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Artificial Intelligence (AI) : What Are The Types of AI and How Do They Difer?

The document discusses different types of artificial intelligence including machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning. It then provides examples of how AI is being used to improve medical care and research, such as using AI to interpret medical images better, monitor patients remotely, and predict health outcomes. Finally, it highlights several NIBIB-funded research projects applying AI to tasks like early Alzheimer's detection, glucose level prediction from sensor data, enhanced cancer screening, and smart clothing to reduce back pain.

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Shahrooz Am
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104 views2 pages

Artificial Intelligence (AI) : What Are The Types of AI and How Do They Difer?

The document discusses different types of artificial intelligence including machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning. It then provides examples of how AI is being used to improve medical care and research, such as using AI to interpret medical images better, monitor patients remotely, and predict health outcomes. Finally, it highlights several NIBIB-funded research projects applying AI to tasks like early Alzheimer's detection, glucose level prediction from sensor data, enhanced cancer screening, and smart clothing to reduce back pain.

Uploaded by

Shahrooz Am
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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m~ Artificial Intelligence (AI)

FEB. 2020

What are the types of AI and how do they difer?


Artificial Intelligence
A feature where machines learn to perform tasks, rather
than simply carrying out computations that are input by
human users.
Early applications of AI included machines that
f could play games such as checkers and chess, and
programs that could reproduce language.

Machine Learning
An approach to AI in which a computer algorithm (a set
of rules and procedures) is developed to analyze and
make predictions from data that is fed into the system.
Machine learning-based technologies are routinely
f used every day, such as personalized news feeds
and trafic prediction maps. AI is integrated into numerous technologies that people use
every day. Credit: iStock-metamorworks.

Neural Networks
A machine learning approach modeled afer the brain in which algorithms process signals via interconnected
nodes called artificial neurons.
Mimicking biological nervous systems, artificial neural networks have been used successfully to
f recognize and predict patterns of neural signals involved in brain function.

Deep Learning
A form of machine learning that uses many layers of computation to form what is described as a deep neural
network, capable of learning from large amounts of complex, unstructured data.
Deep neural networks are responsible for voice-controlled virtual assistants as well as self-driving vehicles,
f which learn to recognize trafic signs.

How is AI being used to improve medical care and biomedical research?


Radiology Imaging
The ability of AI to interpret imaging results may aid in One example is the use of AI to evaluate how an
detecting a minute change in an image that a clinician individual will look afer facial and clef palate surgery.
might accidentally miss.
Clinical care
Telehealth A large focus of AI in the healthcare sector is in
Wearable devices allow for constant monitoring of a clinical decision support systems, which use health
patient and the detection of physiological changes observations and case knowledge to assist with
that may provide early warning signs of an event such treatment decisions.
as an asthma attack.

www .nibib.nih.gov
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Artificial Intelligence (AI) page 2 FEB. 2020

How are NIBIB-funded researchers using AI in their biomedical research?


Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using analysis of brain networks
AD-related neurological degeneration begins long before the appearance of clinical symptoms. Information
provided by functional MRI (fMRI) neuroimaging data, which can detect changes in brain tissue during the early
phases of AD, holds potential for early detection and treatment. The researchers are combining the ability of
fMRI to detect subtle brain changes with the ability of machine learning to analyze multiple brain changes over
time. This approach aims to improve early detection of AD, as well as other neurological disorders including
schizophrenia, autism, and multiple sclerosis.
Prediction of blood glucose levels using wearable sensors
NIBIB-funded researchers are building machine learning models to better manage blood glucose levels by using
data obtained from wearable sensors. New portable sensing technologies provide continuous measurements
that include heart rate, skin conductance, temperature, and body movements. The data will be used to train an
artificial intelligence network to help predict changes in blood glucose levels before they occur. Anticipating and
preventing blood glucose control problems will enhance patient
safety and reduce costly complications.
Enhanced image analysis for improved colorectal
cancer screening
This project aims to develop an advanced image scanning system
with high detection sensitivity and specificity for colon cancers.
The researchers will develop deep neural networks that can
analyze a wider field on the radiographic images obtained during
surgery. The wider scans will include the suspected lesion areas
and more surrounding tissue. The neural networks will compare
patient images with images of past diagnosed cases. The system
is expected to outperform current computer-aided systems in the
diagnosis of colorectal lesions. Broad adoption could advance the
prevention and early diagnosis of cancer.
Artistic depiction of a deep neural network reconstruct-
Smart clothing to reduce low back pain ing a histopathology slide to reveal microscopic features
of human tissue. Credit: Ozcan Lab@UCLA.
Smart, cyber-physically assistive clothing (CPAC) is being developed
in an efort to reduce the high prevalence of low back pain. Forces on
back muscles and discs that occur during daily tasks are major risk factors for back pain and injury. The researchers
are gathering a public data set of more than 500 movements measured from each subject to inform a machine learning
algorithm. The information will be used to develop assistive clothing that can detect unsafe conditions and intervene
to protect low back health. The long-term vision is to create smart clothing that can monitor lumbar loading; train safe
movement patterns; directly assist wearers to reduce incidence of low back pain; and reduce costs related to health
care expenses and missed work.

Contact
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Phone: 301-496-8859
Ofice of Science Policy and Communications Email: www.nih.nibib.gov
6707 Democracy Blvd., Suite 200 Website: [email protected]
Bethesda, MD 20892

www.nibib.nih.gov

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