Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

MSc in Power Distribution Engineering

Module EEE8047
Design and Automation

8 – 9 February 2010

Module Leader – John Bailey

The Reason for Transmission and

Distribution Power Networks

Relation between Electricity Demand

&
Commercial Activity

The Demand has an

Industrial and Commercial Component

Domestic Component

1
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

Generating Station Siting

Hydro
Conventional Thermal (Oil or Coal Fired)

Nuclear

Gas Turbines
Single Cycle
Combined Cycle

TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE
LEVELS

•POWER TO BE TRANSMITTED

•DISTANCE OF
TRANSMISSION

•1 KV per Kilometre

2
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE LEVELS

(Continued)

•1000 kV - EHV Transmission

•750 kV - EHV Transmission
•400 kV - EHV Transmission
•380 kV - EHV Transmission
•275 kV - HV Transmission
•230 kV - HV Transmission
•*132 kV - HV Sub-Transmission
•110 kV - HV Sub-Transmission
•66 kV - MV Sub-Transmission

DISTRIBUTION VOLTAGE LEVELS

•66 kV

•33 kV

•13.8 kV

•11 kV

•6.6 kV

•3.3 kV

3
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

Early Generation in UK
after
Sir Thomas Edison built first Generating Station
New York 1878

Early Transmission and

Distribution

4
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

Current Reaction

1 Milliampere Perception level. Just a faint tingle.

5 Milliamperes Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing.

Average individual can let go. However, strong
involuntary reactions to shocks in this range can lead
to injuries.

6-25 Milliamperes Painful shock, muscular control is lost.

(women)

9-30 Milliamperes (men) This is called the freezing current or “let-go” range.

50-150 Milliamperes Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular

contractions. *Individual cannot let go. Death is
possible.

1,000-4,300 Milliamperes Ventricular fibrillation. (The rhythmic pumping action of

the heart ceases.) Muscular contraction and nerve
damage
occur. Death is most likely.

10,000- Milliamperes Cardiac arrest, severe burns and probable death.

C1: Threshold of
cardiac
fibrillation

5
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

132kV
154kV

66kV

G1 G2 G3
13.8kV

G4 G5 G6

Steel Works Complex

Turkey

To 33kV
Typical Oil Refinery Grid Voltage Key
Network - OMAN 33 kV
6.6 kV
Auto Transfer 1000V
415V
A1
NO

Standby G

to A2L to A2R Generator

M SeeFig.5
Fig.1.2b See
M
See SeeFig.1.2b
Fig.5
185 kW 185 kW

B1 B2
B8A Emergency Power Dist. Panel B8

M Misc.
CHC
60 kW EFLCHL
Typical for each
Bus-Section (See Fig.6)

Fire
Cooling
Water B22
B3 B4 See Fig.5

SWB B2R
SWB B2L

Emergency Power Panel B6

B5 Main Instrument Supply Dist. Board
MOV Panel

6
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

6.6kV (Continued from fig.1.2a)

6.6 kV Busbar
(Continued from Fig.4.2(a)
Cont actor
Fuse

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
P-8551 P-800 1 P-800 3 P-8011 P-8101 P-8 575 P-857 9 P-85 81 P-8 583 P-82 11 P-80 43 P-8 051 K -8251 KM -8203
185 kW 3 50 kW 350 kW 220 kW 220 kW 200 kW 25 0 kW 250 kW 4 205 kW 185 kW 2 20 kW 170 kW 400 HP 800 kW
Compre ssor Co mp ressor

250G001D 250G001A 250G001B 250G001C

Turbo Turbo Turbo
From
Turbo
Gen Gen 37.5 MVA Gen 37.5 MVA Gen 45 MVA ADMA
45 MVA

250TF001D 250TF001A 250TF001B 250TF001C 250TF001F

45MVA 37.5MVA 37.5MVA 45MVA 5MVA
PLC Intertrip
PLC Intertrip
PLC Intertrip

8MVA 8MVA 8MVA 8MVA

M M M M
North South
Satellite Satellite
245-KH-001 Gas Compressors West
A/B/C/D (6MW)
Satellite

Circuit Breaker

M M M M M Disconnector

M M M M M M M M Motor
11kV
22kV
6.6kV

ZADCO – APCT
M M M M M M M UAE

7
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

Part of DAS Island OIL & GAS

UAE

11 kV
3.3 kV

415V

M
M

TR341
6.6/0.725kV Dyn11 TR342 TR343
1250 kVA uk = 5.3% 6.6/0.725kV Dyn11 6.6/0.725kV Dyn11
1250 kVA uk = 5.3% 400 kVA uk = 3.91%
76.2Ω

NS41 690V

M M M
144-ONP1B
144-OPM-1010B

144-OPM-1020A

M M
144-OPM-1010A

144-OPM-1020B

Liquid Liquid Skid

M M
Sulphur Sulphur Rect. for
Liquid Liquid MOB B CP
xfr xfr Norm.
Sulphur Sulphur Pump Pump 8.91kW
xfr xfr Panel
55kW 55kW 12kVA
Pump Pump
55kW 55kW
MOV “A” 12 kVA
144-ONP1A SKID

Instrument Instrument
Electrical Supply Supply to 1TR2 ?
Supply to 1TR2
Heat Tracing

Tank Area M
Welding
Receptacles
30kW
Lighting 15kW
Tank Area

Dolphin Energy – Ras Lafan Gas Treatment Plant SS2

8
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

TR131 TR132
33/6.9kV Dyn11 33/6.9kV Dyn11
16 MVA uk = 8.35% 16 MVA uk = 8.35%
5 Off-load Taps 5 Off-load Taps
+ or – 5% 76.2Ω + or – 5% 76.2Ω

6.6kV
NS31 A8 NS31 A7 A6 A5 A4 A1 A3 A2 B2 B1 B3 B4 B5 B6 NS31 B7

Spare

Spare
M M M
SEEHT M M SEEHT
From 6.6kV Supply
400kVA 400kVA
600 2050 3950 2050 600 SS1 – ES13
Xfr Xfr
Dist Fdr kW kW kW kW kW Dist Fdr
(Line “A”) (Line “B”)

TR342

TR344
TR343

TR341

NS42 ES41
NS41
?

