This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A159 − 83 (Reapproved 2015)

Standard Specification for

Automotive Gray Iron Castings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A159; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
This specification replaces Federal specification AA-I-653A.

1. Scope 4.1.2 Grade designation of gray iron required (3.1),

1.1 This specification applies to gray iron castings, cast in 4.1.3 If special heat treatment is required (see Section 6),
sand molds, used in the products of the automobile, truck, 4.1.4 If special microstructure requirements are needed (see
tractor, and allied industries. Section 7),
4.1.5 Surface where hardness test is to be performed (see
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 9.4),
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 4.1.6 Depth and surface hardness of case required (see 9.6),
standard. 4.1.7 Inspection lot and sampling plan required (see Section
2. Referenced Documents 10),
4.1.8 If additional requirements are needed (see 11.3), and
2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on the 4.1.9 Whether special packaging and marking is required
date of material procurement form a part of this specification to (see Section 12).
the extent referenced herein:
2.2 ASTM Standards:2 5. Hardness
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of 5.1 The foundry shall exercise the necessary controls and
Graphite in Iron Castings inspection techniques to ensure compliance with the specified
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials hardness range, Brinell hardness shall be determined in accor-
2.3 Military Standard: dance with Test Method E10, after sufficient material has been
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage3 removed from the casting surface to ensure representative
2.4 Federal Standard: hardness readings. The 10-mm ball and 3000-kg load shall be
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)3 used unless otherwise agreed upon. The area or areas on the
casting where hardness is to be checked shall be established by
3. Grades agreement between supplier and purchaser and shall be shown
3.1 The specified grades, hardness ranges, and metallurgical on the drawing.
description are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 and in Section 9.
6. Heat Treatment
4. Ordering Information 6.1 Unless otherwise specified, castings of Grades G1800
4.1 Orders for materials under this specification shall in- and G2500 may be annealed in order to meet the desired
clude the following information: hardness range.
4.1.1 ASTM designation, 6.2 Appropriate heat treatment for removal of residual
stresses, or to improve machinability or wear resistance may be
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron specified by agreement between supplier and purchaser.
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.01 on Grey and White
Iron Castings. 7. Microstructure
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally
approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as A159 – 83 (2011). 7.1 The microstructure shall consist of flake graphite in a
DOI: 10.1520/A0159-83R15.
2
matrix of ferrite or pearlite or mixtures thereof.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM 7.2 As graphite size and shape somewhat affect hardness-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on strength ratio and other properties, the type size and distribu-
the ASTM website.
3
tion of the graphite flakes at a designated location on the
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:// casting may be specified by agreement between supplier and
www.dodssp.daps.mil. purchaser in accordance with Method A247.

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 A159 − 83 (2015)
TABLE 1 Grades of Gray Iron structure is checked shall be a matter of agreement between the
Grade Casting Hardness Range Description supplier and the purchaser.
G1800 HB 187 max ferritic-pearlitic 9.6 Selective Hardening—The cam areas of camshaft cast-
4.4 BID min or as agreedA ing are usually selectively hardened by flame or induction
G2500 HB 170-229 pearlitic-ferritic
4.6–4.0 BID or as agreedA
hardening by the supplier. The depth and surface hardness of
G3000 HB 187-241 pearlitic the hardened case shall be as agreed upon between supplier and
4.4–3.9 BID or as agreedA purchaser.
G3500 HB 207-255 pearlitic
4.2–3.8 BID or as agreedA 10. Quality Assurance Provisions
G4000 HB 217-269 pearlitic
4.1–3.7 BID or as agreed A 10.1 Responsibility for Inspection—Unless otherwise speci-
A
Brinell impression diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimetres of the impression fied in the contract or purchase order, the producer is respon-
of a 10 mm ball at 3000-kg load. sible for the performance of all inspection and tests require-
ments specified in this specification. Except as otherwise
specified in the contract or purchase order, the producer may
use his own or any other suitable facilities for the performance
7.3 Unless otherwise specified, the matrix microstructure of
of the inspection and test requirements specified herein, unless
castings covered by this specification shall be substantially free
disapproved by the purchaser. The purchaser shall have the
of primary cementite. Castings in Grades G1800 and G2500
right to perform any of the inspection and tests set for in this
may have a matrix of ferrite or pearlite or both. Grades G3000,
specification where such inspections are deemed necessary to
G3500, and G4000 shall be substantially pearlite in matrix
assure that material conform to prescribed requirements.
structure.
10.2 Lot—For the purpose of inspection, lot and sampling
8. Heavy-Duty Brake Drums and Clutch Plates plans shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the
8.1 These castings are considered as special cases and are producer.
covered in Table 2. 11. General
9. Alloy Gray Iron Automotive Camshafts 11.1 Castings furnished to this specification shall be repre-
sentative of good foundry practice and shall conform to
9.1 These castings are considered as special cases. dimensions and tolerances specified on the casting drawing.
9.2 Grade Designation—G4000d. 11.2 Minor imperfections usually not associated with the
9.3 Chemistry—Alloy gray iron camshafts shall contain structural function may occur in castings. These are often
alloys within the following range or as agreed upon between repairable but repairs shall be made only where allowed by the
supplier and purchaser. purchaser and only by approved methods.
Chromium 0.85–1.25 % 11.3 Additional casting requirements may be agreed upon
Molybdenum 0.40–0.60 % by purchaser and supplier. These should appear as product
Nickel as agreed
specifications on the casting or part drawing.
9.4 Casting Hardness—HB 241-321 determined on a bear-
ing surface as agreed by supplier and purchaser. 12. Preparation for Delivery
9.5 Microstructure—Extending 45° on both sides of the 12.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase
centerline of the cam nose and to a minimum depth of 1⁄8 in. order, castings shall be cleaned, preserved, and packaged in
(3.2 mm), the surface shall consist of primary carbides (of accordance with supplier’s standard commercial practice.
acicular or cellular form or a mixture thereof) and graphite in 12.2 Government Procurement—When specified for Gov-
a fine pearlitic matrix. The graphite shall be Type VII A and E ernment procurement, castings shall be marked for shipment in
distribution, 4 to 7 flake size in accordance with Method A247. accordance with MIL-STD-129 for military procurement and
The amount of primary carbides and location at which the Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agency procurement.

