APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMETALS

Q. 1 Define Chemistry and its Scope.

Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with study of properties, composition and structure of
matter along with changes in composition and energy that undergoes during chemical reaction. In short
we say that chemistry is the study of matter.

Scope of chemistry in our daily life:-

 Chemistry has made us to understand the structure and functions of body and different
chemical reactions taking place in our body
 Everything is made up of chemistry, even our books, desks, garments, metals, food and
medicine etc
 We are getting higher yields in our agriculture with the help of chemicals
 We are able to use a lot of products such as sugar, synthetic fiber, steel, mobiles, cement,
fertilizers, food preservations, lubricants, fuels, plastics and much more because of chemistry.

Q. 2 State the units of measurements in chemistry

Physical quantity is the property of material or system that can be quantified by measurement, all the
physical quantities are expressed by units and so physical quantities are divided into fundamental and
derived quantities.

Fundamental quantities: - there are 7 fundamental quantities in S.I system

S.no Physical Quantity Unit Symbol

1 Length Meter m
2 Mass Kilogram Kg
3 Time Second s or sec
4 Amount of Substance Mole mol
5 Temperature Kelvin K
6 Luminous intensity Candela Cd
7 Electric Current Ampere A

Derived Quantities: - all those physical quantities that can be derived from fundamental/ basic units are
called derived units.

S.no Physical Quantity Unit Symbol F. units

1 Volume Cubic Meter m3 L*W*B
2 Area Meter square m2 L*W
3 Density Kilogram/Cubic Kg/m3 Mass/Volume
meter
4 Pressure Newton/ Square N/m2 Force/Area
meter
5 Force Newton N Kg* m/s2
6 Energy Joule J N*m
7 Surface Tension Newton/meter N/m Force/length
APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMETALS

Q. 3 Name the different branches of chemistry.

1. Organic Chemistry 2. Inorganic Chemistry

3. Physical Chemistry 4. Analytical Chemistry

5. Bio Chemistry 6. Nuclear Chemistry

7. Industrial Chemistry 8. Environmental Chemistry

Q. 4 Define the following terms used in Chemistry.

1. Matter and states of matter:-

Matter is everything around us, every stuff is made up of matter. So anything that carries mass and
occupies space is called matter. All the matter is composed of tiny particles called Atoms, and these
atoms consists of proton, Neutron and electron.

There are 3 states of matter given bellow.

Solid: - Solid is a substance that possess both definite shape and definite volume. Solids are
incompressible because atoms or molecules are tightly bounded to each other, leaving no free space
among them.

Liquid: - Liquids have no definite shape of its own, it takes the shape of container. However it occupies a
definite volume of its own. Liquids are also incompressible,

Gas: - A gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume of its own. The volume of the container is the
volume of gas. Gases are highly compressible due to very large space among molecules.

2. Element: - In Chemistry, the element is purest form of matter which cannot be further divided/broken
down into simpler substances by chemical means. All the atoms are identical in an element. At present
118 elements have been discovered out of which 92 are naturally occurring and rest are artificial.
Elements exist in different states of matter i.e. Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

3. Compound: - A substance produced by the chemical combination of two or more elements. These
elements are chemically bonded with each other either with ionic bond or covalent bond. I.e. NaCl, H 2O,
CH4.

4. Mixture: - When two or more elements or compounds are mixed together without chemical reaction
to form mixture. Or a mixture is the impure form of matter consists of different kinds of elements. A
mixture can easily be separated by physical methods.

Two types of mixtures are there.

1. Homogenous Mixture 2. Heterogeneous mixture

5. Atom; - An atom is the smallest particle of element that may or may not exist alone in nature, Atom
takes part in chemical reaction. Atom is basic unit or building block of matter which cannot be further
subdivided into parts.
APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMETALS

6. Molecule: - A Molecule is the smallest particle of pure substance, which is made up of two or more
atoms chemically bonded together. Thus a molecule can be monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic, if they
contain one, two or three atoms respectively.