M M M M M M

MOV1042
Typical Dist

MOV1043
Fdr
TR451

Inst Supply Instrument

ITR24 Electrical Supply
Supply to 1TR2

NS51

M
6A1 6A2 6A3 6A4
M
NL51 Supplementary
Heating

Dolphin Energy – Ras Lafan Gas Treatment Plant SS24

Dolphin Energy – Ras Lafan Gas Treatment Plant SS24

Switchgear Bay for Sulphur Transfer Pumps
690V Bus – NS41
1250A, 3Ph, 3 Wire, 31.5kA, 1 sec
230V 1-Ph

100A

49 50N
3
75/1A I >
PDCS Interface

U < 59

55kW
M PF=?
Space Torque v Speed?
Heater Other Characteristics?
Check Manufacturer’s Data

All 4 Bays are Identical

144-OPM-1010A Liq. Sulphur Transfer Pump
144-OPM-1020B Liq. Sulphur Transfer Pump
144-OPM-1010B Liq. Sulphur Transfer Pump
144-OPM-1020A Liq. Sulphur Transfer Pump

9
Lecture Notes Session 1 - Introduction

40 20
7108 7320

35
40
10

7118 7057
7016

Key GT1 GT2 GT3

33kV
8017A 8005A 8017B 8005B
132kV
11kV Typical Utility
40 Demand (MW)
Grid Group

8016

ST1 ST2
G1 G2 G3 G4

33kV

33kV
11kV
7118
11kV
7016

415V
Typical Utility
To Consumers Medium Voltage
Primary Substations

10
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Distribution Network
Components
There are many factors to take into consideration
when choosing components
for a Distribution Network

Environmental Considerations

Safety Considerations

Typical Wooden Pole Construction

A Set of 3-wires
Insulator Strings (Conductors)

Single Line Symbol

132kV and lower

1
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Double Circuit Towers

BES – L2 (1956)

40 feet 12.2 meters

136 feet
And
6 inches
(41.6 meters)

Voltage Steel Steel Steel Steel Reinforced Wooden

Level Latticed Latticed Poles Poles Concrete Poles
(Line) Circuits Circuits (DC) (SC) Poles (SC)
(DC) (SC) (SC)
220 V X X
415 V X X
3.3 kV X X
6.6 kV X X
10 kV X X X
11 kV X X
13.8 kV X X
15 kV X X
20 kV X
33 kV X
66 kV X X X X X
110 kV X X X
132 kV X X X X X
230 kV X X X X
380/400 kV X
500 kV X
750 kV X

The choice of support structure, wood pole, steel pole, steel latticed
is governed by Mechanical and Civil Considerations
Conductor Spacing.

2
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Underground Cable – Flat formation Arrangement

Back-fill
Warning Tiles

Soft Layers

Red-Phase Yellow-Phase Blue-Phase

Depth Spacing - depending on voltage level

say 1 metre
Depends on
11 kV level
voltage

Single Line Symbol

Tre-foil

Standard cable nomenclature

based on IEC 60183

Outer Jacket

Screen

Phase
Insulation

Cores
Copper or
Aluminium

All 3-phases in 1 Cable per Phase

1 Jacket (Medium Voltage) MV to EHV

U0 = Rated rms power frequency voltage, core to screen or sheath

U = Rated rms power frequency voltage, core to core
Um = Maximum rated rms power frequency voltage, core to core
(highest core-to-core voltage under normal operating conditions)
Up = Peak lightning impulse withstand voltage core to screen or sheath

3
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Several Cable Laying Arrangement

(LV )

Example for 3(1x120/16)N2XSY

Like This (Jackets Touching)

Like This (Jackets Touching) (2)
(1) R R R

B Y B Y B Y B
R Y B R Y B R Y

Y axis
Or Like This (Jackets separated)
Or Like This (Jackets separated) (4) R

(3) B Y

R Y B etc X axis
a
b
If like 3 or 4, I need dimensions of separation

Single Phase Cabling

Distribution Transformers

LowVoltage Bushings N
High Voltage Bushings Star-
Point

TANK

Laminated
Steel
Core

4
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Delta-Star

Delta- Star

Star-Delta Star-Delta

Star- Star
Star-Star

Star- Star
with Auto-Tap Changer Star-Star
with
Auto-Tap
IEE - UK Changer

IEEE - USA

(B)
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
Circuit Breakers

OPENING
CIRCUIT
BREAKER SPRING
(COMPRESSED)

A3 AUXILIARY
CIRCUITS (ALARMS ETC)

A2
TRIP COIL
BATTERY
MAIN LATCH (D)
HV CIRCUIT MAIN
T A1

CONTACTS RELAY
(C) TRIPPING
CONTACT

CT
(A)
RELAY

5
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Circuit Breaker Single Line Diagram Symbols

Often employed
when
contacts are linked
contacts of another CB in
an automation scheme

Non Rack-out
type
Transmission or Rack-out type LV Distribution
Rack-out type Rack-out type
Distribution (GIS) Distribution (1) 415V etc
Distribution (2) Distribution (3)
Oil or Vacuum Air-break or
Oil or Vacuum Oil or Vacuum
Magnetic

Circuit Breaker Single Line Diagram Symbols (Cont)

Description German Symbols British Symbols US/Canadian Symbols International Symbols

As German or

Contactor with
thermal overload
releases

Triple -pole circuit

breaker with RL
OC RL
latching mechanism, OC OC
› › ›
electromagnetic or or or
release and 3
thermal overload
RL
relays
OC OC OC RL › › ›

Isolating
circuit
breaker

Circuit or or or or or or
or CB
breaker

6
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Double Busbars
3
Disconnector/Earth Switch
1
Voltage Transformer Interrupter
3
Current Transformer
2

Alternative Arrangement
with disconnector in
voltage Transformer circuit
4
5 Single Line Diagram
Notes:- Disconnectors (Refer to section 2.7)
Voltage and Current Transformers (Refer to Section 2.15)

GIS Insulated Medium Voltage Switchgear (up to 52kV)

Type WVI - Courtesy of AREVA T&D

(1) Compartment with vacuum interrupters and three-position switch

(2) Drive cabinet and control & indication panel including gas-manometer
(3) Busbar compartment
(4) Basic frame and cable-connection area
(5) Low voltage cabinet5

GIS Insulated Medium Voltage Switchgear (up to 52kV) - Type WVI -

Courtesy of AREVA T&D

Technical Characteristics
Rated Voltage KV 12 17.5 24 36 38 40.5 52 *±27.5
Rated Frequency Hz 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60 50
Rated power frequency withstand
KV 28 38(42) 50 70 80 80 95 95
voltage
Rated lightning impulse withstand
KV 75 95 125 170 200 200 250 250
voltage (BIL)
Rated current: busbar up to A 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2000
Rated current: feeder up to A 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2000
Rated short-time withstand current
kA 40 40 40 40 31.5 40 31.5 25
(3s) up to

Rated peak withstand current up to kA 100 100 100 100 80 100 80 63

Internal arc tested to IEC 60298, kA

40 40 40 40 31.5 40 31.5 25
Appendix AA, Criteria 1-6 (1s) up to

*Single phase or 2-phase version

7
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Symbols for a Recloser

A Commonly used Pole International Single Line

Mounted Recloser Single Diagram Symbol for a
Line Diagram Symbol recloser

Typical Reclosers
Courtesy Whipp & Bourne

(a)
(b)

(c)

(a) Cross-section
(b) Typical Pole Mounting
(c) Showing Control Cubicle (d)
(d) Control Cubicle Door Open
Control Cubicle

8
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Symbols for a Sectionaliser

In Common Use

International
Symbol

Typical Vertical Mounting Switches

Operating Bar

9
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

10
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

In-line Mounting

Sectionaliser with Circuit Breaker - Model GVS

Courtesy Whipp & Bourne

11
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

The Ring Main Unit

To
Transformer
and Consumers

Cable Cable
Feeder Feeder
RING MAIN UNIT

The Ring Main Unit (Cont)

To
Transformer Transformer
(a) and Consumers

Cable Cable Cable Feeder Cable Feeder

Feeder Feeder

RING MAIN UNIT RMU

(b)

