pressures. Sustainable management of these assets therefore is highly relevant. Realising this, Govt. of India
has initiated many appropriate steps in terms of policies, programmes and plans for the preservation and
conservation of these ecosystems. India is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention for management of
wetland, for conserving their biodiversity and wise use extending its scope to a wide variety of habitats,
including rivers and lakes, coastal lagoons, mangroves, peat-lands, coral reefs, and numerous human-made
wetland, such as fish and shrimp ponds, farm ponds, irrigated agricultural land, salt pans reservoirs, gravel
pits, sewage farms, and canals. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has identified a number of wetlands
for conservation and management under the National Wetland Conservation Programme and some financial
assistance is being provided to State Governments for various conservation activities through approval of the
Management Action Plans. The need to have an updated map database of wetlands that will support such
actions has long been realized.
Mapping requires a standard classification system. Though there are many classification systems for
wetlands in the world, the Ramsar classification system is the most preferred one. The 1971 Ramsar
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat is the oldest
conservation convention. It owes its name to its place of adoption in Iran. It came into being due to serious
decline in populations of waterfowl (mainly ducks) and conservation of habitats of migratory waterfowl.
Convention provides framework for the conservation and ‘wise use’ of wetland biomes. Ramsar convention is
the first modern global intergovernmental treaty on conservation and wise use of natural resources
(www.ramsar.org). Ramsar convention entered into force in 1975. Under the text of the Convention (Article
1.1) wetlands are defined as:
“areas of marsh, fen, peat-land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that
is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does
not exceed six meters”.
In addition, the Convention (Article 2.1) provides that wetlands:
“may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water
deeper than six meters at low tide lying within the wetlands”.
The first scientific mapping of wetlands of India was carried out during1992-93 by Space Applications Centre
(ISRO), Ahmedabad, at the behest of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India using
remote sensing data from Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS-Series). The mapping was done at
1:250,000 scale using IRS 1A LISS-I/II data of 1992-93 timeframe under the Nation-wide Wetland Mapping
Project. Since, no suitable wetland classification existed for comprehensive inventory of wetlands in the
country at that time; the project used a classification system based on Ramsar Convention definition of
wetlands. The classification considers all parts of a water mass including its ecotonal area as wetland. In
addition, fish and shrimp ponds, saltpans, reservoirs, gravel pits were also included as wetlands. This
inventory put the wetland extent (inland as well as coastal) at about 8.26 million ha (Garg et al, 1998). These
estimates (24 categories) do not include rice/paddy fields, rivers, canals and irrigation channels.
Further updating of wetland maps of India was carried out by SAC using IRS P6/Resourcesat AWiFS data of
2004-05 at 1:250000 scale. In recent years, a conservation atlas has been brought out by Salim Ali Centre for
Ornithology and Natural History (SACON, 2004), which provide basic information required by stakeholders in
both wetland habitat and species conservation. Space Applications Centre has carried out many pilot projects
for development of GIS based wetland information system (Patel et al, 2003) and Lake Information system
(Singh et al, 2003).
4
2.0 NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT (NWIA) PROJECT
Realising the importance of many small wetlands that dot the Indian landscape, it has been unanimously felt
that inventory of the wetlands at 1:50,000 scale is essential. The task seemed challenging in view of the vast
geographic area of our country enriched with diverse wetland classes. Space Applications Centre with its
experience in use of RS and GIS in the field of wetland studies, took up this challenging task. This is further
strengthened by the fact that guidelines to create geospatial framework, codification scheme, data base
structure etc. for natural resources survey has already been well established by the initiative of ISRO under
various national level mapping projects. With this strength, the National Wetland Inventory and Assessment
(NWIA) project was formulated by SAC, which was approved and funded by MoEF.
The main objectives of the project are:
• To map the wetlands on 1:50000 scale using two date (pre and post monsoon) IRS LISS III digital data
following a standard wetland classification system.
• Integration of ancillary theme layers ( road, rail, settlements, drainage, administrative boundaries)
• Creation of a seamless database of the states and country in GIS environment.
• Preparation of State-wise wetland atlases.
The project was initiated during 2007. The first task was to have a classification system that can be used by
different types of users while amenable to database. An expert/peer group was formed and the peer review
was held at SAC on June 2007 where wetland experts and database experts participated and finalized the
classification system. It was agreed to follow the classification system that has been used for the earlier
project of 1:250,000 scale, with slight modification. Modified National Wetland Classification system for
wetland delineation and mapping comprise 19 wetland classes which are organized under a Level III
hierarchical system. The definition of each wetland class and its interpretation method was finalized.
The technical/procedure manual was prepared as the standard guideline for the project execution across the
country (Garg and Patel, 2007). The present atlas is part of the national level data base and deals with the
state of Maharashtra.
2.1 Wetland Classification System
In the present project, Modified National Wetland Classification system is used for wetland delineation and
mapping comprising 19 wetland classes which are organized under a Level III hierarchical system (Table 1).
Level one has two classes: inland and coastal, these are further bifurcated into two categories as: natural and
man-made under which the 19 wetland classes are suitably placed. Two-date data pertaining to pre-monsoon
and post-monsoon was used to confirm the classes. Wetlands put to agriculture use in any of the two dates
are not included as wetland class. Definitions of wetland categories used in the project is given in Annexure-I.
2.2 Spatial Framework and GIS Database
The National Spatial Framework (NSF) has been used as the spatial framework to create the database
(Anon. 2005a). The database design and creation standard suggested by NRDB/NNRMS guidelines is
followed. Feature codification scheme for every input element has been worked out keeping in view the
nationwide administrative as well as natural hierarchy (State-district- within the feature class for each of the
theme. All data elements are given a unique name, which are self explanatory with short forms.
Following wetland layers are generated for each inland wetland:
 Wetland extent: As wetlands encompass open water, aquatic vegetation (submerged, floating and
emergent), the wetland boundary should ideally include all these. Satellite image gives a clear signature
of the wetland extent from the imprint of water spread over the years.
 Water spread: There are two layers representing post-monsoon and pre-monsoon water spread during
the year of data acquisition.
 Aquatic vegetation spread: The presence of vegetation in wetlands provides information about its
trophic condition. As is known, aquatic vegetation is of four types, viz. benthic, submerged, floating
5
and emergent. It is possible to delineate last two types of vegetation using optical remote sensing data.
A qualitative layer pertaining to presence of vegetation is generated for each season (as manifested on
pre-monsoon and post-monsoon imagery).
 Turbidity of open water: A layer pertaining to a qualitative turbidity rating is generated.

Three qualitative turbidity ratings ( low, medium and high) is followed for pre- and post-monsoon
turbidity of lakes, reservoirs, barrages and other large wetlands.
 Small wetlands (smaller than minimum mappable unit: < 2.25 ha) are mapped as point features.
 Base layers like major road network, railway, settlements, and surface drainage are created (either from
the current image or taken from other project data base).
Table 1: Wetland Classification System and coding
Wettcode* Level I Level II Level III

1000 Inland Wetlands
1100 Natural
1101 Lakes
1102 Ox-Bow Lakes/ Cut-Off Meanders
1103 High altitude Wetlands
1104 Riverine Wetlands
1105 Waterlogged
1106 River/stream
1200 Man-made
1201 Reservoirs/ Barrages
1202 Tanks/Ponds
1203 Waterlogged
1204 Salt pans
2000 Coastal Wetlands
2100 Natural
2101 Lagoons
2102 Creeks
2103 Sand/Beach
2104 Intertidal mud flats
2105 Salt Marsh
2106 Mangroves
2107 Coral Reefs
2200 Man-made
2201 Salt pans
2202 Aquaculture ponds
* Wetland type code
6
3.0 STUDY AREA
The Maharashtra State occupies a prominent place in the Indian union. It is the second largest state in the
country occupying nearly 10 % of the total geographical area. The State has a total geographical area of
3,07,748 km2 extending over 800 km from East to West and 700 km from North to South, with a long coastline
of 720 km all along the west. The State can be divided into two major physiographic divisions viz., the Deccan
Plateau and the coastal region known as Konkan. The state is located between 16º N and 22º N latitudes and
72º E and 80º E longitudes and falls in the western part of India, along the Arabian Sea. The state of Gujarat
and the Union Territories of Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli are to the North-West; Madhya Pradesh is to
the North; Chhattisgarh to the East; Andhra Pradesh to the South-East and Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Goa lie to the South of Maharashtra. A 720 km long coastline stretches from Daman in the North to Goa in
the South, which falls in the resource development zone called the Western Plateau and Hill Regions of India.
Physical divisions of the State comprise of three parts based on its physical features, viz, Maharashtra
Plateau, the Sahyadri Range and the Konkan Coastal Strip as explained below.
Maharashtra Plateau: The major physical characteristics of the state include many small plateaux and river
valleys. In the north the plateau is flanked by Satpuda ranges, which run in the East-West direction in
Maharashtra. The river Narmada flows along the north boundary of Maharashtra, and other major rivers like
Krishna, Godavari, Bhima, Penganga-Wardha, and Tapi-Purna have carved the plateau in alternating broad
river valleys and intervening highlands.
The Sahyadri Range: The Western Ghats of Maharashtra known as the ‘Sahyadri’ mountain ranges have an
average elevation of 1000-1200 m above the MSL. The Sahyadri hills run parallel to the seacoast, with many
offshoots branching eastwards from the main ranges (Satmala, Ajanta, Harishchandra, Balaghat and
Mahadeo). The special features are the hills of Trimbakeshwar, Matheran and the Mahableshwar plateau. Its
highest peak is Kalsubai at an altitude of 1650 m. Most of the rivers in Maharashtra originate in the Sahyadri
and then divide to join the eastward and westward flowing rivers. These ranges are also characterised by a
number of ghats, the important ones being Thal, Bor, Kumbharli, Amba, Phonda and Amboli.
The Konkan Coastal Strip: The narrow strip of coastal land between the Sahyadri and the Arabian Sea is
called the Konkan coastal strip. It is barely 50 km in width; it is wider in the north and narrows down in the
south. River creeks and branches of the Sahyadri, which reach right up to the coast, dissect this coastline.
The important creeks in Konkan are Terekhol, Vijaydurg, Rajapuri, Raigad, Dabhol, Daramthar, Thane and
Vasai. The rivers of Konkan rise from the cliffs of Sahyadri and have a short swift flow into the Arabian Sea.
Some important rivers are Ulhas, Savitri, Vashishthi and Shastri.
Administrative Divisions:
Maharashtra has been divided into six divisions for administrative purposes viz. Amravati, Aurangabad,
Konkan, Nagpur, Nashik, Pune Further, on socio-cultural basis, the State is divided into five regions, namely,
Greater Mumbai, Marathwada (Aurangabad division), Konkan, Vidarbha (Amravati and Nagpur divisions) and
Western Maharashtra (Pune and Nashik divisions) (Census, 2001; GoM 2004).
Maharashtra is covered by five hundred and three (503) 1:50,000 scale SOI topographical maps that form the
spatial frame work for mapping (Figure 4).
A detail of district information followed in the atlas is given in Annexure-II.
7
Figure 3: Location map
Figure 4: Spatial Framework of Maharashtra
8
4.0 DATA USED
4.1 Remote sensing data
IRS P6 LISS III data was used to map the wetlands. IRS P6 LISS III provide data in 4 spectral bands; green,
red, Near Infra Red (NIR) and Short wave Infra Red (SWIR), with 23.5 m spatial resolution and 24 day repeat
cycle. The spatial resolution is suitable for 1:50,000 scale mapping. The state of Maharashtra is covered in 33
IRS LISS III scene (Figure 5). Two date data, one acquired during March and another during January were
used to capture the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon hydrological variability of the wetlands respectively
(Table-2). Figure 6 shows the overview of the part of Maharashtra as seen in the LISS III FCC of post-
monsoon pre-monsoon data respectively.
Figure 5: IRS P6 LISS-III coverage (path-row) of Maharashtra
4.2 Ground truth data
Remote sensing techniques require certain amount of field observation called “ground truth” in order to
convert into meaningful information. Such work involves visiting a number of test sites, usually taking the
satellite images. The location of the features is recorded using the GPS. The standard proforma as per the
NWIA manual was used to record the field data. Field photographs are also taken to record the water quality
(subjective), status of aquatic vegetation and water spread. All field verification work has been done during
October and November 2008.
4.3 Other data
Survey of India topographical maps (SOI) were used for reference purpose. Lineage data of National Wetland
Maps at 1:250,000 scale was used for reference.
9
Table-2: Satellite data used
Sr. Date of acquisition

Sensor Path-Row
No. Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon
1 LISS-III 94-57 24 October 2006 9 May 2006
2 Feb 2006
3 LISS-III 94-59 24 October 2006 15 April 2006
10 April 2007
16 December 2006
7 LISS-III 95-59 15 April 2007
10 October 2005
16 December 2006
8 LISS-III 95-60 15 April 2007
03 November 2005
9 LISS-III 95-61 03 November 2005 20 April 2007
19 January 2006 01 April 2006
10 LISS-III 96-57
27 November 2006 14 May 2007
11 LISS-III 96-58 27 November 2006 27 March 2007
21 December 2006
12 LISS-III 96-59 14 March 2007
08 November 2005
13 LISS-III 96-60 08 November 2005 14 May 2007
96-61 14 May 2007
14 LISS-III 08 November 2005
25 April 2006
16 LISS-III 97-57 02 September 2005 25 April 2007
17 LISS-III 97-58 02 December 2006 25 April 2007
06 April 2006
19 LISS-III 97-60 20 October 2005
25April 2007
02 December 2007 06 April 2006
20 LISS-III 97-61
20 October 2005 25 April 2007
20 October 2006
22 LISS-III 98-58 11 April 2006
07 December 2006
LISS-III
23 98-59 07 December 2006 11 May 2006
11 April 2006
25 LISS-III 99-57 06 October 2006
15 May 2005
30 LISS-III 100-59 10 January 2007 10 Jun 2007
15 May 2007
32 LISS-III 101-58 14 November 2005
02 April 2006
33 LISS-III 101-59 14 November 2005 15 May 2007
10
October, 2006
May, 2007
Figure 6: IRS LISS-III FCC (October 2006 and May 2007)
11
5.0 METHODOLOGY
The methodology to create the state level atlas of wetlands is adhered to NWIA technical guidelines and
procedure manual (Garg and Patel, 2007). The overview of the steps used is shown in Figure 7. Salient
features of methodology adopted are
• Generation of spatial framework in GIS environment for database creation and organisation.
• Geo-referencing of satellite data
• Identification of wetland classes as per the classification system given in NWIA Manual and mapping of
the classes using a knowledge based digital classification and onscreen interpretation
• Generation of base layers (rail, road network, settlements, drainage, administrative boundaries) from
satellite image and ancillary data.
• Mosaicing/edge matching to create district and state level database.
• Coding of the wetlands following the standard classification system and codification as per NWIA
manual.
• Preparation of map compositions and generation of statistics
• Outputs on A3 size prints and charts for atlas.
Work was carried out using ERDAS Imagine, Arc/Info and Arcgis softwares.
5.1 Creation of Spatial Framework
This is the most important task as the state forms a part of the national frame work and covered in multiple
map sheets. To create NWIA database, NNRMS/NRDB standards is followed and four corners of the
1:50,000 (15’ x 15’) grid is taken as the tics or registration points to create each map taking master grid as the
reference. Spatial framework details are given in NWIA manual (Patel and Garg, 2007). The spatial
framework for Maharashtra state is shown in Figure 4.
5.2 Geo-referencing of Satellite Data
In this step the raw satellite images were converted to specific map projection using geometric correction.
This is done using archive geometrically corrected LISS III data (ISRO-NRC-land use / land cover project).
Standard image processing software was used for geo-referencing. First one date data was registered with
the archive image. The second date data was then registered with the first date data.
5.3 Mapping of Wetlands
The delineation of wetlands through image analysis forms the foundation for deriving all wetland classes and
results. Consequently, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the quality of the image Interpretation. In
the present study, the mapping of wetlands was done following digital classification and onscreen visual
interpretation. Wetlands were identified based on vegetation, visible hydrology and geography. There are
various methods for extraction of water information from remote sensing imagery, which according to the
number of bands used, are generally divided into two categories, i.e. Single-band and multi-band methods.
Single-band method usually involves choosing a band from multi-spectral image to distinguish water from
land by subjective threshold values. It may lead to over- or under-estimation of open water area. Multi-band
method takes advantage of reflective differences of each band.
In this project, five indices known in literature that enhances various wetland characteristics were used
(McFeetres, 1986; Xu Hanqiu, 2006; Lacaux et al, 2007; Townshend and Justice, 1986; Tucker and Sellers,
1986) as given below:
i) Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) = (Green-NIR) / (Green + NIR)