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 A159 − 83 (2015)
TABLE 2 Brake Drums and Clutch Plates for Special Service
A
Grade Carbon min, % Microstructure
Casting Hardness Matrix
Graphite

G2500a 3.40 HB 170-229 Type VII, size 2–4B lamellar pearlite

4.6–4.0 BID or as agreed A distribution ferrite if present not to exceed 15%
C
G3500b 3.40 HB 207-255 Type VII, size 3–5B lamellar pearlite
4.2–3.8 BID or as agreed A distribution ferrite or carbide if present not to exceed 5%
G3500c 3.50C HB 207-255 Type VII, size 3–5B lamellar pearlite
4.2–3.8 BID or as agreed A distribution ferrite or carbide, if present not to exceed 5%
A
The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made on chilled pencil-type specimens or from thin wafers approximately 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) thick cut from test coupons.
Drillings are not reliable because of the probable loss of graphite.
B
See Method A247.
C
Grades G 3500b and G 3500c normally require alloying to obtain the specified hardness at the high carbon levels specified.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. GRAY IRON

X1.1 Definition TABLE X1.2 Usual Composition of Brake Drums and Clutch
Plates for Special Service
X1.1.1 gray iron—a cast iron in which the graphite is
Chemical Compo- Grade Grade Grade
present as flakes instead of temper carbon nodules as in sition, % G2500a G3500b G3500c
malleable iron or small spherulites as in ductile iron.
Carbon, total (mandatory) 3.40 min 3.40 min 3.50 min
X1.2 Chemical Composition Silicon (as required) 1.60–2.10 1.30–1.80 1.30–1.80
Manganese (as required) 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90
X1.2.1 The ranges in composition generally employed in Sulfur, max 0.12 0.12 0.12
Phosphorus, max 0.15 0.15 0.15
producing the various grades of most automotive gray iron Alloys as required as required as required
castings are shown in Table X1.1. The composition ranges for
such special applications as heavy duty brake drums and clutch
plates and camshafts are shown in Table X1.2 and Table X1.3, TABLE X1.3 Usual Chemical Composition of Alloy Gray Iron
respectively. The contents of certain elements for these appli- Automotive Camshafts
cations are critical in terms of service requirements and the Grade G4000d, %
ranges are specified in the standard.
Total carbon 3.10–3.60
X1.2.2 The specific composition range for a given grade Silicon 1.95–2.40
may vary according to the prevailing or governing section of Manganese 0.60–0.90
Phosphorus 0.10 max
the castings being produced. Sulfur 0.15 max
Chromium 0.85–1.25
X1.2.3 Alloying elements such as chromium, copper, Molybdenum 0.40–0.60
nickel, tin, molybdenum, or other elements may be employed Nickel 0.20–0.45 optional
to meet the specified hardness or microstructural requirements Copper residual
or to provide the properties needed for particular service
conditions.
pearlite, or tempered pearlite. The relative amounts of each of
X1.3 Microstructure these constituents depends on the analysis of the iron, casting
X1.3.1 The microstructure of the various grades of gray iron design, and foundry techniques as they affect solidification and
are generally a mixture of flake graphite in a matrix of ferrite, subsequent cooling rate and heat treatments if any.