Transformer LVDB

Cable Feeder Cable Feeder Breaker

RMU
Cable Feeder Cable Feeder
(c)

Package (d)
Substation

Cable Feeders

Cable Feeders
(e)
Step-down
Transformers (f)

12
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Ring Main Unit (Example)

Voltage and Short Circuit Indicators

(Refer to Section 2.15 and 2.17)

Communication
(Refer to Sections 9 and 11)

Vacuum Circuit Breaker with

Relay (Refer to Sections 2.4 and 11

Ring Main Unit (Technical Characteristics)

Downstream Vacuum
Switch Earthing Switch
Earthing Circuit
disconnector Switch Fuse
Switch Breaker
Rated Voltage kV 12/17.5/24 12/17.5/24 12/17.5/24 12/17.5/24 12/15/17.5/24

Power Frequency
kV 28/38/50 28/38/50 28/38/50 28/38/50 28/38/38/50
Withstand Voltage

Impulse Withstand
kV 95/95/125 95/95/125 95/95/125 95/95/125 95/95/95/125
Voltage

630/630/630/63
Rated Current A 630/630/630
0

Breaking Capacities

Closed Loop A 630/630/630

Of Load Cable
A 135/135/135
Charging Current

Of Load Transformer A 20/20/20

Earth Fault A 200/150/150

Earth Fault Cable

A 115/87/87
Charging Current
Short-circuit breaking A 21/21/16/16
current

Making Capacity kA 62.5/52/5/52/5 62.5/52/5/52/5 12.5/12.5/12.5 52.5/52.5/40/40

Short time current

kA 25/ -/ - 25/ -/ - 5/5/5
1 sec
Short time current
kA 21/21/21 21/21/21 21/21/16/16
3 sec

13
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Circuit Breaker

Disconnector

or Fuse

MCCB

MCCB’s to
Outgoing 415V feeders

Many Recognised Symbols for a Fuse

14
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Fused Cut-outs

Oil Switches

15
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

High Voltage Fuses

(Expulsion types - Cont)
The spring tension
arrangement allows the
fuse break to enlarge
C
when arcing commences
thus increasing the arc
voltage and aiding
extinction.

A
These fuse types are
D usually employed on
outdoor distribution
equipment and overhead
line poles
B

The mechanism allows the top contact to disengage on fuse operation so that
the fuse carrier tube falls outwards about the lower hinge

Employment of Circuit Breakers

Fuses, Sectionalisers, Reclosers

11kV
Primary Busbar

16
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

MCC’s and MCCB’s

Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) or moulded case circuit breakers
(MCCBs) are also overcurrent protection devices often with thermal and
magnetic elements for overload and short circuit fault protection

Earth leakage protection, shunt trip coils and undervoltage releases may
also be incorporated in the designs

As a switch they allow isolation of the supply from the lo

Normally the MCB requires manual resetting after a trip situation but
solenoid or motor driven closing is also possible for remote control.

Single Line Diagram Symbols

For MCC’s and MCCB’s

17
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

A Selection of MCC’s

A Selection of MCCB’s

18
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

MCC’s and MCCB’s – Thermal

Tripping Element
NORMAL CONDITION THERMAL TRIP CONDITION

Bimetal Circuit Breaker

Contacts

Current Out
Current In Spring
Latch

MCC’s and MCCB’s – Magnetic

Tripping Element
NORMAL CONDITION MAGNETIC TRIP CONDITION

Circuit Breaker
Latch Contacts
Armature

Current Out
Spring

Electromagnet

Current In Conductor

19
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Line Capacitors

Front

Controls

Rear
Surge
Protection

Capacitors

20
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Shunt Capacitors and Connections

(a) (b) (c)

Reactors

Common Single-Line Three-Phase Delta

Diagram Symbol Connection
Three-Phase Star
Connection

Voltage Regulators
(a) Single-Phase Unit (b) Two Single-Phase Units (c) Three Single-Phase Units
Line Connections – Open Delta Line Connections – Star/Star

(d) Three Single-Phase Units

Pad Mounted

21
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Single Line Symbols for a Voltage Regulator

(a) (b)
Three Single-phase Units Two Single-phase Units
Connected Star Connected Open Delta

Europe
Europe
Europe North
North America
America

(a) Open Delta Connections Phasor Diagram

(c)
From Source

(Open Delta Configuration)

To Load

R
Reference (Yellow Phase)
Y
B

Line Voltage
60O

VBR (1.0 p.u)

VBY (1.0 p.u) VRY (1.0 p.u)

V”BY (1.1 p.u) V”RY (1.0 p.u)

0.05 pu 0.05 pu
V”BR (1.1 p.u)

(b) Series Winding

Reversing Switch
Current Transformer
Source Bushing V.R V.L
Load Bushing

S L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N

Regulated Load
Unregulated Source
+
Control

Tap Changer Shunt Control

Contacts Winding Winding

SL

Equaliser Winding and Reactor

Source Load Bushing

22
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Voltage Regulator Point of

Grid

(Refer to figure 2.30) Voltage Control

Line Drop

G Co-generation

Consumer
Forward Power Flow Substation

Consumer
Load

Point of
Voltage Control
Grid

Line Drop

Consumer
Reverse Power Flow Substation

Consumer
Load

Series Reactors

23
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

132kV
154kV
Series Reactors (Cont)
66kV

G1 G2 G3
13.8kV

G4 G5 G6

Shunt Reactors
Line

Line

24
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Shunt Reactors (Cont)

HVE1 HVE2 SWCC1 HVE3 SWCC2

A 380 kV
Substation Connected in
the tertiary windings
Double Bus of the 380/110kV
transformers
Double Circuit Breaker
Status
T1 Symbol T2 T3
Key Isolator (Disconnector)

CT

Relay
(Meter)

US VT (PT)
Primary Circuit

Secondary Circuit
Europe

VT and CT Single Line Diagram

25
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Line

Arrester

Surge Arrester - Single Line Diagram

Surge Arrester
Line Line

26
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Surge Arrester (Principles)

Example Arrester – Siemens Type
(a)
Typical Resistance
(b) 3EB1 – Traction System Applications (c) Surge Arrester
Monitor
Versus Voltage
Resistance

Surge Arresters Line Connection

Zinc Oxide Block

Volts
Normal
Voltage Earth Connection
Operating
Range
Dimensions in mm

Nominal Maximum Energy

System Continuous Capability
Type
Voltage Operating
(kJ)
(kV) Voltage (kV)
15 3EB1230-5AL2 18 97
15 3EB1230-6AL2 18 180
25 3EB1370-5AX2 30 155
25 3EB1370-6AX2 30 290
Table 2.4 Examples Characteristics of Medium Voltage Surge

Zinc Oxide with no spark gap.