ii) Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI) = (Green-MIR) / (Green + MIR)
iii) Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) = (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red)
iv) Normalised Difference Pond Index (NDPI) = (MIR – Green / MIR + Green)
v) Normalised Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) = (Red – Green) / (Red + Green)
12
IRS P6 LISS III
pre and post-monsoon data
Spatial frame work Legacy data
Geo-referenced images
Admin. Boundaries SOI topographic maps
(State, District)
On-screen interpretation/
Digital analysis
Ground truth
Morphometric Physical Biological Base layers

(Wetland extent) (Wetland type) (Wetland vegetation) (Road, Settlement, drainage)
Quality Check
GIS DATABASE
(Wetland layers, Base layers)
Accuracy Assessment/
Quality Check
NWIA Database Organisation
(District, State, Country)
Analysis
Atlases/Report
Figure 7: Flow chart of the methodology used
Figure 8: Steps in the extraction of wetland components
13
The indices were generated using standard image processing software, stacked as layers. (Figure 8). Various
combinations of the indices/spectral bands were used to identify the wetland features as shown in Figure 9.
The following indices were used for various layer extractions:
• Extraction of wetland extent :

MNDWI, NDPI and NDVI image was used to extract the wetland boundary through suitable hierarchical
thresholds.
• Extraction of open water :

MNDWI was used within the wetland mask to delineate the water and no-water areas.
• Extraction of wetland vegetation :

NDPI and NDVI image was used to generate the vegetation and no-vegetation areas within a wetland
using a suitable threshold.
• Turbidity information extraction :

NDTI and MNDWI image was used to generate qualitative turbidity level (high, moderate and low)
based on signature statistics and standard deviations. In the False Colour Composite (FCC) these
generally appear in different hues as given in Table-3.
Table 3: Qualitative turbidity ratings
Sr. No. Qualitative Turbidity Conditional criteria Hue on False Colour Composite (FCC)
1. Low > +1σ Dark blue/blackish
2. Moderate > -1σ to <= +1σ Medium blue
3. High/Bottom reflectance <= µ - 1σ Light blue/whitish blue
5.4 Conversion of the raster (indices) into a vector layer
The information on wetland extent, open water extent, vegetation extent and turbidity information was
converted into vector layers using region growing properties or on-screen digitization.
5.5 Generation of Reference Layers
Base layers like major road network, settlements, drainage are interpreted from the current image or taken
from other project data base. The administrative boundaries (district, state) are taken from the known
reference data.
5.6 Coding and Attribute Scheme
Feature codification scheme for every input element has been worked out keeping in view the nationwide
administrative as well as natural hierarchy (State-district-taluka) within the feature class for each of the theme.
All data elements are given a unique name/code, which are self explanatory with short forms.
5.7 Map composition and output
Map composition for atlas has been done at district and state level. A standard color scheme has been used
for the wetland classes and other layers. The digital files are made at 1:50,000 scale. The hard copy outputs
are taken in A3 size.
14
Open water
MNDWI NDPI NDVI
Useful for wetland boundary extraction/delineation
Vegetation
G R NIR
Open water
NDWI NDPI NDVI
Useful for wetland vegetation & open water features
G R SWIR
Low
Majalgaon Dharan,
IRS LISS III data, April 25, 2007
MNDWI MNDWI NDTI
Useful for qualitative turbidity delineation
Figure 9: Various combinations of the indices/spectral bands used to identify wetland components
15
6.0 ACCURACY ASSESSMENT
A comprehensive accuracy assessment protocol has been followed for determining the quality of information
derived from remotely sensed data. Accuracy assessment involves determination of thematic (classification)
as well as location accuracy. In addition, GIS database(s) contents have been also evaluated for accuracy.
To ensure the reliability of wetland status data, the project adhered to established quality assurance and
quality control measures for data collection, analysis, verification and reporting.
This study used well established, time-tested, fully documented data collection conventions. It employed
skilled and trained personnel for image interpretation, processing and digital database creation. All interpreted
imagery was reviewed by technical expert team for accuracy and code. The reviewing analyst adhered to all
standards, quality requirements and technical specifications and reviewed 100 percent of the work. The
various stages of quality check include:
1. Image-Image Geo-referencing/Data generation
2. Reference layer preparation using NWIA post monsoon and pre-monsoon LISS-III data.
3. Wetland mapping using visual/digital interpretation techniques.
4. Geo-data base creation and organization
5. Output products.
6.1 Data verification and quality assurance of output digital data files
All digital data files were subjected to rigorous quality control inspections. Digital data verification included
quality control checks that addressed the geospatial correctness, digital integrity and some cartographic
aspects of the data. Implementation of quality checks ensured that the data conformed to the specified
criteria, thus achieving the project objectives. There were tremendous advantages in using newer
technologies to store and analyze the geographic data. The geospatial analysis capability built into this study
provided a complete digital database to better assist analysis of wetland change information. All digital data
files were subjected to rigorous quality control inspections. Automated checking modules incorporated in the
geographic information system (Arc/GIS) were used to correct digital artifacts including polygon topology.
Additional customized data inspections were made to ensure that the changes indicated at the image
interpretation stage were properly executed.
16
MAPS AND STATISTICS
17
18
7.0 WETLANDS OF MAHARASHTRA: MAPS AND STATISTICS
Area estimates of various wetland categories for Maharashtra have been carried out using GIS layers of
wetland boundary, water-spread, aquatic vegetation and turbidity. Total 23046 wetlands have been mapped at
1:50,000 scale in the State. In addition, 21668 wetlands (< 2.25 ha) have also been identified. Total wetland
area estimated is 1014522 ha that is around 3.3 per cent of the geographic area. The major wetland types are
Reservoir/barrages accounting for 36.29 per cent of the wetlands (368135 ha), Tank/Ponds accounting for
20.57 percent of wetland area (208669 ha), river/stream accounting for 29.54 percent of wetland area (299730
ha), creeks with 4.10 percent and mangroves with 2.98 percent of wetland area (41636 ha and 30238 ha
respectively). Graphical distribution of wetland type is shown in Figure 10.
Analysis of wetland status in terms of opens water showed that post-monsoon water spread is significantly
more (796834 ha) than during pre-monsoon (370357 ha). On the other hand, the area under aquatic
vegetation is more during pre monsoon (84702 ha) than during post monsoon (47551 ha). The qualitative
rating of turbidity of open water in the wetlands is low to moderate in both the seasons.
Table 4: Area estimates of wetlands in Maharashtra

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
Wettcode Wetland Category of Wetland wetland
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1100 Inland Wetlands – Natural
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 39 9003 0.89 8760 5961
2 1102 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off meanders 2 15 0.00 15 12
3 1104 Riverine wetlands 1 2 0.00 2 -
4 1105 Waterlogged 35 284 0.03 219 76
5 1106 River/Stream 3501 299730 29.54 217593 47856
1200 Inland Wetlands -Man-made
6 1201 Reservoirs/Barrages 759 368135 36.29 343894 212394
7 1202 Tanks/Ponds 15845 208669 20.57 183229 71553
8 1203 Waterlogged 37 310 0.03 134 83
Total - Inland 20219 886148 87.35 753846 337935
2100 Coastal Wetlands - Natural
9 2102 Creeks 162 41636 4.10 35914 25376
10 2103 Sand/Beach 400 4873 0.48 - -
11 2104 Intertidal mud flats 752 22249 2.19 - -
12 2105 Salt Marshes 32 614 0.06 - -
13 2106 Mangroves 1270 30238 2.98 - -
2200 Coastal Wetlands - Man-made
14 2201 Salt pans 205 7025 0.69 7003 7000
15 2202 Aquaculture ponds 6 71 0.01 71 46
Total - Coastal 2827 106706 10.52 42988 32422
Sub-Total 23046 992854 97.86 796834 370357
Wetlands (<2.25 ha), mainly Tanks 21668 21668 2.14 - -
Total 44714 1014522 100.00 796834 370357
Area under Aquatic Vegetation 47551 84702
Area under turbidity levels

Low 633128 202581
Moderate 139816 159856
High 23890 7920
19
Figure 10: Type-wise wetland distribution in Maharashtra
7.1 DISTRICT-WISE WETLAND MAPS AND STATISTICS
The State has thirty five districts. The geographic area varied from 17048 sq. km (Ahmednagar) to 69 sq. km
(Mumbai Urban). The wetland area in each district as per cent of total state wetland area ranged from as
0.08% (Mumbai Urban) to 6.72 % (Pune). The wetland area in the districts as per cent of geographic area
varied from 24.87% (Mumbai Suburban) to 1.76 % (Buldhana). Pune, Nasik, Thane, Ahmednagar are wetland
rich districts contributing more than 5.0 per cent of total wetland area of the state, followed by Chandrapur,
Nagpur, Aurangabad and Raigadh districts with 4-5 per cent contribution. The district wise wetland area is
given in the table -5 and Fig. 11.
District-wise distribution of wetlands in relation to rainfall zoning showed that in the high rainfall Konkan
subdivision (with 7000 mm rainfall), Thane is the leading wetland district (with 5.91% area). In the assured
rainfall zone of Nagpur Division and Amravati Divisions (with 1000 mm rainfall) Nagpur and Yavatmal are the
wetland rich districts contributing 4.12 % and 3.37 % respectively to the state wetland area. In the scanty and
rain shadow regions, Pune district is wetland rich with 6.72 per cent contribution to state wetland area. The
wetland types in scanty rainfall districts are mainly man made one, with more number of Reservoirs/ barrages
and Tank/pond. Gondiya district has highest concentration of small wetlands (<2.25 ha).
Wetland statistics followed by wetland map and corresponding satellite data for each district is given to have a
fairly good idea about the distribution pattern and density of wetlands in the district.
20
Table-5: District-wise wetland area
Geographic Wetland
Area Area % of total % of district
District
wetland area geographic area
(sq. km) (ha)
Nandurbar 5055 16457 1.62 3.26
Dhule 8095 20211 1.99 2.50
Jalgaon 11765 37558 3.70 3.19
Buldhana 9661 17015 1.68 1.76
Akola 5429 11633 1.15 2.14
Washim 5155 12506 1.23 2.43
Amravati 12235 22857 2.25 1.87
Wardha 6309 15505 1.53 2.46
Nagpur 9892 41797 4.12 4.23
Bhandara 3890 20469 2.02 5.26
Gondiya 5431 32257 3.18 5.94
Gadchiroli 14412 37645 3.71 2.61
Chandrapur 11443 46948 4.63 4.10
Yavatmal 13582 34192 3.37 2.52
Nanded 10528 30508 3.01 2.90
Hingoli 4526 17701 1.74 3.91
Parbhani 6511 15601 1.54 2.40
Jalna 7718 17041 1.68 2.21
Aurangabad 10107 41724 4.11 4.13
Nasik 15539 52027 5.13 3.35
Thane 9558 59936 5.91 6.27
Mumbai suburban 534 13282 1.31 24.87
Mumbai urban 69 763 0.08 11.06
Raigad 7152 46844 4.62 6.55
Pune 15643 68137 6.72 4.36
Ahmadnagar 17048 59269 5.84 3.48
Beed 10693 31718 3.13 2.97
Latur 7157 20296 2.00 2.84
Osmanabad 7569 27027 2.66 3.57
Solapur 14895 35918 3.54 2.41
Satara 10475 39984 3.94 3.82
Ratnagiri 8208 20979 2.07 2.56
Sindhudurg 5207 13979 1.38 2.68
Kolhapur 7685 18663 1.84 2.43
Sangli 8572 16075 1.58 1.88
Total 307748 1014522 100.00 3.30
21
Figure 11: District-wise graphical distribution of wetlands
22
23
24
25
7.1.1 Nandurbar
Nandurbar district is located in the north western part of the state and lies between 20°59'58.49" and
22°1'44.66" North latitude and 73°34'32.622" & 74°46'40.976" East longitudes covering an area of about 5055
km2. The district is bounded on the south-east by Dhule, on the north by Alirajpur and Barwani districts of
Madhya Pradesh and on the west by Vadodara, Narmada and Surat districts of Gujarat. The district is divided
into 6 administrative sub-units (tahsils). They are Nandurbar, Navapur, Shahada, Taloda, Akkalkua and
Akrani. There are 5 towns and 947 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population
of Nandurbar district 1311709.
Total 735 wetlands are mapped including 310 small wetlands (< 2.25 ha) with 16457 ha area. Rivers/ streams
contributed 45.14% to the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages with 6543 ha (39.76% area) is the
second major wetland category, followed by tanks/ponds with 2136 ha area i.e. 12.98 %. Thus, the district is
dominated by man made wetlands. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 6. Wetlands are more
concentrated in the southern part of the district.
Open water spread of the wetlands is significantly higher in post monsoon (13382 ha) than during pre
monsoon (5401 ha), indicating the rainfall dependence of the wetlands in the state. Aquatic vegetation is
slightly more during pre monsoon (454 ha) than in post monsoon (310 ha). Turbidity of open water is low to
moderate during post monsoon, while it is mainly moderate during pre monsoon.
Table 6: Area estimates of wetlands in Nandurbar

