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Internal Forces - Structural engineers must understand internal forces like normal forces, shear forces, bending moments, and torsional moments to design structural members. - Internal forces are determined through analyzing support reactions and drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams. This shows the critical forces and points along the member. - Cables can transmit loads but require special analysis considering their flexibility. Cable analysis uses equations of equilibrium and the cable may take the shape of a catenary if subjected to its own weight.

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85 views21 pages

chp7 PDF

Internal Forces - Structural engineers must understand internal forces like normal forces, shear forces, bending moments, and torsional moments to design structural members. - Internal forces are determined through analyzing support reactions and drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams. This shows the critical forces and points along the member. - Cables can transmit loads but require special analysis considering their flexibility. Cable analysis uses equations of equilibrium and the cable may take the shape of a catenary if subjected to its own weight.

Uploaded by

Daniel 01
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Internal Forces

Chapter 7
Overview
• Internal Forces
• Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagrams
• Cables
Internal Forces
• The design of any structural member requires finding
the forces acting within the member to make sure
the material can resist those loads
Internal Forces - Analysis
• Consider the beam subject to the applied loads

• The structural engineer wants to know the internal


force at B in the member
Internal Forces - Analysis
• Step 1: determine the support reactions

• Step 2: cut the beam at B and draw a FBD of one of


the halves of the beam (Method of Sections)

• Step 3: solve for the unknowns using the equations


of equilibrium
Types of Internal Forces
• In two-dimensional cases, typical internal
loads are
– normal or axial forces e.g. tension, compression (N, acting
perpendicular to the cross section),
– shear forces (V, acting along the section),
– bending moment (M).
– Torsional moment or twisting about the longitudinal axis of
the member
• Internal forces are the basis of
the design of many structural
members/ systems
Types of Internal Forces
• For a member, the loads on the left and right sides
of the section at B are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction.
• This is because when the two sides are
reconnected, the net loads are zero at the section
Questions ?
Shear Force & Bending Moment
Diagrams
• During the design of a member, e.g. a beam, a
structural engineer needs to know the shear force
or bending moment at all points along the
member.
• A graphical display of this analysis is called a shear
force diagram and bending moment diagram
respectively
• The diagram enables the engineer to see where
the critical shear or bending moment will occur,
its value, and hence design the member
accordingly
Shear Force Diagram
• By definition, the shear force at any point equals the
sum of the loads and reactions from a reaction or
end of member to that point.
• Loads and reactions acting upwards are positive
• The shear diagram is straight and sloping over
uniformly distributed loads
• The shear diagram is straight and horizontal between
concentrated loads
• The shear is a vertical line and undefined at points of
concentrated loads.
Bending Moment Diagram
• By definition, the bending momemt at any point
equals the sum of the moments and couples from a
reaction or end of member to that point.
• Clockwise moments about the point are positive
• The maximum moment occurs where the shear force
is zero
• The bending moment diagram is straight and sloping
between concentrated loads
• The bending moment diagram is curved over
uniformly distributed loads.
Force Versus Stress
• Normal forces include tensile forces and compressive
forces
• Tensile force/cross-section area, is called tensile stress
aka pressure. Ditto compressive stress
• Shear force/cross-section area, is called shear stress
• The stress associated with bending moment is called
bending stress or flexural stress. Ditto torsional
moment
Relations Between Distributed Load,
Shear & Moment
It can be shown that (see text for proofs):
1. Slope of shear diagram = distributed load intensity

dV
 w(x )
dx
2. Change in shear = area under loading curve

V   w( x )dx
Relations Between Distributed Load,
Shear & Moment
3. Slope of moment diagram = shear

dM
V
dx
4. Change in moment = area under shear force
diagram

M   Vdx
Influence Lines
• This topic is not in your textbook. However it
is very relevant for “real-life” analyses
• For example; drawing the bending moment
diagram for a bridge member as a truck passes
over it.
• I will provide material on
this for students to use on
their projects, if requested.
Questions ?

• Let’s work examples, several !


Cables
• Flexible cables and chains are often used in
structures for support or to transmit loads from
one member to another
• An ideal cable is assumed to be completely
flexible, massless, inextensible
Cable Carrying a Concentrated Loads
• Generally, the Method of
h
Joints and the Method of A
yC
yD
Sections can be applied to C
B

analyze the cable. D


F1

F2
• However there are some
L1 L2 L3
special cases.
Cable Carrying a Distributed Load
• Equations of Equilibrium: y

(see text for full proofs) w = w(x) B

F x  0, T cos   const  FH
∆x
A x x

F y  0, T sin    w( x )dx
w(x).k(∆x)
T+∆T
dy 1
 O
k(∆x)
M  0, tan   
dx FH  w( x )dx O θ+∆θ

∆y
θ

  w( x)dx dx
T
1
Also, y  ∆x

FH
Cable Subject to Its Self Weight
• In some cases the self weight of the cable is relevant
to the analysis (e.g. electrical transmission line)
• Since the self weight is distributed uniformly along
the length of the cable, the cable will
have the shape of a catenary
• It can be shown that (see proof in text)

ds
x w(s).k(∆x)

 
1 T+∆T
  2 k(∆x)
1 2
  w( s)ds 
θ+∆θ
 F2
1 O

 H ∆y
θ
T
∆x
Questions & Comments ?

• More problem solving.


• Now !!

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