27
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Earth Fault Indicators

Direction of Direction of

Short-Circuit Current Short-Circuit Current

Directional setting Directional setting

Cable Section of EFI Cable Section of EFI
Cable Section Cable Section
RMU RMU
EFI EFI
Flags Does
not Flag

Early fault indicators - simple devices

located at transformer points along a feeder

A current transformer in the earth path, the output

of which was connected to a solenoid type relay
operating a visible flag

Earth Fault Indicators (Cont)

(a) (b) (c)

OR

Single-phase CT’s
3-phase CT External Visible
MV O/H Local and
MV U/G Indicating Unit
Networks Remote Indications
Networks Via SCADA

28
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Earth Fault Indicators (Cont)

(a) (b)

Radio Transceiver

PMT

Protection Relays
A relay is used as the signal to trip

Instantaneous Overcurrent

Time Delay Overcurrent

Directional Overcurrent

Impedance

Voltage

29
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

OMANREF Front Panel 6.6kV Breakers

Showing Relays

30
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Type MCND 04
Negative Sequence
Overcurrent Relay

Numerical automatic recloser

for HV and MV application

Composite Microprocessor
based Relays and Meters

C60

C60 BREAKER MANAGEMENT RELAY

31
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

C60 Breaker Management Relay (Cont)

52
Reclose
Trip 79
Monitoring

50BF 50P 51P 50N 51N

81
METERING
27X 27P

25
C60
Breaker Management Relay

Composite Microprocessor
based Relays and Meters (Cont)

DELTA Feeder Management Relay Fascia Panel

Relay Type

Graphical on- screen mimic

diagram for Plant control Programmable LEDs
and indication for alarm and trip
Status and Analogue indication with text legends

Local/Remote Switch

Communication Port

Courtesy of Reyrolle/VATECH (now incorporated in Siemens)

32
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

Composite Microprocessor
based Relays and Meters (Cont)

Motor Management Relay 469 Showing Communication Connections

Display
3 types of messages: RS45
•Actual value Comms Port
•Setpoint, (Rear
•Target messages
Note:- Ethernet Options
also available

LED Displays
Control Keys etc

RS232 Comms
Port (Front)

Courtesy of GE Multilin

Access from the front panels

(LCD & keypad) and Communication Ports
(Continued)
Local Substation
Other Relays
and IED Control

SCADA Master
10 Mbps Ethernet RS485
LAN

or Modem

Engineering

RS232 for
Troubleshooting
and Setting Changes

33
Lecture Notes - Session 2 - Network
Components

690V Bus – NS41

1250A, 3Ph, 3 Wire, 31.5kA, 1 sec
230V 1-Ph

100A

49 50N
3
75/1A I >

PDCS Interface
U <59

M 55kW
Space
Heater

34
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Power Supply Sources

Generation/Transmission Utilities

Distribution Company Owned Generation

Consumer Owned Generation

Basic Design Principles

Peak Load

1
Lecture Notes - Session 3

To Grid System
Demonstrating
FIRM CAPACITY

Grid T1 Grid T2
60 MVA 60 MVA

Distribution Network
Peak Load = 60 MVA

To Grid System

Grid T1 Grid T2
60 MVA 60 MVA

Distribution Network 10 MVA of

Generators
Peak Load = 70 MVA

2
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Firm Feeder Capacity

11 kV
Substation A

38 amp

130 kVA 154 kVA 136 kVA 146 kVA

11 kV
Substation B
Normal
Open
Point

184 kVA 112 kVA 54kVA 96kVA

38 amp
154kVA 86kVA 186kVA 56kVA

Firm Feeder Capacity

(Continued)
Fault on first Section from A
11 kV
Substation A

130 kVA 154 kVA 136 kVA 146 kVA

11 kV
Substation B
NO
Closed

184 kVA 112 kVA 54kVA 96kVA

75 amp
154kVA 86kVA 186kVA 56kVA

3
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Minimum Load

Voltage Problems

Protection Problems
(Low Fault Levels)

Distribution Network Constraints

Load Flow

Voltage Control

Quality of Supply

Fault Levels

4
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Load Flows

Overhead Line Ratings

Voltage Control Important

Short-Term Overload
Ratings

Load Flows

Cable Ratings
Voltage Control Important

Maximum Insulation
Temperature

5
Lecture Notes - Session 3

33 kV Example - Base Case Flows

18 9
7108 40
7320 20

21

7 29 7
1 29
0
1 31 32 5
8 40 7 40

7016 10
19

50 50 50

8016 - 132kV

32 36
7108 40
7320 20

16

7 36 7
1 36
0
1 44 5
8 40 7 40

7016 10
24

33kV Example (Cont)

Loss of one Circuit
50 50 50 Overload

8016 - 132kV

6
Lecture Notes - Session 3

33 kV Example - Base Case Flows

With Additional Circuit Added
15 3
7108 40
7320 20

23

7 27.5 7
1 27.5
27 13 0
1 28 5
8 40 7 40

7016 10
17

33kV Example (Cont)

Loss of one Circuit
50 50 50 Overload

8016 - 132kV

Possible 11kV Interconnections

NO
7905 7108 7320

7611 7605

7118

7057 7017
7016

132kV 8017
33kV
11kV
Interconnection 8016

7
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Transformer Cyclic Ratings

Cyclic Rating

30

25
Normal Rating
20

Xfr.
Load 15
MVA
10

00.00 02.00 04.00 06.00 08.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00

Time of Day

Voltage Control - 11 kV Feeder

AVC Scheme
with Line Drop
130 kVA 154 kVA 136 kVA 146 kVA
Compensation

184 kVA 112 kVA 54kVA 96kVA

154kVA 86kVA 186kVA 56kVA

Key

Closed
33/11 kV
Open Substation B

8
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Reasons for Short-Circuits

• Presence of vermin or rodents in equipment

• Loose connections/joints

• Voltage surges (e.g. Lightning on Overhead Conductors)

• Deterioration of Insulation due to Industrial Pollution

• Forest Fires underneath HV Distribution Lines resulting in

ionisation of the air around the conductor

• Accumulation of Moisture, dust, contaminants

• Intrusion of “foreign” metallic objects, e.g. digging machinery by

buried cables!

When Faults occur “bad”

things can happen
• At the fault location, arcing and burning can occur

• Short-Circuit current flows from the various sources to the

fault location

• All components carrying the short-circuit currents are

subject to high thermal and mechanical stress, which varies
as a function of the current squared (I2) and the duration
of this current flow.

• System voltage drops in proportion to the magnitude of the

short-circuit current. The most severe voltage drops clearly
occur at the “nodes” on the network closest to the fault
location. The voltage could reach almost zero for a 3-phase
fault with minimal fault impedance. However all parts of the
power system are subjected to some degree of voltage dip.

9
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Faults must be removed

quickly

•Circuit Breakers

•Fusable Switches

Distinctions between Load

and Fault Currents
Load Current versus Fault Current

FLOW of WATER
in a Hydro-Electric
Plant
A Good
Analogy

FLOW of WATER
does not depend
on size/capacity
of reservoir

10
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Distinctions between Load

and Fault Currents
The Dam Breaks !

Flow now
depends
very much
on the
Whoosh ! capacity of
the
reservoir!