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1100 Inland Wetlands - Natural
1 1105 Waterlogged 2 29 0.18 27 2
2 1106 River/Stream 158 7428 45.14 6052 3875
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 232 2136 12.98 1746 540
5 1203 Waterlogged 2 11 0.07 7 7
Sub-Total 425 16147 98.12 13382 5401
Total 735 16457 100.00 13382 5401

Low 7696 1092
Moderate 5249 4274
High 437 35
26
27
28
29
7.1.2 Dhule
Dhule district is located in the north western part of the state and lies between 20°37'25" to 21°37'59" North
latitude and 73°51' to 75°11'54" East longitudes covering an area of about 8095 km2. The district is bounded
on the east by Jalgaon, on the south by Nasik, on the north by Nandurbar and Madhya Pradesh. The district is
divided into 4 administrative sub-units (tahsils). They are Dhule, Sakri, Shirpur and Shindkheda. There are 3
towns and 681 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Dhule is 1707947.
Total 1109 wetlands are mapped including 411 small wetlands (< 2.25 ha) with 20211 ha area. Rivers/
streams contributed 53.76 % to the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages with 5001 ha (24.74 % area) is
the second major wetland category, followed by tanks/ponds with 3928 ha i.e. 19.43 %. Wetlands are more
concentrated in the southern part of the district. Details of area estimates of wetlands in Dhule district is shown
in Table-7.
Aquatic vegetation is slightly more during pre monsoon (704 ha) than in post monsoon (350 ha). Open water
spread of the wetlands is significantly higher in post monsoon (13120 ha) than during pre monsoon (3570 ha),
indicating the rainfall dependence of the wetlands in the state. Turbidity of open water is low to moderate
during both the seasons.
Table 7: Area estimates of wetlands in Dhule

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1105 Waterlogged 1 6 0.03 3 5
2 1106 River/Stream 209 10865 53.76 5839 820
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 460 3928 19.43 2968 716
Sub-Total 698 19800 97.97 13120 3570
Total 1109 20211 100.00 13120 3570

Low 10415 1566
Moderate 2367 1886
High 338 118
30
31
32
33
7.1.3 Jalgaon
Jalgaon district is located in the northern part of the state and lies between 200 to 210 North latitude and
75055’ to 76028’ East longitudes covering an area of about 11,765 km2. It is bounded on the southeast by
Buldhana district, on the south by Aurangabad district, on the southwest by Nasik district, on the west and
northwest by Dhule district of Maharashtra State and on the north and northeast by the State of Madhya
Pradesh. The district is divided in fifteen administrative sub-units (tahsils). They are Jalgaon, Chopda, Yaval,
Raver, Edlabad, Bhusawal, Jamner, Pachora, Chalisgaon, Bhadgaon, Parola, Erandol, Bodwad, Dharangaon
and Amalner. There are 15 towns and 1519 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total
population of the district is 3682690.
contributed 51.96 % to the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages with 8961 ha (23.86 %) is the second
major wetland category, followed by tanks/ponds with 8682 ha i.e. 23.12 %. Details of wetland statistics is
given in Table- 8.
Aquatic vegetation is slightly more during post monsoon (2146 ha) than in pre monsoon (1978 ha). Open
water spread of the wetlands is significantly higher in post monsoon (21778 ha) than during pre monsoon
(9682 ha), indicating the rainfall dependence of the wetlands in the state. Turbidity of open water is mainly low
in post monsoon and low to moderate during pre monsoon.
Table 8: Area estimates of wetlands in Jalgaon

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1105 Waterlogged 18 114 0.30 60 18
2 1106 River/Stream 87 19517 51.96 6360 2789
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 427 8682 23.12 7862 2903
5 1203 Waterlogged 6 25 0.07 16 3
Sub-Total 569 37299 99.31 21778 9682
Total 828 37558 100.00 21778 9682

Low 16334 3136
Moderate 4180 5207
High 1264 1339
34
35
36
37
7.1.4 Buldhana
This district is located in the north-central parts of the State and lies between 190 51’ to 210 17’ North latitudes
and 75057’ to 76059’ East longitudes covering an area of about 9661 km2.The district is bounded on the north
by Madhya Pradesh, on the east by Amravati and Akola districts, on the south by Jalna district and on the
west by Jalna and Jalgaon districts. The district has been divided into 13 administrative sub-units (viz., tahsils)
namely, Buldhana, Chikhali, Deolgaonraja, Malkapur. Nandura, Motala, Jalgaon, Jamod, Sangrampur,
Khamgaon,. Shegaon,. Mehekar and Lonar. There are in all 1433 villages and 11 towns in the district.
According to the 2001 census, the total population of Buldhana district is 2232480.
Total 670 wetlands are mapped including 187 small wetlands (< 2.25 ha) with 17015 ha area. The district is
dominated by man made wetlands. The tanks/ponds are the major wetland type with 6661 ha area ( 39.15
%), followed by the reservoir/barrages with 6047 ha area (35.54 %). Rivers/ streams contribute 23.53 % of
the total wetland area. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 9.
Aquatic vegetation is significantly more during pre monsoon (1105 ha) than in post monsoon (123 ha). Open
(6506 ha), indicating the rainfall dependence of the wetlands in the state. Turbidity of open water is mainly low
in both the seasons.
A special mention must be made about the Lonar Lake situated in the district. This is the only crater in basaltic
rock formed by the meteoritic impact in India, ranking third largest in the world. This is a salt water lake. The
Lonar Crater has a circular outline with a diameter of 1,830 m and a depth of 150 m with steep vertical slopes.
The maximum elevation of the area is 669 m and the minimum is 670 m. The chemical characteristics of the
lake show two distinct regions - an outer neutral (pH7) and an inner alkaline (pH11) each with its own flora and
fauna. It shows high turbidity levels during pre and post monsoon seasons.
Table 9: Area estimates of wetlands in Buldhana

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 1 116 0.68 114 115
2 1106 River/Stream 76 4004 23.53 3988 240
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 382 6661 39.15 6361 2709
Sub-Total 483 16828 98.90 15714 6506
Total 670 17015 100.00 15714 6506

Low 15536 6234
Moderate 178 272
High - -
38
39
40
41
7.1.5 Akola
Akola district is located in central eastern part of the district and lies between 20016’ to 21016’ North latitudes
and 76041’ to 77037’ East longitudes covering an area of about 5429 km2. The district is bounded by Amravati
district on the north and east, Washim district on the south and Buldhana district on the west. The district has
been subdivided into 7 administrative sub-units (i.e. tahsils) viz., Akola, Telhara, Murtijapur, Balapur, Patur,
BarsiTakli and Akot. There are 986 villages and 8 towns in the district. According to the 2001 census; the total
population of Akola is 1630239.
contribute 53.74 % of the total wetland area. Reservoir/barrage is the second major wetland type with 26.0%
share, followed by the tanks/ponds with 2174 ha area (18.69 %). Details of wetland statistics is given in
Table- 10.
Aquatic vegetation is significantly more during pre monsoon (955 ha) than in post monsoon (75 ha). Open
(2662 ha), indicating the rainfall dependence of the wetlands in the state, particularly the dryness of rivers is
very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low in both the seasons
Table 10: Area estimates of wetlands in Akola

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 55 6251 53.74 6266 141
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 131 2174 18.69 1978 928
Sub-Total 194 11461 98.52 11118 2662
Total 366 11633 100.00 11118 2662

Low 10897 2463
Moderate 205 195
High 16 4
42
43
44
45
7.1.6 Washim
Washim district is located in central eastern part of the State and lies between 190 51’ to 200 45’ North latitudes
and 76036’ to 77041’ East longitudes covering an area of about 5155 km2. The district is bounded by Akola
district on the north and Amravati on the north-east, Yavatmal district on the east and south-east, Parbhani
district on the south and Buldhana district on the west. The district has been subdivided into 6 administrative
sub-units (i.e. tahsils) viz., Karanja, Mangrulpir, Manora, Washim, Malegaon, and Risod. There are 789
villages and 4 towns in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of in Washim district is
1630239.
dominated by man made wetland types. Tank/pond is the major wetland type. There are 347 Tank/pond with
49.10% share. The reservoir/barrages contribute 2428 ha i.e. 19.41% of the wetland area. Rivers/ streams
contribute 29.77 %. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 11.
Aquatic vegetation is more or less same during pre monsoon (255 ha) and post monsoon (254 ha). Open
very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low in both the seasons
Table 11: Area estimates of wetlands in Washim

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 60 3723 29.77 3749 16
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 347 6140 49.10 5786 3243
Sub-Total 416 12291 98.28 11844 4061
Total 631 12506 100.00 11844 4061

Low 11335 3901
Moderate 488 156
High 21 4
46
47
48
49
7.1.7 Amravati
Amravati district is located in the Northern parts of Maharashtra State and lies between 200 32’ to 210 46’ North
latitudes and 760 37’ to 780 27’ East longitudes covering an area of about 12,235 km2. It is bounded on the
north Betul district in Madhya Pradesh, on the east by Nagpur and Wardha districts, on the south by Yavatmal
and on the south-west and west by Akola and Buldhana districts of Maharashtra respectively. The district is
sub-divided into 14 administrative sub-units (i.e. tahsils) viz., Amravati, Bhatkuli, Nandgaon-Khandeshwar,
Achalpur, Chandur Bazar, Morshi, Warud, Chandur railway, Dhamangaon Railway, Tiwsa, Daryapur,
Anjangaon, Dharni and Chikhaldara. There are 2002 villages and 11 towns in the district as per 2001 census.
The total population of Amravati is 2607160.
dominated by man made wetland types. The reservoir/barrages with 7272 ha occupy 31.82 % area, followed
by the tanks/ponds with 4450 ha (19.47 %). Rivers/ streams contribute 48.02 %. Details of wetland statistics
is given in Table- 12.
Aquatic vegetation is significantly more during pre monsoon (1115 ha) than during post monsoon (180 ha).
monsoon (6739 ha), indicating the rainfall dependence of the wetlands in the state, particularly the dryness of
rivers is very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low in both the seasons
Table 12: Area estimates of wetlands in Amravati

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 141 10975 48.02 10950 63
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 291 4450 19.47 4433 1879
Sub-Total 441 22697 99.30 22651 6739
Total 601 22857 100.00 22651 6739

Low 21429 6129
Moderate 1204 608
High 18 2
50
51
52
53
7.1.8 Wardha
Wardha district lies between 200 18’ to 210 21’ North latitude and 780 30’ to 790 15’ East longitude covering an
area of about 6,309 km2. This district is bounded on the south and southwest by Yavatmal district, on the
southeast by Chandrapur district, on the north and northeast by Nagpur and on the west by Amravati district.
It is divided into eight administrative sub-units i.e., tahsils namely, Wardha, Deoli, Selu, Arvi, Ashti, Karanja,
Hinganghat and Samudrapur. There are 1382 villages and 7 towns in the district.According to the 2001
census; the total population of Wardha is 1236736.
dominated by man made wetland types. The reservoir/barrages with 6953 ha occupy 44.84 % area, followed
by the tanks/ponds with 3460 ha (22.32 %). Rivers/ streams contribute 31.80 %. Details of wetland statistics
is given in Table- 13.
monsoon (5097 ha). Dryness of rivers during pre monsoon is very prominent. Turbidity of open water is
mainly low in post monsoon, while ranged from low to moderate during pre monsoon.
Table 13: Area estimates of wetlands in Wardha

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 89 4931 31.80 4811 497
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 141 3460 22.32 3188 909
Sub-Total 235 15344 98.96 14831 5097
Total 396 15505 100.00 14831 5097

Low 12230 3746
Moderate 2529 1290
High 72 61
54
55
56
57
7.1.9 Nagpur
Nagpur district, the second capital of Maharashtra is located in the eastern part of the State of Maharashtra
and lies between 200 30’and 210 45’ North latitude and 780 15’ and 790 40’ East longitude covering an area of
about 9864 km2. It is bounded on the north by Chindwada district of Madhya Pradesh, on the east by
Bhandara, on the South by Chandrapur and on the west by Wardha and Amravati district of Maharashtra. The
district has been divided into 14 Administrative Sub-units (tahsils). They are Nagpur, Nagpur
(Rural),Kamptee, Hingna, Katol, Narkhed, Saoner, Kalmeshwar, Ramtek, Parseoni, Mauda, Umrer, Kuhi and
Bhiwapur. There are 1869 villages and 29 towns in the district. According to the 2001 census, the population
of Nagpur district is 4067637.
dominated by man made wetland types. The tank/pond is the major wetland type. There are 601 Tank/pond
mapped with 17920 ha area (42.87%). The reservoir/barrages with 11420 ha area occupy 27.32 %. Rivers/
streams contribute 24.68 %. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 14.
rivers is very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low to moderate in both the seasons
Table 14: Area estimates of wetlands in Nagpur

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 1 1805 4.32 1755 1005
2 1106 River/Stream 112 10317 24.68 5435 148
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 601 17920 42.87 16185 7139
Sub-Total 719 41462 99.20 34361 14984
Total 1054 41797 100.00 34361 14984

Low 20420 10828
Moderate 12121 3202
High 1820 954
58
59
60
61
7.1.10 Bhandara
The district of Bhandara in the North-Eastern extreme of the Nagpur division of Maharashtra State lies
between 20° 39' to 21° 38' north latitudes and 79° 27' to 80° 42' east longitudes covering an area of about
3890 km2 . The district is bounded by the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh in the north, the Gondiya
district in the east, Chandrapur district in the south and Nagpur district in the west. The river Wainganga and
its tributaries Bagh and Bavantari rivers, form the northern boundary of the district. The district has 7 tahsils.
Bhandara district is situated to the north east of Maharashtra and is considered as rice bowl of the state. It,
along with adjoining Gondiya district (which has been carved out of Bhandara), have innumerable water tanks
known as ‘malguzari ‘ tanks for paddy cultivation. Bhandara is also rich in mineral reserves and manganese,
chromite, iron ore, copper, corundum, pyriphylite etc., are found.
dominated by man made wetland types. The tank/pond is the major wetland type. There are 697 Tank/pond
mapped with 8889 ha area (43.43%). The reservoir/barrages with 1523 ha area occupy 7.44 %. Rivers/
streams contribute 46.80 %. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 15.
rivers is very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during post monsoon and moderate during pre
monsoon.
Table 15: Area estimates of wetlands in Bhandara

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 335 9580 46.80 4028 582
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 697 8889 43.43 7757 1637
Sub-Total 1041 19992 97.67 13223 2899
Total 1518 20469 100.00 13223 2899