Example: - H2 Cl2 H2O H2SO4 HCl S8

7. Ion: - Ions are those species which carry either positive or negative charge. Whenever an atom of an
element loses one or more electrons they form cations (+ve) and when an atom gains one or more
electrons it form anion (-ve). An ion may contain 1, 2 and 3, charges depending upon the electrons lost
or gained by an atom.

8. Valency: - The combining capacity of an element is called valency. Or the capacity of elements to
loose or gain electrons in a chemical reaction to complete their outer most octet is called valency. The
valency may be positive or negative, if an atom loses an electron, it may form positive valency and if it
gains electron, it form negative valency. The elements having 1 valency are called monovalent, 2 are
called divalent and 3 are called trivalent

Q. 5 Define Chemical reaction and Types of Chemical Reaction with examples.

A Chemical reaction, when two or more elements or compounds react with each other, breaking of
old bonds and formation of new bonds to give new substances or products

An equation is considered as short hand notation that expresses a chemical reaction in terms of symbols
and formulae. The Reactants are written on left hand side, the products are written on right hand side,
and an arrow pointing from reactants to products is placed between them.

5 Types of Chemical reaction are there

1. Synthesis or addition reaction: - In this reaction two or more substances, elements or

compounds combine together to form new substance.
A + B AB
C + O2 CO2
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
2. Decomposition Reaction:- In this type of reaction a substance is broken down into two or more
simpler substances
BC B + C
2H2O 2H2 + O2
PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
3. Single Displacement Reaction:- In this reaction one element is substituted for another element
in a compound and new product is resulted
A + BC AC + B
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu

4. Double Displacement Reaction:- In this type of reaction, two reacting molecules exchange their
ions to form a new compounds
AB + CD AD + BC
APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMETALS

NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O
5. Combustion Reaction:- A reaction in which a substance react with excess of oxygen gas,
releasing energy in the form of heat and light to form Carbon dioxide CO2 and Water H2O.
Fuel + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water Vapours
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Q. 6 Define the following terms with definitions and examples.

 Atomic Number: - Atomic number is defined as the number of protons or the number of
electrons present in an atom. For a neutral atom there is always number of protons
equal to number of electrons. Modern Periodic table is based on the atomic number.
 Atomic Mass: - Atomic mass is defined as the mass of one atom which is approximately
equal to the sum of protons and neutrons. Generally atomic mass is expressed in a.m.u
(atomic mass unit) or in grams as well.
 Molecular Mass: - When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule so
molecular mass is the sum of all atomic masses present in a molecules. For example
(H2O = 2*1+16=18) (H2SO4 = 2*1+32+4*16 = 98)
In many substances atoms do not combine by covalent bond. For example NaCl or
CaCl2 are ionic compounds so their mass is called formula mass instead of molecular
mass.
 Empirical Formula: - It is the simplest formula that gives the simplest ratio between the
atoms of different elements in a compound. For example Empirical formula for glucose
C6H12O6 is CH2O and Benzene C6H6 is CH
 Molecular formula: - The formula of a substance which is based on the actual molecule
is called molecular formula. It gives the total number of atoms of the different
elements which are present in the molecule.
In short we can say that molecular formula defines the actual number of atoms
whereas empirical formula shows simple ratio of elements.
 Isotopes: - The atoms of same elements that possess same atomic number but different
atomic masses are called isotopes. Isotopes of same element have same proton
number but different neutron number. For example Hydrogen has 3 isotopes Proteium
(1H1 ) Deuterium ( 1D2) and Tritium (1T3). Similarly Carbon has also 3 isotopes, Oxygen
has 3 Isotopes
 Isobars :- The atoms of different elements having same atomic mass but different
atomic number is called isobars, for example (6C14 & 7N14)( 19K40 & 20 Ca40 )
 Mole:- Mole is unit of measurement for amount of substance in S.I system. We know that
atom is smallest particle of matter, so it is impossible to weigh individual atoms directly. And
atomic masses are generally expressed in grams or a.m.u.
When the atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass or ionic mass is expressed in grams is
equal to the one mole of that substance.
C = 12 grams = 1mole H2O = 18 grams = 1 mole
APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMETALS

H = 1.008 grams = 1 mole CO2 = 44 grams = 1 mole

O = 16 grams = 1 mole NaCl = 58.5 grams = 1 mole
General formula to find moles
Given mass of an element∨compound
No of moles = Molar mass of element ∨compound
One mole of any atom/ compound contains 6.02* 10 23 Particles (atoms, ions or molecules)of
that particular substance and this huge number is called Avogadro’s Number

Symbol is an abbreviated name of an element and almost the first letter of an element or first
two letters of that element,

ONE ALPHABET SYMBOL TWO ALPHABET SYMBOL

ELEMENT SYMBOL ELEMENT SYMBOL
HYDROGEN H HELIUM He
BORON B BROMINE Br
CARBON C CALCIUM Ca
NITROGEN N MAGNESIUM Mg
OXYGEN O ZINC Zn
FLORINE F ALUMINIUM Al
PHOSPHOROUS P BARIUM Ba
SULFUR S COBALT Co
IODINE I CHLORINE Cl
URANIUM U SILICON Si

Q.7 WRITE DOWN THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF COMPOUNDS WITH THEIR COMMON NAMES.

S.N CHEMICAL NAME FORMULA COMMON NAME

O
1 AMMONIA NH4
2 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE NH4Cl
3 AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE NH4OH
4 AMMONIUM SULPHATE (NH4)2SO4
5 CALCIUM CARBONATE CaCO3 LIME STONE
6 CALCIUM OXIDE CaO QUICK LIME/ BURNT
LIME
7 CALCIUM OXYCHLORIDE CaOCl2 BLEACHING POWDER
8 CALCIUM SULPHATE CaSO4
9 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Ca(OH)2 LIME
10 HYDROCHLORIC ACID HCl
11 SULFURIC ACID H2SO4 OIL OF VITRIOL
12 NITRIC ACID HNO3
13 POTASSIUM PERMAGNATE KMnO4
APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMETALS

14 POTASSIUM DICHROMATE K2Cr2O7

15 PHOSPHORIC ACID H3PO4
16 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H2O2
17 SODIUM HYDROXIDE NaOH CAUSTIC SODA
18 SODIUM BICARBONATE NaHCO3 BAKING SODA
19 SODIUM CARBONATE Na2CO3 WASHING SODA
20 ZINC SULPHATE ZnSO4 WHITE VITRIOL
21 COPPER SULPHATE CuSO4 BLUE VITRIOL
22 METHANE CH4 MARSH GAS/ N.GAS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.

1. The unit of temperature is. A) Kelvin B) Centigrade C) Fahrenheit D) Rankine

2. The molecular mass of sulfuric acid. A) 90 B) 96 C) 98 D) 100
3. The atomic number is denoted by. A) Z B) N C) M D) A
4. In which molecule, double bond is present A) H 2O B) O2 C) N2 D) CO2
5. The chemical name for water is A) Hydroxide B) Hydrogen oxide C) Hydrogen per oxide D) NOA
6. Positive charged particle is called A) Ion B) Cation C) Anion D) Ionization
7. The unit for density is A) g/cm B) g/cm 2 C) g/cm3
8. The symbol for silver is A) Hg B) Ag C) Si D) S
9. Total periods in periodic table are A) 8 B) 7 C) 18 D) 4
10. Total groups in periodic table = 18
11. Total elements in periodic table = 118
12. Chemical formula for potassium per magnate is.
13. The reaction in which acid and base are mixed is called ( neutralization)
14. The elements having valency 3 are called ( Trivalent)
15. The mass per unit volume is called ( Density)
16. One meter is equal to ( 39.37 inches) ( 3.37 feet) ( 100 cm)
17. Mass of an electron = 9.1 * 10 -31 Kg
18. Mass of proton = 1.6 * 10 -27 Kg ( Mass of neutron = mass of proton)
19. Chemical formula for gypsum
20. The metal which exists in liquid form is ( Mercury) Hg
21. The nonmetal exist in liquid phase is (Bromine) Br
22. No of metalloids in periodic table (8)