Figure 1 Must be capable of interrupting

1000 Amperes 1000 amps

5 amp

100 V
100 A
Motor Load
ZT = 0.1 OHM
Current
5 amp
Apparent
Impedance = 20 ohm
E 100
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT = = = 1000 Amperes
ZT 0.1

Figure 2
Must be capable of interrupting
10,000 Amperes 10,000 amps

5 amp

100 V
1000 A
Motor Load
ZT = 0.01 OHM
Current
5 amp

E 100
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT = = = 10,000 Amperes
ZT 0.01

11
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Sources of Short-Circuit
Currents

. Generators

. Synchronous Motors

Induction Motors

STEADY STATE
CURRENT DETERMINED
BY SYNCHRONOUS
REACTANCE

SHORT-CIRCUIT
BECAUSE OF GREAT LENGTH
CURRENT
SHORT-CIRCUIT OF TOTAL OSCILLOGRAM
used for calculations ONLY TWO ENDS SHOWN
OCCURS AT THIS
HERE. THIS REPRESENTS
TIME
E THE BREAK BETWEEN THE TWO PARTS

X”d

12
Lecture Notes - Session 3

Switchgear – Short Circuit

Ratings
Given in VA

kVA

MVA

13
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Fault Current Calculations

• Step 1 – System One-Line (Single-Line) Diagram

• Step 2 - Developing the Equivalent Circuit

• Step 3 -Solving for Symmetrical Currents

• Step 4 - Apply appropriate multiplying factors

Asymmetrical
Short-Circuit Currents
Envelopes of Peaks are not
Symmetrical about the Zero Axis

ZERO
AXIS
Totally Offset

Partially Offset

1
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Relationship between and

Reactance and Resistance

Short-Circuit Power Factor = 0.074

R
(R 2
+ X2 )
X/R Ratio = 13.6

Symmetrical Current and

Voltage in Zero Power Factor Circuit

GENERATED VOLTAGE

SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

ZERO
AXIS

SHORT-CIRCUIT OCCURRED AT THIS POINT

2
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Asymmetrical Current and Voltage in a Zero Power Factor Circuit

SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

ZERO
AXIS

GENERATED VOLTAGE
SHORT-CIRCUIT OCCURRED AT THIS POINT

The maximum current THAT the circuit can produce

is the one which is of critical interest

and is important for device co-ordination purposes

and for proper selection

and application of protective devices

3
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Components of Asymmetrical
Current
TOTAL ASYMMETRICAL DECAYING CURRENT

DECAYING DC COMPONENT

Iac
AC COMPONENT

Idc
A

Connection from Utility System

Record kVA Available Short Circuit Power

Step 1. The One-LineShort-Circuit

Diagram
Required
Currents
at A, B or C

Power Circuit Breaker

4160V Busbar C

e
4160 Volts Feeders
(Record Cable sizes b d Page C12-12
c
and lengths)

j
Load Centre Unit 415V Busbar
Substation
Transformers
i
(Record kVA
X
B
and Impedance)
A particular
h 415V Busbar feeder to be
investigated
f g (Record cable
size and
4000 Volts Synchronous l Load length)
Compressor Motors k
(Record HP or KVA, and
Low - Voltage Substation Motor Loads
speed) Switchgear Collective (Record total HP)
X A

4
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Step 1. Continued - Enter

details
• Generator KVA and Voltage Ratings

• Utility-system short-circuit infeed at the incoming

transformers

• Transformer kVA, voltage ratings and impedances

• Cable wire sizes and lengths

• Estimated Motor Running kVA on feeder circuit

Generator KVA and Voltage Ratings

Short-Circuit Currents
Required at A, B or C

Power Circuit Breaker

4160V Busbar C

-
d
THIS NETWORK HAS NO GENERATION
b c

j
415V Busbar

i B
X

h 415V Busbar

f g
l Load
k
Low - Voltage
Switchgear X A

5
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Utility-system short-circuit infeed

at the incoming transformers

Our Example System has an Infeed

You may be required to design an isolated

Network

Record kVA Available Short Circuit Power

Connection from Utility System

Short-Circuit Currents
Required at A, B or C

Power Circuit Breaker

4160V Busbar C

-
b c d

j
415V Busbar

i
X
B

h 415V Busbar

f g
l Load
k
Low - Voltage
Switchgear X A

6
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Transformer kVA, voltage ratings

and impedances

Short-Circuit Currents
Required at A, B or C

Power Circuit Breaker

4160V Busbar C

-
b c d

j
415V Busbar

i B
X

h 415V Busbar

f g
l Load
k
Low - Voltage
Switchgear X

Step 2 Develop the Equivalent Circuit

Connection from Utility System
Record kVA Available Short C ircuit Power
Short-Circuit Currents
R equired at A, B or C

Power Circuit Breaker

4160V Busbar C

e
4160 Volts Feeders
(Record Cable sizes b c d Page C12-12
and lengths)

j
Load C entre Unit 415V Busbar
Substation
Transform ers
i (Record kVA
X
B
and Impedance)
A particular
h 415V Busbar feeder to be
investigated
f g (R ecord cable
size and
4000 Volts Synchronous l Load length)
Compressor M otors k
Low - Voltage Substation M otor Loads
(Record HP or KVA, and
speed) Switchgear Collective (Record total HP)
X A

7
Lecture Notes - Session 4

REFERENCE BUSBAR

Node A
X
G
m
Node B
X
f g k l
n Zn
415V Busbar

Zh Zi Zj

Zb Zc Zd Ze X
Node C

4160V Busbar

Add these connection

REFERENCE BUSBAR

Node A
X
G
m
Node B
X
f g k l
Zn
415V Busbar

h i j

Zb Zc Zd Ze X
Node C

4160V Busbar

8
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Add the Voltage Sources

REFERENCE BUSBAR

V V V V V V
S S S S S S
S = Current
Source
ZG Zf Zg Zk Zl Zm
X B

h Zh i Zi Zj Zn
Zb
c
Zc Zd Ze X
A

XC
4160V Busbar

Reduced Equivalent for Hand Calculations

Source Busbar for Short-Circuits

ZG Zf Zg Zk Zl Zm
X B
Pig-Tail
connection
h Zh i Zi Zj Zn to
Zb A, B or C
c
Zc Zd Ze X
A

4160V Busbar XC

9
Lecture Notes - Session 4

This modification assumes

The internal voltages are equal in value

The internal voltages are in phase

Source Bus)

GZG f
Zf g Zg l
Zl Zm
m k
Zk
415V Bus
X

i Zi n
Zn
b
Zb j Zj
d
Zd X
e A
4160V Bus
XC
cZc
Another Point
Zh
h
of short-circuit
X D
REFERENCE BUS

10
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Connection from Utility System

Record kVA Available Short Circuit Power
Short-Circuit Currents
Required at A, B or C

Power Circuit Breaker

4160V Busbar C

e
4160 Volts Feeders
(Record Cable sizes b d Page C12-12
c
and lengths)

j
Load Centre Unit 415V Busbar
Substation
Transformers
i
(Record kVA
X
B
and Impedance)
A particular
h 415V Busbar feeder to be
investigated
f g (Record cable
size and
4000 Volts Synchronous l Load length)
k
Compressor Motors
(Record HP or KVA, and
Low - Voltage Substation Motor Loads
speed) Switchgear Collective (Record total HP)
X A

OK - We know how to create

a Network Equivalent
from Source Voltage to Short-
Short-Circuit !

but

How do we derive all these

many impedances
that restrict the fault current ?