Low 8921 705
Moderate 3533 1965
High 769 229
62
63
64
65
7.1.11 Gondiya
The district of Gondiya in the North-Eastern extreme of the Nagpur division of Maharashtra State lies between
20° 39' 22’’ to 21° 38' 35” north latitudes and 79° 47’ 32’’ to 80° 41' 12’’ east longitudes covering an area of
about 5431 km2. The district is bounded by the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh in the north, the
Rajnandgaon district of Chhatisgargh in the east, Chandrapur district in the south and Bhandara district in the
west. The river Wainganga and its tributaries Bagh, Pangoli and Bavantari rivers, form the northern boundary
of the district. The district has 8 tahsils. Along with adjoining Gondiya district (which has been carved out of
Bhandara), have innumerable water tanks known as ‘malguzari ‘tanks for paddy cultivation. Gondiya is also
rich in mineral reserves and manganese, Sillimenite, iron ore, quartz, sand, corundum, pyriphylite etc., is
found. According to the 2001 census, the population of Gondyia is 1200707.
dominated by man made wetland types. The reservoir/barrages with 13526 ha contribute 41.93 %, followed by
Tank/pond type. There are 1098 Tank/pond mapped with 10365 ha (32.13%). River/stream occupies 11. 67%
area. This is the district with highest concentration of small wetlands (area < 2.25 ha). Details of wetland
statistics is given in Table- 16.
Aquatic vegetation is slightly more during pre monsoon (520 ha) than during post monsoon (224 ha). Open
very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during post monsoon and moderate during pre monsoon.
Table 16: Area estimates of wetlands in Gondiya

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 164 3766 11.67 2577 47
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 1098 10365 32.13 5742 1414
Sub-Total 1284 27657 85.74 18540 7811
Total 5884 32257 100.00 18540 7811

Low 14050 1464
Moderate 3020 5977
High 1470 370
66
67
68
69
7.1.12 Gadchiroli
Gadchiroli is located in the Southeastern part of the State of Maharashtra and lies between 180 18’to 200 20’
North latitude and 790 45’ to 800 54’ East longitude covering an area of about 14412 km2. The district was
formed Chandrapur district. It is bounded on the north by Bhandara district on the east by Rajnandgaon and
Bastar districts of Chhatisgarh, on the South by Karimnagar and Adilabad districts of Andhra Pradesh and on
the West by Chandrapur district. Wainganga and Pranhita rivers form the entire western boundary of the
district separately it from the Chandrapur district. The district has been divided into 12 Administrative Sub-
units (tahsils) namely Gadchiroli, Chamorshi, Dhanora, Kurkheda, Armori, Sironcha, Aheri, Desaiganj, Korchi,
Mulchera, Bhamragad and Etappli. There are 2 towns and 1679 villages in the district. According to the 2001
census, the total population of Gadchiroli is 970294.
streams are the major wetland type with 74.15 % area. The tanks/ponds is the second major wetland type with
6967 ha area (18.51%), followed by the reservoir/barrages (3.59%). Details of wetland statistics is given in
Table- 17.
very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during both the seasons.
Table 17: Area estimates of wetlands in Gadchiroli

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 558 27914 74.15 17715 2193
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 787 6967 18.51 6212 2665
Sub-Total 1347 36232 96.25 24244 5301
Total 2760 37645 100.00 24244 5301

Low 22311 1888
Moderate 1169 2760
High 764 653
70
71
72
73
7.1.13 Chandrapur
Chandrapur district is located in the eastern part of the Maharashtra State and lies between 78048’ to 79059’
East latitudes and 19027’ to 20043’ North longitudes, covering an area of about 11443 km2. The district is
bounded by Nagpur, Bhandara and Wardha districts on the north, Gadchiroli district on the east, Yavatmal
district on the west and Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh on the south. The eastern boundary is
demarcated by the Wainganga river, the western boundary by the Wardha river and the southern boundary by
Wainganga river and Manikgarh hills. This district is divided into 4 Sub Divisions, having 15 Talukas. There are
14 towns and 1791 villages. .According to the 2001 census, the demographic features observed in
Chandrapur district is 20711014.
dominated by man made wetland types. The Tank/pond with 17244 ha area contributes 36.84%, while,
Reservoir/barrage contribute 20.62 %. Rivers/ streams occupy 41.48 % area. Details of wetland statistics is
given in Table- 18.
rivers is very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during post monsoon while it ranged from low to
moderate during pre monsoon.
Table 18: Area estimates of wetlands in Chandrapur

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 114 19472 41.48 17322 3337
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 1132 17297 36.84 15442 6684
Sub-Total 1254 46452 98.94 42145 15950
Total 1750 46948 100.00 42145 15950

Low 35453 5530
Moderate 5377 9453
High 1315 967
74
75
76
77
7.1.14 Yavatmal
Yavatmal district is located in eastern part of the State and lies between 190 26’ to 200 42’ North latitude and
770 18’ to 790 98’ East longitude covering an area of about 13582 km2. It is bounded on the north and
northeast by Amravati and Wardha districts, on the east by Chandrapur, on the south by Nanded district and
Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh and on the west and south-west by Akola and Parbhani districts. The
Wardha and the Penganga rivers have demarcated the district boundaries on the eastern and southern sides
respectively. The district has been subdivided into 16 sub-units (tahsils) viz., Darwha, Pusad, Yavatmal,
Kelapur, Digras, Vani, Ner, Babhulgaon, Mahagaon, Umarkhed, Ralegaon, Ghatanji, Maregaon ,Kalamb, Zari
Zamni and Arni. There are 2130 villages and 13 towns in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total
population of Yavatmal district is 2458271.
dominated by man made wetland types. Reservoir/barrage is the major wetland type. There are 7
Reservoir/barrage mapped with 13250 ha area (38.75%). There are 440 Tank/pond mapped with 33.10%
area. Rivers/ streams occupy 27.53 % area. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 19.
Aquatic vegetation is slightly more during pre monsoon (2936 ha) than during post monsoon (812ha). Open
very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during post monsoon, while ranged from low to moderate
during pre monsoon.
Table 19: Area estimates of wetlands in Yavatmal

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 138 9413 27.53 8909 1458
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 440 11317 33.10 10332 4726
Sub-Total 585 33980 99.38 32303 13786
Total 797 34192 100.00 32303 13786

Low 31286 9607
Moderate 970 4141
High 47 38
78
79
80
81
7.1.15 Nanded
Nanded district is one of the districts of Marathwada region of Maharashtra State. It is located in the
southeastern part of the state. The district lies between 180 15’ to 190 55’ North latitudes and 770 to 780 25’
East longitudes covering an area of about 10528 km2. It is bounded on the north by Yavatmal district, on the
southeast by Latur district, on the northwest by Parbhani district of Maharashtra State., on the east and
southeast by Adilabad and Nizambdin districts of Andhra Pradesh district of Maharashtra State On the east
and southesast byh Adi9labad and Nizamabad districts of Andhra Pradesh and on the south by Bidar district
of Karnataka State. The district is divided into 8 administrative subunits (tahsils) namely Nanded, Hadgaon,
Kinwat, Bhokar. There are 8 towns and 1586 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the
population of Nanded district 2876259.
streams occupy 57.21 % area. There are 395 Tank/pond mapped with 25.22% area. There are 12
Reservoir/barrage mapped with 4913 ha area (16.10%). Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 20.
very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during post monsoon, while ranged from low to moderate
during pre monsoon.
Table 20: Area estimates of wetlands in Nanded

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 223 17455 57.21 16739 2034
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 395 7693 25.22 5936 2937
4 1203 Waterlogged 2 7 0.02 6 -
Sub-Total 632 30068 98.56 26935 8311
Total 1072 30508 100.00 26935 8311

Low 24859 3224
Moderate 1815 4833
High 261 254
82
83
84
85
7.1.16 Hingoli
Hingoli district is located in the central part of the State of Maharashtra and lies between 19°12'23” to
20°01'11" North latitudes and 76°30'35" to 77°29'13" East longitudes. The district covers an area of about
4526 km2. It is bounded on the north by Washim and Buldhana districts, on the east by Nanded and Yeotmal
districts, on the south by Nanded and Parbhani district and on the west by Parbhani district. The district is
divided into 5 Administrative Sub-units (tahsils) namely Hingoli, Sengaon, Aundha, Basmath and Kalamnuri.
Hingoli town is the district headquarters. There are 710 villages and 4 towns in the district. According to the
2001 census, the total population of Hingoli district is 987160.
dominated by man made wetland type. Reservoir/barrage is the major wetland with 81.01% area. Total 25
such wetland types are mapped with 14339 ha area. Total 80 Tank/pond are mapped with 5.80% area. Rivers/
streams occupy 12.41 % area. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 21.
Aquatic vegetation is more during pre monsoon (1401 ha) than during post monsoon (111 ha). Open water
spread of the wetlands is significantly higher in post monsoon (17002 ha) than during pre monsoon (8076 ha),
indicating the rainfall dependence of the wetlands in the state, particularly the dryness of rivers and reservoirs
is very prominent. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during post monsoon, while ranged from low to
moderate during pre monsoon.
Table 21: Area estimates of wetlands in Hingoli

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1105 Waterlogged 1 5 0.03 5 6
2 1106 River/Stream 66 2197 12.41 1734 74
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 80 1026 5.80 996 957
Sub-Total 172 17567 99.24 17002 8076
Total 306 17701 100.00 17002 8076

Low 16650 5473
Moderate 320 2563
High 32 40
86
87
88
89
7.1.17 Parbhani
Parbhani district is located in the central part of the State of Maharashtra and lies between 18°44'48" N
to19°49'39"N North latitudes and 76°12'12" E to 77°11'34" E East longitudes. The district covers an area of
about 6511 km2. It is bounded on the north by Buldhana and Hingoli districts, on the east by Nanded and
Hingoli districts, on the south by Beed and Latur district and on the west by Jalna district. The district is
divided into 9 Administrative Sub-units (tahsils) namely Parbhani, Jintur, Selu, Manwat, Sonpeth, Gangakhed,
Palam, Purna and Pathari. Parbhani town is the district headquarters. There are 841 villages and 8 towns in
the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Parbhani district 1527715.
dominated by man made wetland type. Reservoir/barrage is the major wetland with 46.72 % area. Total 19
such wetland types are mapped with 7289 ha area. Total 78 Tank/pond are mapped with 9.88% area. Rivers/
streams occupy 42.43 % area. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 22.
spread of the reservoir/ barrage and tank/pond wetlands is more in post monsoon than during pre monsoon.
However, in case of rivers, the reverse is observed. Turbidity of open water is mainly low during post
monsoon, while ranged from low to moderate during pre monsoon.
Table 22: Area estimates of wetlands in Parbhani

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1105 Waterlogged 1 4 0.03 4 0
2 1106 River/Stream 34 6619 42.43 461 1609
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 78 1541 9.88 1333 568
5 1203 Waterlogged 2 6 0.04 6 0
Sub-Total 134 15459 99.09 9195 6471
Total 276 15601 100.00 9195 6471

Low 8682 4021
Moderate 425 2162
High 88 288
90
91
92
93
7.1.18 Jalna
Jalna district is located in the central part of the Maharashtra State and lies between 190 01’ to 200 03’ north
latitude and 74040’ to 76040’ east longitudes covering an area of about 7718 km2. It is bounded on the north
by Jalgaon district, on the east by Parbhani and Buldhana districts, on the south by Beed and on the west by
Aurangabad district of Maharashtra State. The district is divided into eight administrative sub-units (tahsils).
There are four towns and 971 villages in the district, as per 2001 Census. The total population of the district is
1612980.
dominated by man made wetland type. Total 47 reservoir/barrage are mapped with 6355 ha area (37.29%).
Total 423 Tank/pond are mapped with 19.58% area. Rivers/ streams occupy 40.17 % area. Details of wetland
statistics is given in Table- 23.
spread wetlands is more in post monsoon (12178 ha) than during pre monsoon (4400 ha). Turbidity of open
water is low to moderate in both the seasons.
Table 23: Area estimates of wetlands in Jalna

Area in ha
Open Water
Numbe Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 40 6845 40.17 2596 255
2 1200 Inland Wetlands -Man-made
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 423 3336 19.58 3359 567
Sub-Total 510 16536 97.04 12178 4400
Total 1015 17041 100.00 12178 4400

Low 8005 2416
Moderate 3925 1942
High 248 42
94
95
96
97
7.1.19 Aurangabad
Aurangabad district is located in the central part of the Maharashtra State and lies between 190 to 200 North
latitudes and 740 to 760 East longitudes covering an area of about 10,107 km2. It is bounded on the north by
Jalgaon district, on the east by Jalna district, on the south by Beed and Ahmadnagar districts and on the west
by Nasik and Ahmadnagar districts. The district is divided into 9 Administrative subunits (tahsils). There are 9
towns and 1344 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Aurangabad is
2897013.
dominated by man made wetland type. Reservoir/barrage is the major wetland type with 74.33 % area. Total
168 such wetland types are mapped with 31015 ha area. Total 823 Tank/pond are mapped with 11.54% area.
Rivers/ streams occupy 12.47 % area. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table- 24.
spread of wetlands is more in post monsoon (37913 ha) than during pre monsoon (20030 ha). Turbidity of
open water is mainly low to moderate in both the seasons.
Table 24: Area estimates of wetlands in Aurangabad

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1105 Waterlogged 7 106 0.25 100 28
2 1106 River/Stream 84 5203 12.47 3737 277
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 823 4814 11.54 4216 552
Sub-Total 1082 41138 98.60 37913 20030
Total 1668 41724 100.00 37913 20030

Low 27039 16680
Moderate 7860 3350
High 3014 -
98
99
100
101
7.1.20 Nasik
Nasik district is located in the northwestern part of the Maharashtra State and lies between 190 33’ to 200 53’
North latitudes and 730 16’ to 750 16’ East longitudes covering an area of about 15539 sq.km. The district is
bounded on the north by Dhule, on the east and northeast by Jalgaon, on the south east by Aurangabad and
Ahmadnagar, on the southwest by Thane district of Maharashtra State and on the northwest by Dung and
Surat districts of Gujrath State. The district is divided in to fifteen administrative sub-units (tahsils). There are
18 towns and 1929 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Nashik district
4993796.
dominated by man-made wetland type. Reservoir/barrage is the major wetland category which contributes
53% wetland area. Total 42 such wetland types are mapped with 27675 ha area. Total 1033 Tank/pond are
mapped with 17.0% area. Rivers/ streams occupy 25.0 % area. Details of wetland statistics is given in Table-
25.
Aquatic vegetation is more during post monsoon (834 ha) than during pre monsoon (564 ha). Open water
spread of wetlands is significantly more in post monsoon (44151 ha) than during pre monsoon (18096 ha).
Turbidity of open water is mainly low to moderate during post monsoon, while mainly moderate during pre
monsoon.
Table 25: Area estimates of wetlands in Nasik