TABLE X1.1 Typical Base Compositions, %

Grade Carbon Silicon Manganese Sulfur, max Phosphorus, max Approximate Carbon
Equivalent

G1800 3.40–3.70 2.30–2.80 0.50–0.80 0.15 0.25 4.25–4.5

G2500 3.20–3.50 2.00–2.40 0.60–0.90 0.15 0.20 4.0–4.25
G3000 3.10–3.40 1.90–2.30 0.60–0.90 0.15 0.15 3.9–4.15
G3500 3.00–3.30 1.80–2.20 0.60–0.90 0.15 0.12 3.7–3.9
G4000 3.00–3.30 1.80–2.10 0.70–1.00 0.15 0.10 3.7–3.9
(usually alloyed)

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 A159 − 83 (2015)
X1.3.2 The distribution and size of graphite flakes like the TABLE X1.5 Typical Mechanical Properties
matrix structure of gray iron depends greatly on the solidifi- Mechanical Grade Grade
Grade
cation rate and cooling rate of the casting. If a section solidifies G3500c
Properties G2500a G3500b
very rapidly an appreciable amount of carbide causing a
mottled fracture or chilled corners can be present. If a section Tensile strength, min:
cools slowly, as in a massive heavy-section casting, an appre- psi 25 000 35 000 35 000
kgf/mm2 17.5 24.5 24.5
ciable amount of ferrite may be present. In like manner, light Transverse strength, min:
sections will contain small graphite flakes while graphite will lb 2000 2400 2400
form in much larger flakes if the same iron is poured into a kg 910 1090 1090
Deflection, min:
heavy casting. in. 0.17 0.24 0.24
mm 4.3 6.1 6.1
X1.3.3 For these reasons the strength and hardness of gray Hardness, HB 170–229 207–255 207–255
iron are greatly influenced by the rate of cooling during and Brinell indention diameter, mm 4.6–4.0 4.2–3.8 4.2–3.8
after solidification, the design and nature of the mold and the
casting, and by other factors such as inoculation practice in
addition to the composition of the iron. TABLE X1.6 Typical Applications of Gray Iron for Automotive
Castings
X1.3.4 Alloying with nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tin,
Grade General Data
copper or other alloys usually promotes a more stable pearlitic
structure and is often done to obtain increased hardness,
strength, and wear resistance especially in heavy sections G1800 Miscellaneous soft iron castings (as cast or annealed) in which
strength is not of primary consideration. Exhaust manifolds may be
subjected to severe service. made of this grade of iron, alloyed or unalloyed. These may be
annealed castings for exhaust manifolds in order to avoid growth
X1.3.5 Alloying is sometimes used to obtain structures and cracking due to heat.
containing a controlled percentage of carbides as in camshaft G2500 Small cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, air cooled cylinders, pistons,
or valve lifter castings. clutch plates, oil pump bodies, transmission cases, gear boxes,
clutch housings, and light-duty brake drums.
X1.3.6 Primary carbides or pearlite or both, can be decom- G3000 Automobile and diesel cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, flywheels,
differential carries castings, pistons, medium-duty brake drums, and
posed by appropriate heat treatment. Gray irons of suitable clutch plates.
composition and structure can be hardened by liquid quenching G3500 Diesel engine blocks, truck and tractor cylinder blocks and heads,
or by flame or induction selective hardening. heavy flywheels, tractor transmission cases, and heavy gear boxes.
G4000 Diesel engine castings, liners, cylinders, and pistons.
X1.4 Mechanical Properties
X1.4.1 The mechanical properties listed in Table X1.4 can
be used for design purposes. However, the suitability of a
particular grade for an intended application is best determined ture for a ferrous alloy, high fluidity, and low shrinkage
by laboratory or service tests. Typical mechanical properties properties it is more readily cast in complex shapes than other
for such specialized applications as heavy-duty brake drums ferrous metals.
and clutch plates are shown in Table X1.5. X1.5.2 Gray iron castings of the lower-strength Grades
G1800 and G2500 are characterized by excellent
X1.5 Application of Gray Iron in Automotive Castings machinability, high damping capacity, low modulus of
(see Table X1.6) elasticity, and comparative ease of manufacture. When higher
X1.5.1 The graphite flakes in gray iron give this metal many strength is obtained by a reduction in the carbon or carbon
desirable properties. These include excellent machinability, equivalent, castings are more difficult to machine, have lower
high thermal conductivity, vibration dampening properties, and damping capacity, higher modulus of elasticity, and may be
resistance to wear or scuffing. Due to its low freezing tempera- more difficult to manufacture.