11
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Equipment Parameters
The Positive sequence impedance of Cables usually
given by the manufacturer in ohms per unit length

For Overhead Lines - Conductor size and Construction

again per unit length

For Motors up to 250 HP Xm = 1.5 x Xd” Effective

For Motors above 250 HP Xm = 3 x Xd” Motor Reactance
fault period

X’’d = about 0.9Xd where Xd is the transient reactance

Motor Starting Current typically 6 times full load current for 400V motors
Motor Starting Current typically 4 times full load current for 3.3kV motors
Xd = 1
Starting Current

Component Impedance Values

Ohms-per-phase

Per-cent or Per-unit
on rated kVA
or reference kVA base

12
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Short-circuit calculations can be done

with impedances represented in

Per-Unit

or straightforward ohms.

Both representations yield

identical results

so which one ?

Are you are studying a network with

more than one voltage level ?
or
is it above 6000 volts ?

Yes !

I guess that’s some of you accounted

for !
Then you better use Per-Unit Values

13
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Per-Unit Representation
Four Basic Quantities
•kVA We usually
go for
KVA and Volts
•Volts

•Ohms

•Amperes
Give a value to any two and the others can
be derived

Per =
A Number
Unit Base Number

14
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Electrical Example

Case A Case B

Normal Volts 2300 460

Volts during motor starting 2020 420

Kind of doesn’t mean a whole lot !

I think that you will agree - this does

!
Case A Case B

Volts during Motor Starting 0.88 0.91

in per-unit of normal

15
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Fix two out of the Four

•Base Volts
•Base Amps
then
Base Ohms now fixed

Z =V Base Ohms = Base Volts

I Base Amps

Per-unit Volts = Volts

(1)

Base Volts

Per-unit Amps = Amps

(2)

Base Amps

Per-unit Ohms = Ohms

(3)

Base Ohms

16
Lecture Notes - Session 4

More Convenient to select

Base Volts
and

Base kVA

For a Single-Phase System

Base Amps = Base kVA x 1000
(4)
Base Volts

Base Ohms = Base Volts

(5)
Base Amps

Similarly for a THREE-PHASE System.

Base Amps = Base kVA x 1000
(6)
3 X Base Volts

Base Ohms = Base Volts

(7)
3 X Base Amps
Where Base kVA is three-phase kVA
Base Volts is line-to-line
Base Ohms is line-to-neutral

17
Lecture Notes - Session 4

In practice it is convenient to convert directly from ohms

to per-unit ohms, without first determing base ohms according
to the following easily derived expression:

Per-unit Ohms = Ohms x Base kVA

(8)
(Base kV) 2 x 1000

The above expression (8) is valid for single-phase circuits where

Where Base kVA is single-phase kVA
Where Base kV is potential difference between conductors

The same expression (8) is valid for THREE PHASE

circuits where
Ohms are line-to-neutral
Base kVA is three-phase value

Base kV is line-to-line value

We Prefer - Round Numbers !

10 kVA

100 kVA

1000 kVA
10 MVA
100 MVA

18
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Preferred Base Values

1,000kVA 1,000kVA 1,000kVA
A B
M

11,000 Volts Primary Rating Secondary Rating 3,300 Volts

11,000 3,300

High Voltage Low Voltage

Parameter Ratio
System (A) System (B)

Base Volts 11000 3300 3.33

Base kVA 1000 1000 1.00

Base Amps 52.49 174.96 0.30

Base Ohms 121.00 10.89 11.11

Change to a New Base

Per-unit ohms on New base kVA (9)
new base kVA =
Per-unit ohms on Old base kVA
old base kVA

and

Per-unit Per-unit
New base kVA
ohms on = ohms on x (10)
new old
Old base kVA
base kVA base kVA

19
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Likewise a machine at different voltage

Per-unit ohms on (Old Base volts)2 (11)

new base kVA =
Per-unit ohms on (New Base volts)
2
old base kVA

and

Per-unit Per-unit (Old Base volts)

2
ohms on ohms on (12)
= x
new old (New Base volts)
2
base volts base volts

Convert the rated per-unit ohms to new base

Per-unit ohms on a new base kVA and new

base voltage =

Per-unit (Old Base volts)

2
New base kVA
ohms on x
old
x 2
(New Base volts) Old base kVA
base volts

Expression (13)

20
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Example for an Industrial Network

UTILITY 9375 KVA
(SC DUTY = 1500MVA X”dv = 9.5%

10
T1
15 MVA
X=7%
Bus 1 - 13.8kV

1.0 PF SYN
M1 M2 6000 HP M3 XF1
IND X”d = 15%
4500 HP 0.8 PF SYN X’d = 24%
X” = 20% 5000 HP
X”d = 10%
T2 X’d = 15%
1500 KVA
X = 5.75%

T3
1250 KVA - 1ph
IND X= 5.75%
MOT.
X” = 25% ON 1500 MVA 480v Bus 3

X F2
IND MOT.
700 FT 3 CORE 250 MCM CABLE
Z = (O.O552 + j0.0379 /1000 ft X F4 750 HP TOTAL
X CONNECTED
X= 25%
LIGHTS ON 750 KVA

Utility Infeeds
X = (pu X u) x (Study Base kVA)
(Util. Base kVA)

In case a value of Z0 (or X0) representing the utility system

is needed for ground fault calculations, the utility company
should requested to supply this information

If only the rating of the incoming line circuit breaker is known

then the following procedure can be adopted
Xu = (Study Base kVA)
(Circuit Breaker Interrupting kVA Rating)
For the Utility of Fig.1
Utility Xu = 15000 (1.0)
= 0.01 pu

1500,000

21
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Induction Motors
Positive Sequence
X” (subtransient - used extensively
with
a multiplier) Xm = 1.5 times X””d for 3.3kV motor

Zero Sequence
X0 (Induction machine neutrals will
almost
never be grounded, so the need for X0
is almost entirely eliminated

Series Reactors - Values

First assume the reactor data is given as 6 %

IZ, 300 amps.

Per Unit Reactance on the reactor kVA base = 0.06

Reactor through kVA Rating = 3 x (300) x 13.8 kV

= 7150 kVA

Per unit X = 0.06 x 15000 = 0.126

7150
If the line to neutral ohms of the reactor is given as
1.6 ohms per phase then:

22
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Series Reactors (Continued)

Base Amps = Base kVA = 15000 kVA
3 (13,800)
3 X Base Volts
= 627 amps

Base Ohms = Base Volts = 13800

Base Amps 3 x627

= 12.8

Ohms
Per Unit Ohms = = 1.6
Base Ohms 12.8

= 0.125

UTILITY 9375 KVA

T1DUTY = 1500MVA
(SC X”dv = 9.5%
15 MVA Transformers
10 X=7%

Bus 1 - 13.8kV

1.0 PF SYN
M1 M2 6000 HP M3 XF1
IND X”d = 15%
4500 HP 0.8 PF SYN X’d = 24%
X” = 20% 5000 HP
X”d = 10%
T2 X’d = 15%

1500 KVA
X = 5.75%
T3
IND 1250 KVA - 1ph
MOT. X= 5.75%
X” = 25% ON 1500 MVA 480v Bus 3

XF2
IND MOT.
700 FT 3 CORE 250 MCM CABLE
Z = (O.O552 + j0.0379 /1000 ft X F4 750 HP TOTAL
X CONNECTED
X= 25%
LIGHTS ON 750 KVA