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 343 13081 25 8351 859
2 1201 Reservoirs/Barrages 42 27675 53 27246 15236
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 1033 8653 17 8529 2001
Total - Inland 1418 49409 94.97 44126 18096
4 2202 Aquaculture ponds 2 25 0.05 25 -
Total - Coastal 2 25 0.05 25 -
Sub-Total 1420 49434 95.02 44151 18096
Total 4013 52027 100.00 44151 18096

Low 23925 1005
Moderate 11745 16760
High 8481 331
102
103
104
105
7.1.21 Thane
Thane district is one of the coastal districts of Maharashtra and is in the northern part of Kokan division. It lies
between 180 42’ and 200 20’ north latitudes and 72045’ and 73048’ east longitudes covering an area of about
9558 km2. It is bounded on the west by Arabian Sea on the north by Gujrath state, on the northeast by Nashik
district, on the east by Ahmadnagar district, on the southeast by Pune district, on the south by Raigad district
and on the southwest by Bombay. The district has been sub-divided into fifteen administrative sub-units
(tahsils). They are Thane, Ulhasnagar, Murbad, Shahapur, Kalyan, Bhiwandi, Vasai, Palghar, Vada,
Mokhada, Jawahar, Dahanu, Ambarnath, Vikramgad and Talasari. There are 37 towns and 1748 villages in
the district. The total population of Thane district is 8131849.
The wetland mapping shows that rivers/ streams contribute 17.83% the total wetland area. The
reservoir/barrages contribute 7928 ha i.e. 13.23% to the wetland area. The tanks/ponds contribute 2427 ha
i.e. 4.05 %. The creeks contribute a major 11992 ha i.e., 20.01% other coastal wetlands like sand/beaches
contribute 541 ha (0.9 %), Salt marshes 70 ha (0.12%), mangroves 7062 ha (11.78%). A salt pan which is a
commercial activity occupies 7.14 % of the total wetland area. The total area under wetland is 59936 ha with
the water bodies less than the minimum mappable unit contributing to 1091 ha to the wetland area. Thane is
also one of the districts having the most wetlands in Maharashtra. Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the
seasons and changes from 7408 ha in post-monsoon to 8446 ha during pre-monsoon specially as the water
bodies shrink considerably during pre-monsoon. Turbidity ranges from low to high and the shift in turbidity
levels can be compared with the area under low turbidity level changing from 22661 ha to 5157 ha. Moderate
turbidity level changes from 11913 ha to 15160 ha during pre-monsoon. Similarly the high turbidity level
changes from 5 ha during post monsoon to 1426 ha during pre-monsoon. The presence of water bodies with
moderate and high turbidity is due to presence of water bodies along ridges and the turbidity of the creeks.
Table 26: Area estimates of wetlands in Thane

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 3 1980 3.30 1947 1397
2 1106 River/Stream 87 10684 17.83 10900 2982
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 212 2427 4.05 2114 1126
Total - Inland 319 23019 38.41 22874 10137
5 2102 Creeks 23 11992 20.01 7433 7331
6 2103 Sand/Beach 34 541 0.90 - -
8 2105 Salt Marshes 4 70 0.12 - -
9 2106 Mangroves 192 7062 11.78 - -
10 2107 Coral Reefs 0 0 0.00 - -
11 2201 Salt pans 106 4277 7.14 4272 4275
Total - Coastal 485 35826 59.77 11705 11606
Sub-Total 804 58845 98.18 34579 21743
Total 1895 59936 100.00 34579 21743

Low 22661 5157
High 5 1426
106
107
108
109
7.1.22 Mumbai Suburban
Greater Mumbai Metropolitan area or Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) area is divided in two
revenue districts viz Mumbai Urban (city) District and Mumbai suburban District.
Mumbai suburban district is one of the coastal districts of Maharashtra. Geographic area of the district is 534
km2. The Mumbai Suburban district has been sub-divided into three administrative sub-units (tahsils).These
are Andheri, Kurla, and Borivali. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Mumbai Sub-urban is
8640419. The detail of the wetland categories is given in the Table 27.
The wetland category the rivers/tanks contribute 18 ha (0.14 %) the creeks contribute a major 4177 ha i.e.,
31.45%. Other coastal wetlands like sand/beaches contribute 240 ha (1.81%), mud flats contribute 1260 ha
(9.46 %) Salt marshes 514 ha (3.87 %), mangroves 5459 ha (41.10%) Salt pans which is a commercial activity
occupies 842 ha (6.34 %) of the total wetland area. The total area under wetland is 13282 ha. As the
maximum aquatic vegetation is mangroves hardly any change is seen during the pre and post monsoon
season. Similarly there is not much change in the turbidity levels which varies from low to moderate.
Table 27: Area estimates of wetlands in Mumbai suburban

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 4 719 5.41 706 645
2 1106 River/Stream 3 18 0.14 18 -
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 45 53 0.40 53 53
Total - Inland 52 790 5.95 777 698
4 2102 Creeks 24 4177 31.45 4180 4182
5 2103 Sand/Beach 28 240 1.81 - -
7 2105 Salt Marshes 25 514 3.87 - -
8 2106 Mangroves 106 5459 41.10 - -
9 2201 Salt pans 13 842 6.34 823 823
Total - Coastal 360 12492 94.05 5003 5005
Sub-Total 412 13282 100.00 5780 5703
Wetlands (<2.25 ha), mainly Tanks - - 0.00 - -
Total 412 13282 100.00 5780 5703

Low 777 691
Moderate 5003 5012
High - -
110
111
112
113
7.1.23 Mumbai Urban
Greater Mumbai Metropolitan area or Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) area is divided in two
revenue districts viz Mumbai Urban (city) District and Mumbai suburban District. Greater Mumbai of
Maharashtra is entirely urban.
Mumbai Urban district is one of the coastal districts of Maharashtra. Geographic area of Mumbai Urban is 69
km2.
Tanks/ponds contribute 28 ha i.e. 3.67 %. The creeks contribute a major 280 ha i.e., 36.70% other coastal
wetlands like sand/beaches contribute 79 ha (10.35 %), mud flats contribute 8 ha (1.05 %) Salt marshes 30 ha
(0.3.93%), mangroves 257 ha (33.68%).Salt pans which is a commercial activity occupies 81 ha (10.62 %) of
the total wetland area. The total area under wetland is 763 ha
Table 28: Area estimates of wetlands in Mumbai urban

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1202 Tanks/Ponds 5 28 3.67 28 28
Total - Inland 5 28 3.67 28 28
2 2102 Creeks 12 280 36.70 269 269
3 2201 Salt pans 1 81 10.62 81 81
Total - Coastal 58 735 96.33 350 350
Sub-Total 63 763 100.00 378 378
Wetlands (<2.25 ha), mainly Tanks - - 0.00 - -
Total 63 763 100.00 378 378

Low 28 28
Moderate 350 350
High - -
114
115
116
117
7.1.24 Raigarh
Raigarh district is one of the coastal districts of Maharashtra and lies between 170 51’ to 1908’ north latitudes
and 720 51’ to 730 40’ east longitudes covering an area of about 7152 km2. The district is bounded on the west
by the Arabian Sea, on the south by Ratnagiri, on the southeast by Satara, on the east by Pune, on the north
by Thane and on the northwest by Bombay.
The district has been sub-divided into 15 sub-units (tahsils). They are Alibag, Uran, Panvel, Karjat, Khalapur,
Pen, Sudhagad, Roha, Mangaon, Mahad, Poladpur, Mhasla, Shrivardhan, Tala and Murud. There are 26
towns and 1919 villages in the district.According to the 2001 census, the total population of Raigarh district
22,07,929.
Rivers/ streams contribute 15.18% to the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages contribute 1897 ha i.e.
4.05 % to the wetland area. The tanks/ponds contribute 1713 ha i.e. 3.66 %. The creeks contribute a major
11992 ha i.e., 20.01%. Other coastal wetlands like sand/beaches contribute 541 ha (0.9 %), Salt marshes 70
ha 13482 ha (28.78 %), mangroves 13124 ha (28.02 %). A salt pan which is a commercial activity occupies
3.86 % of the total wetland area. The total area under wetland is 46844 ha with the water bodies less than
the minimum mappable unit contributing to 399 ha to the wetland area. Raigarh, along with Pune and Thane,
is also one of the districts having the most wetlands in Maharashtra. Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the
seasons and is 13124 ha in post-monsoon as well as during pre-monsoon. Turbidity ranges from low to
moderate and the shift in turbidity levels can be compared with the area under low turbidity level changing
from 8010 ha to 351 ha. Moderate turbidity level changes from 16024 ha to 17530 ha during pre-monsoon.
The presence of water bodies with moderate turbidity is due to presence of water bodies along ridges and the
turbidity of the creeks.
Table 29: Area estimates of wetlands in Raigarh

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1100 Inland Wetlands - Natural
2 1106 River/Stream 104 7110 15.18 6190 1663
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 129 1713 3.66 1586 967
Total - Inland 240 10720 22.88 9601 4255
5 2100 Coastal Wetlands - Natural
6 2102 Creeks 92 13482 28.78 12626 11819
7 2103 Sand/Beach 48 977 2.09 - -
9 2106 Mangroves 680 13124 28.02 - -
10 2201 Salt pans 77 1806 3.86 1807 1807
Total - Coastal 1200 35804 76.43 14433 13626
Sub-Total 1440 46524 99.32 24034 17881
Total 1760 46844 100.00 24034 17881

Low 8010 351
High - -
118
119
120
121
7.1.25 Pune
Pune district is located in the western parts of the State and lies between 170 5’ to 190 2’ north latitude and 730
2’ to 750 1’ east longitudes covering an area of about 15643 km2. The district is bounded on the North and
East by Ahmadnagar, on the south by Satara, on the west by Raigad on the southeast by Solapur and on the
Northwest by thane district of Maharashtra State.
The district is divided into fourteen administrative sub-units (tahsils). They are Pune, Haveli, Ambegaon,
Junner, Shirur, Daund, Indapur, Baramati, Purandhar, Bhor, Velhe, Mulshi, Khed and Mawal. There are 25
towns and 1866 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Pune district is
7232555.
The wetland mapping shows that rivers/ streams contribute 19.28% to the total wetland area. The
reservoir/barrages contribute a major share of 48339 ha i.e. 70.94 % to the wetland area. Pune has the
maximum area under wetland. The tanks/ponds contribute 6314 ha i.e. 9.27 %. The total area under wetland
is 68137 ha with the water bodies less than the minimum mappable unit contributing to 348 ha to the
wetland area. Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the seasons and changes from 1898 ha in post-monsoon to
1840 ha during pre-monsoon. Wetlands shrink considerably during pre-monsoon. Turbidity ranges from low to
high and the shift in turbidity levels can be compared with the area under low turbidity level changing from
61047 ha to 33127 ha. .Moderate turbidity level changes from 3392 ha to 6853 ha during pre-monsoon.
Similarly the high turbidity level changes from 68 ha during post monsoon to 2 ha during pre-monsoon. The
presence of water bodies with moderate and high turbidity is due to presence of water bodies along ridges.
Table 30: Area estimates of wetlands in Pune

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 76 13136 19.28 12950 4347
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 531 6314 9.27 5310 3590
Sub-Total 648 67789 99.49 64507 39982
Total 996 68137 100.00 64507 39982

Low 61047 33127
Moderate 3392 6853
High 68 2
122
123
124
125
7.1.26 Ahmadnagar
Ahmednagar district is located in the central part of the state and lies between 180 02’ to 190 09’ north latitudes
and 730 09’ to 750 05’ east longitudes covering an area of about 17,048 km2. The district is bounded on the
north by Nashik and Aurangabad on the east by Beed, on the south by Solapur and on the west by Thane and
Pune district of Maharashtra State.
The district is divided into fourteen administrative sub-units (tahsils), namely, Ahmadnagar, Parner, Pathardi,
Shevgaon, Karjat, Shrigonda, Jamkhed, Shrirampur, Nevasa, Rahuri, Akole, Sangamner, Rahata and
Kopergaon. There are 18 towns and 1587 villages in the district.
According to the 2001 census the population of Ahmadnagar district 4040642
Analysis of the satellite data reveled that there are 18 reservoir/barrages and 795 tanks. The total area under
wetland is 59269 ha. Reservoir/barrages contribute to 54.90 % and 17.07 % of wetland area. The post
monsoon and pre monsoon open water contribute to 46476 ha and 23225 ha respectively. The contribution
due to river/stream is 15333 ha and water logged area contributes to a minimal 20 ha. The aquatic vegetation
during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period were mapped and have been found to be 444 ha and 5148
ha respectively. Varied levels of turbidity was mapped for the water bodies and found to be 39834 ha for low
turbidity, 6328 ha for moderate turbidity and 314 ha for high turbidity for post-monsoon. 18623 ha and 4602 ha
were mapped for the pre-monsoon period.
Table 31: Area estimates of wetlands in Ahmadnagar

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 619 15333 25.87 6546 1008
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 795 10118 17.07 9298 3186
4 1203 Waterlogged 2 20 0.03 17 15
Sub-Total 1434 58011 97.88 46476 23225
Total 2692 59269 100.00 46476 23225

Low 39834 18623
Moderate 6328 4602
High 314 -
126
127
128
129
7.1.27 Beed
Beed district is located almost at the center of the State of Maharashtra and lies between 180 32’ to 190 26’
North latitudes and 740 48’ to 760 44’ East longitudes covering an area of about 10693 km2. It is bounded by
Aurangabad and Jalna districts on the east by Parbhani and Latur districts, on the south by Osmanabad and
Ahmadnagar and on the west by Ahmadnagar district of Maharashtra State.
The district is divided into 11 administrative sub-units (i.e. tahsils) viz., Beed, Gevrai, Majalgaon, Ambejogai,
Kaij, Patoda, Shirur-Kasar, Dharur, Wadwani, Parli and Ashti. There are 6 towns and 1365 villages in the
district as per the 2001 census. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Beed district is 2161250.
Rivers/ streams contribute to 23.79% of the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages are the biggest
contributor to the wetland area with 12630 ha i.e. 39.82 % .The tanks/ponds contribute to 10728 ha i.e. 33.82
%. The total area under wetland is 31718 ha with the water bodies less than the minimum mappable unit
contributing to 780 ha to the wetland area. Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the pre-monsoon and post-
monsoon season. Turbidity levels ranging from low to moderate to high are seen both during the pre-monsoon
and post –monsoon period. The high sedimentation can be seen due to the location of many water bodies
along the ridge line.
Table 32: Area estimates of wetlands in Beed