TABLE X1.4 Mechanical Properties for Design Purposes

Grade Hardness RangeA Tensile Strength, min, psi Transverse Strength, Deflection, min, in.
(kgf/mm 2) min, lb (kg)B (mm)B

G1800 HB 143-187 18 000 (14) 1720 (780) 0.14 (3.6)

5.0–4.4 BID
G2500 HB 170-229 25 000 (17.5) 2000 (910) 0.17 (4.3)
4.6–4.0 BID
G3000 HB 187-241 30 000 (21) 2200 (1000) 0.20 (5.1)
4.4–3.9 BID
G3500 HB 207-255 35 000 (24.5) 2450 (1090) 0.24 (6.1)
4.2–3.8 BID
G4000 HB 217-269 40 000 (28) 2600 (1180) 0.27 (6.9)
4.1–3.7 BID
A
Brinell impression diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimetres of the impression of a 10-mm ball at 3000-kg load.
B
See Method A438 for information concerning the B transverse test bar and the transverse test.

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 A159 − 83 (2015)
X1.6 Special Applications of Gray Iron X1.7.3 As the performance of an automotive camshaft is
X1.6.1 Heavy-Duty Brake Drums and Clutch Plates— determined by the microstructure and hardness, producers do
Automotive brake drums and clutch plates for heavy-duty not normally use tensile or transverse tests for quality control
service are considered as special cases. Typical chemical purposes. Camshaft iron with chemistry as given in Table X1.3
analyses and mechanical properties are listed in Table X1.2 and would be expected to have the following minimum mechanical
Table X1.5. Heavy-duty irons for such service require high properties.
carbon contents for resistance to thermal shock and to mini- Tensile strength, min:
psi 40 000
mize heat checking. To maintain strength levels specified for kgf/mm2 28
Grades G3500b and G3500c normally requires alloying due to Transverse strength, min:
their high carbon contents. lb 2600
kg 1180
X1.6.2 Microstructure—See Table 2 for microstructure re- Deflection, min:
quirements. in. 0.27
mm 6.9
X1.6.3 Suggested Usage—Following are suggested grades Hardness, HB 241–321
BID 3.9–3.4
for brake drums and clutch plates according to types of service:
Grade Suggested Usage
X1.7.4 Microstructure— See 9.5 for microstructure require-
G2500a Brake drums and clutch plates for moderate service ments for Grade G4000d alloy cast iron camshafts.
requirements, where high carbon iron is desired to minimize heat
checking (see Section 8). X1.8 Additional Information
G3500b Brake drums and clutch plates for heavy-duty service where
both resistance to heat checking and higher strength are definite X1.8.1 Additional information concerning gray iron
requirements (see Section 8). castings, their properties and uses can be obtained from the
G3500c Extra-heavy-duty service brake drums (see Section 8).
following sources:
X1.7 Automotive Camshafts (1) Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Vols 1, 2, and 5, published
by the American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio.
X1.7.1 Alloy gray iron automotive camshafts are also con- (2) Cast Metals Handbook published by the American
sidered as special cases. The chemical composition of such Found rymen’s Society, Des Plaines, Ill.
castings is usually within the range given in Table X1.3 but (3) Gray & Ductile Iron Castings Handbook (1971) published
may be modified by mutual agreement. by Gray and Ductile Iron Founders Society, Cleveland,
X1.7.2 In casting hardenable iron from camshafts, the aim is Ohio.
to obtain a suitable microstructure in critical locations of the (4) Physical and Engineering Properties of Cast Iron, Angus,
casting and balance the composition to obtain response to British Cast Iron Research Association (1960),
induction or flame-hardening treatment. These depend not only Alve- church, Birmingham, England.
on the chemistry of the iron but even more on the cross section (5) Engineering Data on Gray Cast Irons, G. N. J. Gilbert
of the casting and details of melting practice. In making a given British Cast Iron Research Association (1968),
casting, it is recognized that the foundry will find it necessary Alve church, Birmingham, England.
to adjust the chemistry to narrower limits within the range of (6) Gray, Ductile and Malleable, Iron Castings Current Ca-
analysis in Table X1.3. pabilities. ASTM STP 455, (1969).

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