23
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Transformers
X = % XT (Study Base kVA)
x
100 (Transformer Base kVA)
The transformer nameplate reactance always represents the
positive sequence reactance - if we require zero sequence
I.e. Z0 this is another evaluation, which will depend upon
the earthing arrangements
15000 0.07 = 0.07
Transformer T1: X = x
15000

15000 x 0.0575 = 0.575

Transformer T2 X =
1500

15000 x 0.0575 = 0.697

Transformer T3 X =
1250

Lines and Cables

Base Ohms = Base Volts
= (Base kV) 2 x 1000
Base Amps
Study Base kVA
(0.480)2 x 1000
= 0.01536 ohms
15,000
From table supplied by the manufacturer we will take
the following typical value for 1000 feet ( approx 300 metres)
Z= 0.0552 + j0.0379
For only 700 feet of this cable (fig 1), Z= 0.0386 + j0.0265
Ohms
Per Unit Ohms =
Base Ohms
0.0265
thus R = 0.0386 X=
0.01536
0.01536
= 2.51 ohms per unit = 1.73 ohms per unit

24
Lecture Notes - Session 4

UTILITY 9375 KVA

(SC DUTY = 1500MVA X”dv = 9.5%

10
T1
15 MVA
X=7%
Bus 1 - 13.8kV

1.0 PF SYN
M1 M2 6000 HP M3
Convert all impedances to p.u X
IND
4500 HP 0.8 PF SYN
X”d = 15%
X’d = 24%
F1

X” = 20% 5000 HP
X”d = 10%
T2 X’d = 15%
1500 KVA
X = 5.75%

T3
1250 KVA - 1ph
IND X= 5.75%
MOT.
X” = 25% ON 1500 MVA 480v Bus 3

XF2
IND MOT.
700 FT 3 CORE 250 MCM CABLE
Z = (O.O552 + j0.0379 /1000 ft X F4 750 HP TOTAL
X CONNECTED
X= 25%
LIGHTS ON 750 KVA

60 MVA

X’’d XT

Right - Let’s Have a

60 MVA 0.33p.u 0.36p.u On Rating
3-node example

1.98 p.u. 2.16 p.u.

On 1000 MVA Base

240 MVA

25
Lecture Notes - Session 4

3- Node Example
B
X’’d = 25% XT = 15% X = 4%
G
X = 4%
G
X = 4%
G
C
G
A
I am going to work
this time on 100MVA Base
with percentage values

For this example -working on a base

Four Generators of % on a 100 MVA
at A - None at C B
XT =15% X = 4%

Fault Level at C same as B

= 790 MVA X = 4%
X = 4%

X’’d =25% A C
Fault Level at A
Developing the Equivalent Circuit
Fault-Level
= 1000 MVA
for a 3-phase fault at Node B
given by
100 x 100
I
I B Xequivalent
B
A
10 4 12.67 =
8
790 MVA

26
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Power Station
at C running B
XT = 15% X = 4%

X = 4%

X = 4%

X’’d = 25% A C
Fault Level at A has increased from 1000 to 1626 MVA

Developing the Equivalent Circuit

for a 3-phase fault at Node A
Fault-Level
given by
I 100 x 100
I A
10 A Xequivalent
C
13.33 4 6.15 =

8 1626 MVA

Developing the Equivalent Circuit

for a 3-phase fault at Node C Fault-Level
given by
100 x 100
I
I C Xequivalent
13.33 C
A
10 4 6.495 =
8
Fault Level at C has increased from 7901540 MVAMVA
to 1540

Developing the Equivalent Circuit

for a 3-phase fault at NodeB I B
I
A 10
10 4 B 1.33
1.33 B
I
1.33
4 8.33
6.54
8.33
C
Fault Level at B has increased from 790 to 1528 MVA
1528 MVA

27
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Additional Circuit
is B
added
XT =15% X = 4%

X = 5%
X = 4%

X = 4%

X’’d =25% A
C
Fault Level at A has increased from 1626 to 1663 MVA
Developing the Equivalent Circuit
for a 3-phase fault at Node A
Fault-Level
I given by
10 100 x 100
I A
5 A Xequivalent

13.33 4 6.01 =
C
8 1663 MVA

Further Interconnection For this example -working on a base

added
of % on a 100 MVA
B MVA
Calculated Fault Level at B = 1483
XT =15% X = 4%

X = 5%

X = 4% X = 5%
X = 5%

X = 4%
Calculated Fault Level at C = 1621 MVA
X’’d =25% A C
Developing the Equivalent Circuit
for a 3-phase fault at Node A
Fault-Level
given by
100 x 100
I
I A Xequivalent
10 A
A
12.33 2.22 5.97 =
4.44
`1675 MVA

28
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Conclusions

Increasing Generation Connected increases Fault Levels

Increasing Number of Motors connected

increases Fault Levels

Increasing Interconnection increases Fault Levels

Controlling Fault Levels

Open Points

Series Reactors

Transformer Reactance

29
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Normal Open Points

The total cable length between the two primary substations is 2.86 km

Z = 0.3564 x 2.86 = 1.019 ohms

Normal Open Points

Substation 7016
33 kV 11 kV Z = 0.2602 +j0.2435 33 kV
= 0.3564 ohms/km 11 kV Substation 7118
T1
T1 F1
F1

1 4 20MVA
F2
0.16 km 0.24 km 2 0.42 km 3 0.21km
10MVA XT = 0.24 p.u
F2 BS-1
XT = 0.16 p.u F3 on rating
on rating 0.17km
T2
5
BS
8 0.15 km 7 0.25 km 6 0.34 km
F4
Normal F3
BS-2 20MVA
T2 Open XT = 0.24 p.u
Point
9 0.24 km 10 0.14 km 11 0.15 km 12 0.17 km F4
on rating
F5 0.21 km
10MVA T3
XT = 0.16 p.u F5
F6
on rating 20MVA
F6
XT = 0.24 p.u
F7 on rating

We shall choose a base kVA of 1000 and 11kV as the base volts.