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 2 12 0.04 12 5
2 1102 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off meanders 1 3 0.01 3 -
3 1106 River/Stream 116 7547 23.79 4396 530
5 1202 Tanks/Ponds 733 10728 33.82 9966 3741
6 1203 Waterlogged 1 18 0.06 18 10
Sub-Total 873 30938 97.54 26915 11740
Total 1653 31718 100.00 26915 11740

Low 23509 3236
Moderate 2566 8475
High 840 29
130
131
132
133
7.1.28 Latur
Latur district is located in the southeastern part of the State and lies between 180 05’ to 180 45’ North latitude
and 760 25’ to 770 25’ East longitude covering an area of about 7157 sq.km. It is bounded on the west and
south by Osmanabad on the northwest by Beed, on the north by Parbhani district, on the northeast by Nanded
district of Maharashtra and on the eastern side by Bidar district of Karnataka State. The district was formed on
the 16th Aug, 1982. Previously it was a part of Osmanabad district.
The district is subdivide into ten administrative sub-units (tahsils ) viz., Latur, Ahmadpur, Udgir, Nilanga,
Renapur, Deoni, Chakur, Shirur-Anantpal, Jalkot and Ausa. There are 5 towns and 944 villages in the district.
According to the 2001 census, the total population of Latur district 2080285.
Rivers/ streams contribute to 23.44% of the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages contribute 5810 ha i.e.
28.63 % to the wetland area. The tanks/ponds contribute a mere 9440 ha i.e. 46.51%. The total area under
wetland is 20296 ha with the water bodies less than the minimum mappable unit contributing to 289 ha to the
wetland area. Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the seasons and changes from 1486 ha in post-monsoon to
851 ha during pre-monsoon. . Turbidity ranges from low to high and the shift in turbidity levels can be
compared with the area under low turbidity level changing from 13763 ha to 6244 ha. Moderate turbidity level
changes from 3818 ha to 1809 ha during pre-monsoon. Similarly the high turbidity level changes from 336 ha
during post monsoon to 247 ha during pre-monsoon.
Table 33: Area estimates of wetlands in Latur

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 29 4757 23.44 4200 416
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 715 9440 46.51 8662 4304
Sub-Total 758 20007 98.58 17917 8300
Total 1047 20296 100.00 17917 8300

Low 13763 6244
Moderate 3818 1809
High 336 247
134
135
136
137
7.1.29 Osmanabad
The district of Osmanabad falling in the Marathwada Region of Central Maharashtra is the southernmost
district in Aurangabad division. The district has geographical area of 7569 km2. The district accounts for
roughly 2.4% of the total geogrphical area of the State. It is bounded in the north by Beed district, in the east
by Latur district, in the south by Solapur and in the west Ahmednagar districts and on the southeast by Bidar
and Gulbarga district of Karnataka State. The district is divided into 8 administrative sub-units (tahsils) namely
Osmanabad, Tuljapur, Umerga, Kalamb, Parenda, Bhoom, Washi and Lohara. According to the 2001 census,
the total population of Osmanabad district 1486586.
Rivers/ streams contribute 9.32% to the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages contribute a major share of
12617 ha i.e. 46.68% to the wetland area. The tanks/ponds contribute 11092 ha i.e. 41.04%. The total area
under wetland is 27027 ha with the water bodies less than the minimum mappable unit contributing to 653 ha
to the wetland area. Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the seasons and changes from 715 ha in post-
monsoon to 3292 ha during pre-monsoon specially as the water bodies shrink considerably during pre-
monsoon .Turbidity ranges from low to high and the shift in turbidity levels can be compared with the area
under low turbidity level changing from 16433 ha to 4888 ha.
Moderate turbidity level changes from 5829 ha to 4493 ha during pre-monsoon. Similarly the high turbidity
level changes from 1056 ha during post monsoon to 68 ha during pre-monsoon. The presence of water
bodies with moderate and high turbidity is due to presence of water bodies along ridges.
Table 34: Area estimates of wetlands in Osmanabad

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1106 River/Stream 129 2519 9.32 2439 143
3 1202 Tanks/Ponds 846 11092 41.04 9408 2704
4 1203 Waterlogged 2 146 0.54 42 0
Sub-Total 1009 26374 97.58 23318 9449
Total 1662 27027 100.00 23318 9449

Low 16433 4888
Moderate 5829 4493
High 1056 68
138
139
140
141
7.1.30 Solapur
The district is located in the southern parts of the State and lies between 170 10’ to 180 32’ north latitude and
740 42’ to 760 15’ east longitudes covering an area of about 14,895 km2. It is bounded on the north by
Ahmadnagar and Osmanabad, on the east by Osmanabad, on the west by Pune and Satara, and on the south
by Sangli district and Karnataka State.
The district is divided into eleven administrative sub-units (tahsils). They are north Solapur, south Solapur,
Barshi, Akkalkot, Mohol, Mangalvedha, Pandharpur, Songale, Malshiras, Karmala and Madha. There are 10
towns and 1150 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Solapur district
3849543.
Rivers/ streams contribute 21.53% to the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages cover 49.75 % wetland
area. The tanks/ponds contribute 5137 ha i.e. 14.30%. The total area under wetland is 35062 ha excluding
wetlands less than minimum mapable unit (856 ha). Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the seasons and
changes from 593 ha in post-monsoon to 1999 ha during pre-monsoon. Turbidity ranges from low to high and
the shift in turbidity levels can be compared with the area under low turbidity level changing from 31019 ha to
16006 ha. Moderate turbidity level changes from 1107 ha to 4947 ha during pre-monsoon. Similarly the high
turbidity level changes from 579 ha during post monsoon to 117 ha during pre-monsoon. The presence of
water bodies with moderate and high turbidity is due to presence of water bodies along ridges. Many water
conservation structures have been taken up in Solapur as a part of watershed development and social forestry
activity and hence have large number of water bodies. The ujjani dam is specially prone to high turbidity due
to the presence of industrial effluents from MIDC in Pune and Solapur.
Table 35: Area estimates of wetlands in Solapur

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 17 4325 12.04 4182 2768
2 1106 River/Stream 95 7732 21.53 6149 4483
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 636 5137 14.30 4800 1125
Sub-Total 799 35062 97.62 32705 21070
Total 1655 35918 100.00 32705 21070

Low 31019 16006
Moderate 1107 4947
High 579 117
142
143
144
145
7.1.31 Satara
Satara district is located in the South Western parts of the State and lies between 170 05’ to 180 11’ north
latitude and 730 31’ to 740 54’ east longitudes covering an area of about 10,475 km2. Pune bound it on the
north, on the south by Sangli, on the west by Ratnagiri, on the northwest by Raigad and on the east by
Solapur district of Maharashtra State.
The district is divided into eleven administrative sub-units (tahsils). They are Satara, Wai, Khandala,
Koregaon, Phaltan, Man, Khatav, Karad, Patan, Jaoli and Mahableshwar. There are 15 towns and 1739
villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Satara district is 2808994.
Rivers/ streams contribute 26.19 % to the total wetland area. The reservoir/barrages contribute a large percent
23503 ha i.e. 58.78 % to the wetland area. The tanks/ponds contribute 5213 ha i.e. 13.04 %. Waterlogged
patches having area of 34 ha and contributing 0.09 % to wetlnds is also seen. The total area under wetland is
39984 ha with the water bodies less than the minimum mappable unit contributing to 749 ha to the wetland
area. Aquatic vegetation is seen in both the seasons and changes from 874 ha in post-monsoon to 1587 ha
during pre-monsoon specially as the water bodies shrink considerably during pre-monsoon .Turbidity ranges
from low to high and the shift in turbidity levels can be compared with the area under low turbidity level
changing from 35350 ha to 13936 ha. Moderate turbidity level changes from 139 ha to 1597 ha during pre-
monsoon. Similarly the high turbidity level changes from 136 ha during post monsoon to 6 ha during pre-
monsoon. The presence of water bodies with moderate and high turbidity is due to presence of water bodies
along ridges.
Table 36: Area estimates of wetlands in Satara

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 3 12 0.03 10 4
2 1104 Reverine wetlands 1 2 0.01 2 -
3 1106 River/Stream 145 10471 26.19 11356 1499
5 1202 Tanks/Ponds 707 5213 13.04 3517 890
6 1203 Waterlogged 10 34 0.09 17 5
Sub-Total 907 39235 98.13 35625 15539
Total 1656 39984 100.00 35625 15539

Low 35350 13936
Moderate 139 1597
High 136 6
146
147
148
149
7.1.32 Ratnagiri
Ratnagiri is one of the coastal districts of Maharashtra. It is located in the western extremity of the /state in the
Konkan region and lies between 160 30’ to 180 04’ north latitudes and 730 02’ to 730 52’ east longitudes
covering an area of about 8208 km2. The district is bounded on the west Arabian Sea, on the south by
Sindhudurg district on the east by Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara districts and on the north by Raigad district of
Mahrashtra State. The district is sub-divided into nine administrative sub-units (tahsils). There are 10 towns
and 1543 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Ratnagiri district is
1696777.
Total 771 wetlands are mapped in the district including 16 small wetlands (<2.25 ha), with total wetlands area
of 20979 ha. The coastal wetlands dominated the district. The major wetland type is the creeks contributing
34.09 %. The other coastal wetland types are sand/beaches with1955 ha (9.32 %), mud flats with 1767 ha
(8.42 %), and mangroves with 3381 ha (16.12%). Aqua-culture ponds contribute which is a commercial activity
occupies 46 ha (0.22%) of the total wetland area. Details of wetland statistics is shown in Table- 37.
The rivers/stream is the major in land wetland type with 4769 ha (22.73 %), followed by Tanks/ponds (5.42%).
There are 7 reservoirs/ barrages with 755 ha (3.60 %). Aqua-culture ponds contribute which is a commercial
activity occupies 46 ha (0.22%) of the total wetland area.
As the aquatic vegetation is mainly the mangroves, hardly any change is observed during the pre and post
monsoon season. The open water spread of wetlands is more during post monsoon than pre monsoon. The
turbidity of water is mainly moderate in both the seasons.
Table 37: Area estimates of wetlands in Ratnagiri

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1105 Waterlogged 1 3 0.01 3 3
2 1106 River/Stream 85 4769 22.73 2087 5355
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 61 1136 5.41 998 689
Total - Inland 154 6663 31.76 3787 6568
5 2102 Creeks 94 7151 34.09 6906 1383
6 2103 Sand/Beach 205 1955 9.32 - -
8 2105 Salt Marshes 0 0 0.00 - -
9 2106 Mangroves 194 3381 16.12 - -
10 2202 Aquaculture ponds 4 46 0.22 46 46
Total - Coastal 601 14300 68.16 6952 1429
Sub-Total 755 20963 99.92 10739 7997
Total 771 20979 100.00 10739 7997

Low 2100 16
Moderate 8635 7981
High 4 -
150
151
152
153
7.1.33 Sindhudurg
The district is one of the coastal districts of Maharashtra. It is located in the southwestern extremity of the
state in the Konkan region. This district was formed in the year 1981 by combining some tahsils of erstwhile
Ratnagiri and Kolhapur districts. It lies between 150 37’ to 16040’ north latitudes and 73019’ to 74013’ east
longitudes covering an area of about 5207 km2. The district is bounded on the west Arabian Sea, on the north
by Ratnagiri district, on the east by Kolhapur districts and on the south by Goa state. The district is sub-divided
into eight administrative sub-units (tahsils). Kudal is the district headquarters. There are 5 towns and 743
villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Sindhudurg district is 868825.
of 13979 ha. The coastal wetlands dominated the district. The major coastal wetland type is the creeks
contributing 32.58% area (4554 ha). The other coastal wetland types are: sand/beach (7.73 %), mud flats
(6.55 %), and mangroves (6.83 %). The rivers/stream is the major in land wetland type with 4385 ha area
(31.37 %)), followed by Tanks/ponds (10.22 %). There is 1 reservoir/ barrage with 618 ha (4.42 %).
Details of wetland statistics is shown in Table- 38.
As the aquatic vegetation is mainly the mangroves, hardly any change is observed during the pre and post
monsoon season. The open water spread of wetlands is more during post monsoon than pre monsoon. The
turbidity of water is mainly moderate to low in post monsoon, and moderate in pre monsoon.
Table 38: Area estimates of wetlands in Sindhudurg

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1105 Waterlogged 3 14 0.10 14 14
2 1106 River/Stream 43 4385 31.37 2580 1777
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 66 1428 10.22 1187 757
Total - Inland 113 6445 46.10 4345 2934
5 2102 Creeks 45 4554 32.58 4500 392
6 2103 Sand/Beach 75 1081 7.73 - -
8 2105 Salt Marshes 0 0 0.00 - -
9 2106 Mangroves 79 955 6.83 - -
10 2201 Salt pans 8 19 0.14 20 14
Total - Coastal 250 7524 53.82 4520 406
Sub-Total 363 13969 99.93 8865 3340
Total 373 13979 100.00 8865 3340

Low 4182 870
Moderate 4637 2455
High 46 15
154
155
156
157
7.1.34 Kolhapur
Kolhapur district is located in the southern part of the Maharashtra State and lies between 150 to 170 north
latitudes and 730 to 740 east longitudes covering an area of about 7685 km2. The district is bounded on the
west by Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district, on the north by Sangli district and on the east and south by
Karnataka State. The district is divided into 12 administrative sub-units (tahsils). There are 12 towns and 1153
villages in the district. The total population of Kolhapur is 3523162.
of 18663 ha. In land man made wetland type dominated in the district. The reservoir/barrages are the major
wetland type. Total 109 such wetland types are mapped with 13060 ha area (69.98 %). Rivers/ streams
contribute 28.17 %. Total 37 Tank/pond are mapped with 147 ha area (0.79%). Details of wetland statistics is
shown in Table- 39.
Aquatic vegetation is more in pre monsoon (73 ha) than in post monsoon (27 ha). The open water spread of
wetlands is more during post monsoon than pre monsoon. The turbidity of water is mainly low to moderate in
both the seasons.
Table 39: Area estimates of wetlands in Kolhapur

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1102 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off meanders 1 12 0.06 12 12
2 1105 Waterlogged 1 3 0.02 3 -
3 1106 River/Stream 111 5257 28.17 5142 1063
5 1202 Tanks/Ponds 37 147 0.79 144 76
Sub-Total 259 18479 99.01 17503 8613
Total 443 18663 100.00 17503 8613

Low 16286 6768
Moderate 1211 1790
High 6 55
158
159
160
161
7.1.35 Sangli
Sangli district is located in the southern parts of the State and lies between 160 42’ to 170 37’ north latitude and
730 42’ to 750 40’ east longitudes covering an area of about 8572 km2. It is bounded on the north by Satara
and Solapur districts, on the west by Ratnagiri district, on the south by Kolhapur and on the east and south
east by Bijapur district of Karnataka State. The district is divided into ten administrative sub-units (tahsils).
There are 8 towns and 724 villages in the district. According to the 2001 census, the total population of the
district is 2583524.
Total 1921 wetlands are mapped in the district including 1306 small wetlands (<2.25 ha), with total wetlands
area of 16075 ha. Inland man made wetland type dominated in the district. Total 489 Tank/pond wetland type
is mapped with 6246 ha area (38.86%). The reservoir/barrages contribute 12.38%. Rivers/ streams are the
main natural wetland with 40.16% contribution. Details of wetland statistics is shown in Table- 40.
Aquatic vegetation is more in pre monsoon (93 ha) than in post monsoon (22 ha). The open water spread of
wetlands is more during post monsoon than pre monsoon. The turbidity of water is mainly low in post
monsoon and moderate to low in pre monsoon.
Table 40: Area estimates of wetlands in Sangli

Area in ha
Open Water
Number Total % of
Sr. Post- Pre-
No. monsoon monsoon
Wetlands Area area
Area Area
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 8 34 0.21 34 22
2 1106 River/Stream 106 6456 40.16 5021 1276
4 1202 Tanks/Ponds 489 6246 38.86 5797 2643
5 1203 Waterlogged 10 43 0.27 5 43
Sub-Total 615 14769 91.88 10865 5564
Total 1921 16075 100.00 10865 5564

Low 10656 1532
Moderate 184 3806
High 25 226
162
163
164
165
166
MAJOR WETLAND TYPES
167
168
8.0 MAJOR WETLAND TYPES OF MAHARASHTRA
Major wetland types observed in the state are reservoirs/barrages, rivers/stream and Tank/pond. The
manifestation of these wetland types in satellite image is shown in Plate-1. Field observation of representative
wetlands in the state was collected. Field photographs of the sites and observations of characteristics for some
of the sites is shown in Plates 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d..
A:
B
C
Reservoir/Barrage
B:
Central Part of Maharashtra

(IRS P6 LISS-III FCC, 15-Oct.2006)
River/Stream
A C:
Central Part of Maharashtra

Tanks/Ponds
(MNDWI NDPI NDVI from LISS-III data)
Plate – 1a: Major wetland types of Maharashtra as seen and deciphered from remote sensing data
169
A:
Mangroves
B B:
Eastern Part of Maharashtra

(IRS P6 LISS-III FCC, 2006)
Intertidal Mud Flats

C
C:
Eastern Part of Maharashtra Salt Pans

(MNDWI NDPI NDVI from LISS-III data)
Plate – 1b: Major wetland types of Maharashtra as seen and deciphered from remote sensing data
170
Sr. No Description Field Photograph
1 Wetland Type: Tanks/Ponds
Location:
Longitude: 740 44’ 19” E
Latitude : 190 38’ 11” N
Aquatic vegetation: Present
2 Wetland Type: Reservoir/Barrages
Location:
Latitude : 190 56’ 07” N
Aurangabad City : Sangvi reservoir

(Cooling pond)
Location:
Latitude : 180 51’ 56” N
Parli Thermal Power Station
4 Wetland Type: Natural Lake – Lonar

(Notified Wetland)
Location:
Latitude : 190 58’ 36” N
Plate 2a: Field photographs and ground truth data of different wetland types in Maharashtra
171
Location:
Latitude : 210 31’ 13” N
Bhandara Wainganga River
6 Wetland Type: River/Stream
Location:
Latitude : 200 32’ 40” N
Asti River

(with canal irrigation)
Location:
Latitude : 200 48’ 12” N
Tehsil : Arjuni Morgaon

Village : Gothangaon

(Notified Wetland)
Location:
Latitude : 170 43’ 59” N
Ekrukh tank, North of Solapur city
Plate 2b: Field photographs and ground truth data of different wetland types in Maharashtra
172
9 Wetland Type: Mangroves
Location:
Latitude : 190 36’ 36” N
Salt Pans near Palghar
10 Wetland Type: Salt Pans
Location:
Latitude : 190 36’ 48” N
Near Palghar
11 Wetland Type: Mangroves
Location:
Latitude : 180 41’ 43” N
Tehsil : Pen
Village : Beneghat
12 Wetland Type: Sand/Beach
Location:
Latitude : 180 38’ 29” N
Tehsil : Alibag
Village : Alibagh
Plate 2c: Field photographs and ground truth data of different wetland types in Maharashtra
173
13 Wetland Type: Sand/Beach
Location:
Latitude : 170 18’ 22” N
Tehsil : Guhaghar
Village : Tavasal
14 Wetland Type: Creek
Location:
Latitude : 170 19’ 06” N
Tehsil : Guhaghar
Village : Rohille
15 Wetland Type: Mangroves & Creek
Location:
Latitude : 170 34’ 37” N
Tehsil : Chiplun
Village : Ketki
16 Wetland Type: Mud flat
Location:
Latitude : 160 24’ 38” N
Tembaval
Plate 2d: Field photographs and ground truth data of different wetland types in Maharashtra
174
IMPORTANT WETLANDS OF MAHARASHTRA
175
176
9.0 IMPORTANT WETLANDS OF MAHARASHTRA
Some of the important wetlands of the state of Maharashtra are highlighted here. Major criteria identified for
conservation of the wetlands were birds as recognized by the Ramsar Convention Bureau (1971, 1996). Size
and economic use of the wetlands were also used. Wetland prioritization for notified wetlands in the country
takes into account many parameters like hydrology, biodiversity, avifauna, fishes and socio-economic value
etc. There are many notified and important wetlands in Maharashtra. Six important wetlands of the state are
selected to show their status in term of morphometry and other structural components as given below:
Lonar Lake
Nathsagar Notified Wetland
Yeldari Reservoir
Nandur Madhyameshwar Tank
Navegaon Notified Wetland
Ujani Reservoir
Description of each of these wetlands along with the map and satellite image of 5 km buffer area of the site is
given in this section. This information is vital to plan management plans to protect their biodiversity
components and wiser use. Extensive field work was carried out for these wetlands to collect information on
flora and fauna. A buffer of 5 km has been considered for each wetland to understand land use and satellite
wetlands. These maps were given in plate 3 to 20.
177
9.1 Lonar Lake
Name Lonar Lake

Between 190 58’13” N and 190 58’57” N latitudes and
Location
760 30‘8” E and 760 30‘50” E longitudes
Area 115 ha
Lonar Lake is situated about 86 km south-west of Buldhana headquarer of the District, Maharashtra
State. This is the only crater in basaltic rock formed by the meteoritic impact in India, ranking third
Salient features
largest in the world. This is the salt water lake. The Lonar Crater has a circular outline with a
diameter of 1,830 m and a depth of 150 m with steep vertical slopes. The maximum elevation of the
area is 669 m and the minimum is 670 m.
Turbidity Low
Resident and migratory birds such as black-winged stilts, brahminy ducks, grebes, shell-ducks
(European migrants), shovellers, teals, herons, red-wattled lapwings, rollers or blue jays, baya
weavers, parakeet hoopoes, larks, tailorbirds, magpies, peacocks and robins and swallows are
Vegetation
found on the lake. Among reptiles, the monitor lizard is reported to be prominent. The lake is also
home to thousands of pea fowls, chinkara and gazelles. Rabbit, mongoose, deer, langur monkeys
and snakes are also found.
Principal vegetation of the area is of a dry deciduous type on the crater, dry bushy vegetation on the
Fauna rim and slopes, moist deciduous component along the bank of perennial stream and salt tolerant
vegetation along the lake shore. Among the fauna you can find custard apple, eucalyptus, lemon
grass, bamboo, teak and many other trees as go down, the thick mixed deciduous forest also seen.
Post-Monsoon 2006 Pre-Monsoon 2007
Plate 3: Lonar Lake
178
Plate 4: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Lonar Lake
179
180
Plate 5: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Lonar Lake
181
9.2 Nathsagar Notified Wetland
Name Nathsagar Notified Wetland

Location Between 190 22’ N and 190 40’ N latitudes and
740 52‘ E and 750 22‘ E longitudes
Area
18153 ha
Climate
Tropical monsoon climate
Salient features
Nathsagar reservoir is one of the major irrigation projects in Maharashtra state. It has been
constructed across the river Godavari, a major river in southern India. The catchment area of
Nathsagar dam is 21750 km2 and impounding gross storage of dam is 2909 million cubic meters.
The submergence area of dam is 35000 ha. The maximum height of this dam is 37 meter. This
project has rehabilitated 107 villages. Nathsagar is one of the largest shallow wetland habitats
which was traced by the migratory birds, 10-12 years ago.
Turbidity Low - High
Species of Hydrilla, Myriophyllum, and Potamogeton in the ponds, and Carex sp., other sedges,
Vegetation
and grasses in the marshes. The surrounding arid steppe is dominated by Caragana sp.
Due to favorable environmental factors, ample food and safeness, this habitat is at the peak in
fetching the birds from November to February every year. A total of 66 species were recorded.
Some of them are Amblypharyngodon mola Muraena anguilla, Aorichthys aor Muraenesox bagio,A.
seenghala Mystus armatus, Barilius bendelisis M. tengara, Branchydanio rerio, andus nandus,
Fauna
Catla buchanani Nemacheilus aureus, C. catla N. botia, Channa marulius Notopterus notopterus, C.
orientalis Ompak bimuculatus, C. punctatus Osteobrama , himensis, Chitala chitala O. cotio,
Cirrhinus cirrhosus Osteochilichthys, godavariensis, C. mrigala Pangasius pangasius, Clarius
batrachus Parasilorhynchus, tentacularis, Ctenopharyngodon idellus Plotosus lineatus.Cyprinus
carpio carpio Poecilia reticulate, Danio aequipinnatus, Pseudeutropinus taakree etc.
Plate 6: Nathsagar Notified Wetland
182
Plate 7: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Nathsagar Reservoir Notified Wetland
183
184
Plate 8: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Nathsagar Reservoir Notified Wetland
185
9.3 Yeldari Reservoir
Name Yeldari Reservoir

Area 9972 ha
Climate Tropical monsoon climate.
The Yeldari reservoir, a purely hydro-electric project, was constricted in the year 1962 in the hilly
area of Jintur tashsil, Parbhani district, Maharashtra. The reservoir is included in the Survey of India
Salient features top sheet map no.564/10. The area around the reservoir comprises forest covered hills. The
maximum level of reservoir is 462.380 m. Its importance for water supply, the reservoir supports a
small fishery supplying local markets.
Turbidity Low
Phytoplankton population includes Anabaena sp. Navicula mutica, Arthrospira spp. Nitzchia sp.,
Chlorella vulgaris Nostoc spp., Cladophora sp. Oedogonium sp, Closterium sp. Oscillatoria chlorine,
Vegetation Cosmarium. Microsporum, Pandorina morum, Cyclotella operculata , Pediastrum duplex, Cymbella
turgida Phormidium sp, Eudorina sp. Pinnularia viridis, Gomophonema gracile Spirogyra,
margariata, Lygnbya majuscule Stichococcus sp, Melosira sp. Synedra ulna etc.
Zooplankton population includes Brachionus calyflorus Euchianis dilate, B. diversicornis Filina
longiseta, Alona rectangular Indialona ganapati, Biapertura karma Keratella tropica, Brachionus
Fauna flacatus Lecane bulla, Candocypria osborni Mesocyclops, hyalinus, Ceriodaphnia cornuta M.
leukarti, Cyclocypris globosa Moina micrura, Cyclops viridis Nauplius larva, Cypris sp.
Neodiaptomus, lindbergi, Diaphanosoma excisum , hylladiaptomus, annae, D. sarsi Stenocypris sp,
Diaptomus marshianus Trichocera porellus etc.
Plate 9: Yeldari Reservoir
186
Plate 10: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Yeldari Reservoir
187
188
Plate 11: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Gangapur Tank
189
9.4 Nandur Madhyameshwar Tank
Name Nandur Madhyameshwar Tank

Area 608 ha
Average annual rainfall : 500 mm : Semi-arid, tropical monsoon climate
Climate
Temperature: 4o to 26o C.
The reservoir fills with monsoon run-off during July-September and may overflow in years of heavy
rainfall. Water is released from the reservoir at fixed intervals from October to April. Huge amounts
of silt have been deposited over the last 80 years; consequently much of the lake is now marshland
or very shallow water. There are three large islands covered with reed-beds and sedge marshes.
Salient features
As the dry season progresses, the Godavari river becomes the main water-course once again. An
ancient temple (Madhameshwar) is situated on the banks of Godavari river below the dam. The
presence of about 23 small lakes within a radius of 25 km of the reservoir adds to the overall
importance of the region.
Turbidity Moderate
Almeida (1983) lists 463 species of plants, including over 80 species of aquatic plants; The latter
include Azolla pinnata P. geniculatum, Cryptdcorine spiralis Phyla nodiflora, Cyperus spp.
Polygonum glabrum , Echiinochloa colnum P. plebeium, Eichhornia crassipes Potamogeton
Vegetation
crispus, Hydrilla verticillata P. pectinata.
The surrounding areas are intensively cultivated for sugarcane, wheat, jawar, and vineyards, and
the landscape is almost devoid of trees
Over 20 species of fish have been recorded in the reservoir, including Aspidoparis morar
Mastacembelus, armatus, Barilius bendelisis Mystus cavasius, Channa ranga Ompok bimaculatus.
At least 235 species of bird are known to occur, of which 85% are migratory. The reservoir is
particularly important as a staging and wintering area for migratory waterfowl. Up to 15,000
Fauna waterfowl have been recorded in winter, and even more are reported to be present during the
migration seasons. A waterfowl census in January 1987 recorded aIn1ost 12,000 waterfowl,
including: Anastolmus oscitans, Nycticorax , nycticorax , Anthropoides virgo, Phalacrocorax niger,
Ardeola grayii , Platalea leucorodia, Bubulcus ibis,Plegadis falcinellus, Calidris minuta, Pseudibis
papillosa, Ciconia ciconia , Other ducks, Limosa limosa .
Plate 12: Namdur Madhyameshwar Tank
190
Plate 13: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Namdur Madhyameshwar Tank
191
192
Plate 14: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Namdur Madhyameshwar Tank
193
9.5 Navegaon Notified Wetland
Name Navegaon Notified Wetland

Area 1305 ha
It is a Reservoir attracts large number of resident and migratory avifauna. Vidarbha's most popular
forest resort, is the ultimate adventure spot. It is said to have been built by Kolu Patel Kohli in the
Salient features
beginning of the 18th century. There's picturesque lake set in the midst of hill ranges with
watchtowers that enable you to view wildlife. A visit the deer park is a must, the Dr. Salim Ali Bird
Sanctuary, the three beautiful gardens and the children's park.
Turbidity Low to high
Eastern part of the reservoir is dominated with aquatic vegetation. The emergent vegetation and
Vegetation reeds attract large number of migratory birds. However, the details of species composition is
scanty.
Almost 60% of the birds species found in Maharashtra have been recorded in Nawegaon. You may
Fauna
see the leopard, sloth bear, gaur, sambar, chital or the langur.
Plate 15: Navegaon Notified Wetland
194
Plate 16: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Navegaon Notified Wetland
195
196
Plate 17: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Navegaon Notified Wetland
197
9.6 Ujani Reservoir
Name Ujani Reservoir