The source reactance is 1000/3500000 = 0.000286

30
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Normal Open Points

Substation 7016
33 kV 11 kV Z = 0.2602 +j0.2435 33 kV
= 0.3564 ohms/km 11 kV Substation 7118
T1
T1 F1
F1

1 4 20MVA
F2
0.16 km 0.24 km 2 0.42 km 3 0.21km
10MVA XT = 0.24 p.u
F2 BS-1
XT = 0.16 p.u F3 on rating
on rating 0.17km
T2
5
BS
8 0.15 km 7 0.25 km 6 0.34 km
F4
Normal F3
BS-2 20MVA
T2 Open XT = 0.24 p.u
Point
9 0.24 km 10 0.14 km 11 0.15 km 12 0.17 km F4
on rating
F5 0.21 km
10MVA T3
XT = 0.16 p.u F5
F6
on rating 20MVA
F6
XT = 0.24 p.u
F7 on rating

10 MVA Rated Transformers at 7006 = 1000/10000 x 0.16 = 0.016

20 MVA Rated Transformers at 7008 =1000/20000 x 0.24 = 0.012

Normal Open Points

Substation 7016
33 kV 11 kV Z = 0.2602 +j0.2435 33 kV
= 0.3564 ohms/km 11 kV Substation 7118
T1
T1 F1
F1

1 4 20MVA
F2
0.16 km 0.24 km 2 0.42 km 3 0.21km
10MVA XT = 0.24 p.u
F2 BS-1
XT = 0.16 p.u F3 on rating
on rating 0.17km
T2
5
BS
8 0.15 km 7 0.25 km 6 0.34 km
F4
Normal F3
BS-2 20MVA
T2 Open XT = 0.24 p.u
Point
9 0.24 km 10 0.14 km 11 0.15 km 12 0.17 km F4
on rating
F5 0.21 km
10MVA T3
XT = 0.16 p.u F5
F6
on rating 20MVA
F6
XT = 0.24 p.u
F7 on rating

Actual Ohms x Base KVA

p.u. ohms =
(Base kV)2 X 1 000

31
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Normal Open Points

All cables #2Cu XLPE
33 kV Substation 7016 33 kV
Z = 0.433 ohms/km Substation 7118
11 kV Distances in km 11 kV

0.16 0.24 0.42 0.21 20MVA

10MVA 0.17 XT = 0.24 p.u
XT = 0.16 p.u on rating
0.16 0.25 0.34
on rating
Normal
0.21 Open
Point 20MVA
XT = 0.24 p.u
0.24 0.14 0.17 on rating
0.15
10MVA
XT = 0.16 p.u
on rating 20MVA
XT = 0.24 p.u
on rating

The total cable impedance converted to

per unit values is then 0.008423 p.u

Voltage
Source
0.000286

0.016 0.016 Transformer

0.012 0.012 0.012
Reactances

7016 7118
Cable
Impedance 0.00842

Preliminary Equivalent Circuit

32
Lecture Notes - Session 4

0.000286
0.000286
0.000286

0.008 0.004 0.01642 0.004 0.00322

F
F
F
0.00842
Fault at 7118

(a) (b) (c)

Final Equivalent Circuits - Fault at 7118

(ZF) of 0.000286+0.003216= 0.003502 p.u
B ase kV A 1000
= = 2 8 5 ,5 2 4 k V A
ZF 0 .0 0 3 5 0 2

Industrial Network in 2 sections - Open Points

To 33kV
Grid Voltage Key
33 kV
6.6 kV
Auto Transfer 1000V
415V
A1 NO

Standby G

to A2L to A2R Generator

M See Fig.1.2b
See Fig.5 See Fig.1.2b
See Fig.5
M
185 kW 185 kW

B1 B2
B8A Emergency Power Dist . Panel B8

M Misc.
CHC
60 kW EFL CHL
Typical for each
Bus-Section (See Fig.6)

Fire
Cooling
Water B22
B3 B4 See Fig.5

SWB B2R
SWB B2L

Emergency Power Panel B6

B5 Main Instrument Supply Dist . Board
MOV Panel

33
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Series Reactors to Limit the Fault Current

Short-Circuit
Current
Limiting
Reactors
G1
employed
G2 G3

in an Industrial
13.8kV network

G4

Disadvantages - Employment of Series Reactors

•Increased Overall Network Costs

•Increased system losses (Cost impact)

•Increased System Maintenance Costs

•Possible Voltage Control Problems

34
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Control of low-side Fault-Levels - Transformer Reactance

Reactance Values are % on a 100 MVA Base

Short-Circuit Level Equivalent Circuit Equivalent Circuit

3500 MVA Peak ( 2.9%) at Peak at Minimum
2500 MVA Minimum (4%)

33kV Busbar

2.9 4
X = 33% X = 33%
Total Total
=19.4% =20.5%

16.5 16.5

11kV Busbar 11kV Bus 11kV Bus

F F
Short-Circuit Infeed is
Peak = 515 MVA or approx 27 kA
Minimum = 488 MVA or approx 26 kA

One and a Half Breaker Layout

Outgoing and Incoming Feeders

132kV

13.8kV 13.8kV

35
Lecture Notes - Session 4

A double busbar arrangement for six feeders

and two transformers

Outgoing and Incoming Feeders

132kV

13.8kV 13.8kV

Various Mesh (Pi) Type Layouts

(g) Fully Equipped

4- Bkr Mesh (a) 3 - Bkr (b) 3 - Bkr (e) 1 - Bkr
Mesh (Pi) Mesh (Inverted Pi) Mesh

Xfr Feedrs
(b) (c) with Tie - Bkr (d)
(c) 2 - Bkr Mesh (d) 2 - Bkr Mesh (f) Xfr Feedrs
(Pi) (Inverted Pi) with By - pass disc.
(a)
Note – Earthing (Grounding) Switches Not Shown

(e) (f) (g)

36
Lecture Notes - Session 4

T1 Part of 110 kV
substation
Double-Busbar
Saudi Arabia

Next Bay
is the Bus-
VT’s
(See Fig.2b)

NAF TTC NAP1 MRS1 NAP2 MRS2 NHD1

110/13.8 kV 110/13.8 kV
T1 T2

HVE1 HVE2 SWCC1 HVE3 SWCC2

A 380 kV
Substation
Double Bus

Double Circuit Breaker

Status
T1 Symbol T2 T3
Key Isolator (Disconnector)

37
Lecture Notes - Session 4

4- Switch Mesh Arrangement

2- Switch Mesh Arrangement

38
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Single Busbar Arrangement

(2 Sections – Rack-out type
Circuit Breakers)

Employment of Ring Main Units (Network

Arrangements)
Rings on same Primary Supply
Primary Substation C
33kV (Single Bus) Open 33kV

Closed 33kV
11kV

1 2 3 4

Normal Open
Point 6

10 9 8 7

39
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Employment of Ring Main Units

(Network Arrangements
Primary to a different Primary)
Primary Primary
Substation A Substation B
11kV
11kV

1 2 3

7 6 5 4

Normal Open
Point

8 9 10
33kV
33kV

Open 33kV

Closed 33kV

(a) Normal Running - Peak Condition

20MVA

A B
Two 15MVA
Demand Demand 20MVA Three
30 MVA Open 30 MVA
Xfrs Supplied Points
Supplied Xfrs
30 MVA 60 MVA
20MVA

15MVA

(b) Complete Outage of Primary A

27MVA

B
All
27MVA Three
All Normal Demand
Open 30 MVA
Points Closed
Supplied Xfrs
80 MVA 27MVA

(c) Complete Outage of Primary B

A
Two 30MVA
Demand
30 MVA Some Normal
Xfrs Supplied Open
60 MVA Points Closed

(2/ 3)

30MVA

40
Lecture Notes - Session 4

Example of an Industrial Ring

At 11kV
To 11kV Generating Station Busbars

415V

RMU1
RMU1

S/S AS1 S/S AS7

RMU2
RMU2

RMU1
RMU1

S/S AS2
S/S AS4

RMU2
RMU2

RMU2
RMU1

S/S AS3
All 11/0.415kV
Transformers
800 kVA
All RMU’s
OIL

41