Between 180 03’ N and 180 26’ N latitudes and
Location
Area 30179 ha
Climate Tropical monsoon climate
Ujjini is a large reservoir of the Maharashtra state is constructed across river Bhima in 1978. The
Salient features maximum depth of the reservoir is 10.7 m. The lake supports an important fishing industry and is a
valuable source of water for irrigation and domestic use.
Turbidity Low
Vegetation Not available
The reservoir was stocked with fingerlings of Indian major carps at two numbers of them per
Fauna
hectare.
Plate 18: Ujani Reservoir
198
Plate 19: Wetland map - 5 km buffer area of Ujani Reservoir
199
200
Plate 20: IRS LISS III FCC - 5 km buffer area of Ujani Reservoir
201
202
SOI MAP SHEET-WISE WETLAND MAPS
(Selected)
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
REFERENCES
1. Anon. 2005, NNRMS Standards. A National Standards for EO images, thematic & cartographic
maps, GIS databases and spatial outputs. ISRO:NNRMS: TR:112:2005. A Committee Report:
National Natural Resources Management System, Bangalore
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xvi+264pp., 32 maps.
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4. Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, E.C. and La Roe (1979). Classification of wetlands and deep water
habitats. USFWS/085-79/31, Office of the Biological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, D.C.
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Nanda). Vol. I-IV, Anmol Publications, New Delhi.
6. Garg, J.K., Singh, T.S. and Murthy, T.V.R. (1998). Wetlands of India. Project Report:
RSAM/sac/resa/pr/01/98, June 1998, 240 p. Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad,
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and Procedure Manual, Technical Report, SAC/EOAM/AFEG/NWIA/TR/01/2007, June 2007, Space
Applications Centre, Ahmedabad,
8. Glossary of Geology (1974). (Ed. By Margarate G., Robbert, M. Jr. and Wolf, C.L), American
Geological Institute, Washington, D.C..
9. Jensen, J.R. (1986). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice
Hall, Englewoods Cliff, NJ.
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from high-spatial resolution remote sensing: Application to Rift valley fever epidemics in Senegal.
Remote Sensing of Environment, 106, pp. 66-74
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Book Company, New York.
14. McFeeters, S.K. 1996. The use of Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of
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New York.
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of the ISPRS Commission VII. Symposium on Resource and Environmental Monitoring, IAPRS &
SIS, Vol.35, Part-7, NRSA, Hyderabad.
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SAC/RSAM/RESA/FLPG/WIS/01/2003, A Technical report: Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad
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Nostrand Company, New York.
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Ornithology and Natural History, 2004, ISBN 81-902136-1-X. ,Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. Vardhaman
Charve Plaza IV, Building # 9, K.P Block, Pitampura,
22. Singh T.S., Patel J.G., Garg J.K. et al. Loktak Lake Resources Information System (LRIS),
SAC/RSAM/RESIPA/FLPG/WIS/02/2003, A Technical report: Space Applications Centre,
Ahmedabad
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Normalised difference Vegetation Index. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 7, pp. 1435-1445.
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features in remotely sensed imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 7, pp. 3025-3033.
217
218
Annexure I
Definitions of wetland categories used in the project
For ease of understanding, definitions of wetland categories and their typical appearance on satellite imagery is given
below:
Wetland Definition and description

type code
1000 Inland Wetlands
1100 Natural
1101 Lakes: Larger bodies of standing water occupying distinct basins (Reid et al, 1976). These wetlands
occur in natural depressions and normally fed by streams/rivers. On satellite images lakes appear in
different hues of blue interspersed with pink (aquatic vegetation), islands (white if unvegetated, red in
case of terrestrial vegetation). Vegetation if scattered make texture rough.
1102 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut off meanders: A meandering stream may erode the outside shores of its broad
bends, and in time the loops may become cut-off, leaving basins. The resulting shallow crescent-
shaped lakes are called oxbow lakes (Reid et al, 1976). On the satellite image Ox-bow lakes occur
near the rivers in plain areas. Some part of the lake normally has aquatic vegetation (red/pink in
colour) during pre-monsoon season.
1103 High Altitude lakes: These lakes occur in the Himalayan region. Landscapes around high lakes are
characterized by hilly topography. Otherwise they resemble lakes in the plain areas. For keeping
uniformity in the delineation of these lakes contour line of 3000 m above msl will be taken as reference
and all lakes above this contour line will be classified as high altitude lakes.
1104 Riverine Wetlands: Along the major rivers, especially in plains water accumulates leading to
formation of marshes and swamp. Swamps are ‘Wetland dominated by trees or shrubs’ (U.S.
Definition). In Europe, a forested fen (a peat accumulating wetland that has no significant inflows or
outflows and supports acidophilic mosses, particularly Sphagnum) could be called a swamp. In some
areas reed grass - dominated wetlands are also called swamps). (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986).
Marsh: A frequently or continually inundated wetland characterised by emergent herbaceous

vegetation adapted to saturated soil conditions. In European terminology a marsh has a mineral soil
substrate and does not accumulate peat (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). Tone is grey blue and texture
is smooth.
Comment: Using satellite data it is difficult to differentiate between swamp and marsh. Hence, both
have been clubbed together.
1105 Waterlogged: Said of an area in which water stands near, at, or above the land surface, so that the
roots of all plants except hydrophytes are drowned and the plants die (Margarate et al, 1974). Floods
or unlined canal seepage and other irrigation network may cause waterlogging. Spectrally, during the
period when surface water exists, waterlogged areas appear more or less similar to lakes/ponds.
However, during dry season large or all parts of such areas dry up and give the appearance of
mud/salt flats (grey bluish).
1106 River/stream: Rivers are linear water features of the landscape. Rivers that are wider than the
mapping unit will be mapped as polygons. Its importance arises from the fact that many stretches of
the rivers in Indo-Gangetic Plains and peninsular India are declared important national and
international wetlands (Ex. The river Ganga between Brajghat and Garh Mukteshwar, is a Ramsar site,
Ranganthattu on the Cavery river is a bird sanctuary etc.). Wherever, rivers are wide and features like
sand bars etc. are visible, they will be mapped.
1200 Man-made
1201
Reservoir: A pond or lake built for the storage of water, usually by the construction of a dam across a
river (Margarate et al, 1974). On RS images, reservoirs have irregular boundary behind a prominent
dyke. Wetland boundary in case of reservoir incorporates water, aquatic vegetation and footprint of
water as well. In the accompanying images aquatic vegetation in the reservoir is seen in bright pink
tone. Tone is dark blue in deep reservoirs while it is ink blue in case of shallow reservoirs or reservoirs
with high silt load. These will be annotated as Reservoirs/Dam.
Barrage: Dykes are constructed in the plain areas over rivers for creating Irrigation/water facilities.
Such water storage areas develop into wetlands (Harike Barrage on Satluj – a Ramsar site, Okhla
barrage on the Yamuna etc. – a bird sanctuary). Water appears in dark blue tone with a smooth
texture. Aquatic vegetation appears in pink colour, which is scattered, or contiguous depending on the
density. Reservoirs formed by barrages will be annotated as reservoir/barrage.
219
1202 Tanks/Ponds: A term used in Ceylon and the drier parts of Peninsular India for an artificial pond, pool
or lake formed by building a mud wall across the valley of a small stream to retain the monsoon
(Margarate et al, 1974). Ponds Generally, suggest a small, quiet body of standing water, usually
shallow enough to permit the growth of rooted plants from one shore to another (Reid et al, 1976).
Tanks appear in light blue colour showing bottom reflectance.
In this category Industrial ponds/mining pools mainly comprising Abandoned Quarries are also
included (Quarry is defined as "An open or surface working or excavation for the extraction of stone,
ore, coal, gravel or minerals." In such pits water accumulate (McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of
Environmental Sciences, 1974), Ash pond/Cooling pond (The water body created for discharging
effluents in industry, especially in thermal power plants (Encyclopaedic Directory of Environment,
1988) and Cooling pond: An artificial lake used for the natural cooling of condenser-cooling water
serving a conventional power station (Encyclopaedic Directory of Environment, 1988). These ponds
can be of any shape and size. Texture is rough and tonal appearance light (quarry) to blue shade
(cooling pond).
1203 Waterlogged : Man-made activities like canals cause waterlogging in adjacent areas due to seepage
especially when canals are unlined. Such areas can be identified on the images along canal network.
Tonal appearance is in various hues of blue. Sometimes, such waterlogged areas dry up and leave
white scars on the land. Texture is smooth.
1204 Salt pans: Inland salt pans in India occur in Rajasthan (Sambhar lake). These are shallow rectangular
man-made depressions in which saline water is accumulated for drying in the sun for making salt.
2000 Coastal Wetlands

2100 Natural
2101 Lagoons/Backwaters: Such coastal bodies of water, partly separated from the sea by barrier
beaches or bass of marine origin, are more properly termed lagoons. As a rule, lagoons are elongate
and lie parallel to the shoreline. They are usually characteristic of, but not restricted to, shores of
emergence. Lagoons are generally shallower and more saline than typical estuaries (Reid et al, 1976).
Backwater: A creek, arm of the sea or series of connected lagoons, usually parallel to the coast,
separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land but communicating with it through barred outlets
(Margarate et al, 1974).
2102 Creek: A notable physiographic feature of salt marshes, especially low marshes. These creeks
develop as do rivers "with minor irregularities sooner or later causing the water to be deflected into
definite channels" (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). Creeks will be delineated; however, their area will
not be estimated.
2103 Sand/Beach: Beach is an unvegetated part of the shoreline formed of loose material, usually sand
that extends from the upper berm (a ridge or ridges on the backshore of the beach, formed by the
deposit of material by wave action, that marks the upper limit of ordinary high tides and wave wash to
low water mark (Clark,1977).Beach comprising rocky material is called rocky beach.
2104 Intertidal mudflats: Most unvegetated areas that are alternately exposed and inundated by the
falling and rising of the tide. They may be mudflats or sand flats depending on the coarseness of the
material of which they are made (Clark, 1977).
2105 Salt Marsh: Natural or semi-natural halophytic grassland and dwarf brushwood on the alluvial
sediments bordering saline water bodies whose water level fluctuates either tidally or non- tidally
(Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). Salt marshes look in grey blue shade when wet.
2106 Mangroves: The mangrove swamp is an association of halophytic trees, shrubs, and other plants
growing in brackish to saline tidal waters of tropical and sub-tropical coastlines (Mitsch and Gosselink,
1986). On the satellite images mangroves occur in red colour if in contiguous patch. When mangrove
associations are scattered or are degraded then instead of red colour, brick red colour may be seen.
2107 Coral reefs: Consolidated living colonies of microscopic organisms found in warm tropical waters. The
term coral reef or organic reef is applied to the rock- like reefs built-up of living things, principally
corals. They consist of accumulations of calcareous deposits of corals and corraline algae with the
intervening space connected with sand, which consists largely of shells of foraminefera. Present reefs
are living associations growing on this accumulation of past (Clark, 1977). Reefs appear in light blue
shade.
2200 Man-made
2201 Salt pans: An undrained usually small and shallow rectangular, man-made depression or hollow in
which saline water accumulates and evaporates leaving a salt deposit (Margarate et al, 1974). Salt
pans are square or rectangular in shape. When water is there appearance is blue while salt is formed
tone is white.
2202 Aquaculture ponds: Aquaculture is defined as "The breeding and rearing of fresh-water or marine
fish in captivity. Fish farming or ranching". The water bodies used for the above are called aquaculture
ponds (Encyclopedic Directory of Environment, 1988). Aquaculture ponds are geometrical in shape
usually square or rectangular. Tone is blue.
220
Annexure II
Details of District information followed in the atlas
Source : Survey of India (Surveyed in 2004 and published in 2005)
221
222
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NATIONAL WETLAND ATLAS:

Space Applications centre

The atlas comprises wetland information arranged into

The results and finding are organised in three sections;

For further details contact:

NATIONAL WETLAND ATLAS

As a part of the project on National Wetland Inventory and Assessment (NWIA)

Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad

Copyright: 2010, SAC, ISRO

Citation: National Wetland Atlas: Maharashtra, SAC/RESA/AFEG/NWIA/ATLAS/19/2009, Space Applications Centre

January 25, 2010

Project Director: Dr. (Mrs.) Sushma Panigrahy

Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad

Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre, Nagpur

Shri Vinod M Bothale

2.0 NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT

3.0 STUDY AREA

4.0 DATA USED

6.0 ACCURACY ASSESSMENT

7.0 WETLANDS OF MAHARASHTRA: MAPS AND STATISTICS

9.0 IMPORTANT WETLANDS OF MAHARASHTRA

10.0 SOI MAP-SHEET-WISE WETLAND MAPS (selected sheets)

Annexure–I: Definitions of wetland categories used in the project.

Plate-1: Major wetland types of Maharashtra

1.2 Mapping and Geospatial Technique

Figure 1: Spectral Signature of various targets

NIR RED GREEN

In addition, the Convention (Article 2.1) provides that wetlands:

2.1 Wetland Classification System

2.2 Spatial Framework and GIS Database

Following wetland layers are generated for each inland wetland:

 Turbidity of open water: A layer pertaining to a qualitative turbidity rating is generated.

Table 1: Wetland Classification System and coding

Wettcode* Level I Level II Level III

A detail of district information followed in the atlas is given in Annexure-II.

Figure 4: Spatial Framework of Maharashtra

4.1 Remote sensing data

Figure 5: IRS P6 LISS-III coverage (path-row) of Maharashtra

4.2 Ground truth data

4.3 Other data

Sr. Date of acquisition

Figure 6: IRS LISS-III FCC (October 2006 and May 2007)

5.1 Creation of Spatial Framework

5.2 Geo-referencing of Satellite Data

5.3 Mapping of Wetlands

i) Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) = (Green-NIR) / (Green + NIR)

Morphometric Physical Biological Base layers

Figure 7: Flow chart of the methodology used

Figure 8: Steps in the extraction of wetland components

• Extraction of wetland extent :

• Extraction of open water :

• Extraction of wetland vegetation :

• Turbidity information extraction :

Table 3: Qualitative turbidity ratings

5.4 Conversion of the raster (indices) into a vector layer

5.5 Generation of Reference Layers

5.6 Coding and Attribute Scheme

5.7 Map composition and output

MNDWI NDPI NDVI