High-rise Building : Structural System & Services

Abhinav Chunchu [2010BARC001]

Sandeep Verma [2010BARC057]
Vishal Ekka [2010BARC058]
Shrivan W [2010BARC079]

25 Sept 2014
Content

• Definition of High-rise
• Evolution
• Structural Systems
• Comparative analysis of structural systems
• Wind load and Effects
• Foundation Types
• Damping Systems
• Services
Fire fighting systems
Vertical circulation
Plumbing
• Wind tunnel testing
• Case-Study : Hines Tower, Shanghai
Definition of High-rise

A tall building is not defined by its height or number of stories. It is the building in which
“tallness” strongly influences planning, Designing and use. It is a building whose height creates
different conditions in design, construction and operation from those that exist in “common”
buildings of a certain region and period.

A high-rise structure is considered to be one extends higher than the maximum reach of available
fire fighting equipment in absolute numbers, This has been set variously between 75-100 ft.

Ref. : Building Structure Illustrated by

Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas Zberbuhler
High-rise security and fire life safety by
Geoff Craighead
Definition of High-rise

India

Hyderabad : High-rise building is one with 18m or more in height

Bhopal : High-rise building is one with 18m or more in building height

Mumbai : High-rise building is one with 7 floors or more, or one with 24m or more in building height
Bangalore : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus four or more floors above the ground floors.
Chennai : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus four or more floors above the ground floors.

Kolkata : High-rise building is one with ground floor plus four or more floors above the ground floors.

Ref. : High-rise security and fire life safety by

Geoff Craighead
Bhopal Building Bye laws
Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation (BMMC)
Bangalore mahnagarapalika Building Bye Laws (2003)
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA)
What is Tall Building?

a) Height Relative to Context

b) Proportion

c) Tall Building Technology

Ref. : CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat)

Evolution

Spire or Dome Heights

Skyscraper evolved in two different urban environment

• Chicago (Banking, Finance)
• New York (Commercial activities clustered around broadways)

These factors served as the setting for cast-iron framed structures

which augured the skyscrapers
Evolution

A.T. stewart’s second store, New York, 1859-62

illustrated the capacity of new iron construction

Around 1880 builder gave rise to elevator buildings

Equitable Life Assurance Society Building (Begun
1868, Enlarged 1875-76, 1886-89)

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by

Dave Parker & Antony Wood
(Data as of January 2013)
Building Structure Illustrated by
Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas Zberbuhler
Evolution

A.T. stewart’s second store, New York, 1859-62

illustrated the capacity of new iron construction

Around 1880 builder gave rise to elevator buildings

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by

Dave Parker & Antony Wood
(Data as of January 2013)
Building Structure Illustrated by
Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas Zberbuhler
 History of the World’s Tallest Building

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by

Dave Parker & Antony Wood
(Data as of January 2013)
 Average Height of the 100 tallest buildings

350
341

300 323

285
Height (in meters)

250
255
229
200
197
178
169 170
150 150

100

50

1970
1960

1980

1990

2000

2010
2012
1930

1940

1950

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by

Dave Parker & Antony Wood
(Data as of January 2013)
 External Loads

Wind Load
• Direct pressure
• Suction
• Drag

Seismic Load
• Inertial force

Effects of lateral loads

• P -Delta Effect
• Overturning Moment
• Vortex Shedding

Ref. : Building Structure Illustrated by

Francis DK Ching, Barry S. Onouye, Douglas Zberbuhler
High-rise security and fire life safety by
Geoff Craighead
Direct Pressure Direct Pressure
Received by building surfaces perpendicular to wind’s
path(windward direction)

Suction
Side and leeward building surfaces, as well as windward
roof surfaces having a slope of less that 30 °
This results in negative pressure which may result in Suction
roofing or cladding failure

Drag

Generated on the surfaces parallel to the windward

direction
Drag
In contrast to vertical gravity loads, the effect of
lateral loads on buildings are not linear and intensify
rapidly with increase in height
P DELTA EFFECT

When gravity load is displaced laterally by a distance (delta)

due to wind, seismic, or balanced gravity loads, it generates
forces and additional deflections throughout the structure
added deflection generate further p delta effect.

OVERTURNING MOMENT
Lateral Loads
Any lateral load applied at a distance above grade P = KV²
generates an overturning moment at the base of a P= Pressure
structure. For equilibrium , the overturning moment K= coefficient of wind
and an internal resisting moment provided by forces V = velocity of wind
developed in columns members and shear walls
K= 0.006 for conventional
rectangular building
VORTEX SHEDDING In fluid dynamics, vortex
shedding is an oscillating flow
that takes place when a fluid
such as air or water flows
past a cylindrical body at
certain velocities, depending
on the size and shape of the
body. In this flow, vortices are
created at the back of the
body and detach periodically
from either side of the body.

JOHN HANCOCK BUILDING, CHICAGO

Wind Tunnel test
• Determine the nature and intensity of wind forces
acting on the structure
• Model of scale 1:100 or 1:200 or 1:400
• For model of 1:400, wind speed in tunnel and full
scale wind of 1:3 is chosen.
• This results in time scale of 1:133

• To limit damage to the cladding on the building

façade and to partitions and interior finishes.
• To reduce effect of motion perceptibility.
• To limit the P- delta effect.
OUTRIGGER SYSTEM

• Generally in form of steel truss or reinforced concrete

or composite.
• Tied to the core and combined with exterior columns
• Reduce overturning moment and lateral shift
• Under load shear core tend to bend and the out rigger
act as lever arm
• Use at different levels: create mechanical floors

BELT TRUSS SYSTEM

• Placed on exterior wall panels

• Strong and stiff subsystem
• Reduce the shear lag
• Entire story depth can be used to construct
mechanical floor
• It distributes loads equally on exterior columns
TYPES OF STRUCTURES

BRACED FRAME RIGID TUBE TUBE IN TUBE DIAGRID TRUSSED TUBES BUNDLED TUBES SPACE FRAMES MEGRAFRAME
RIGID FRAME SRUCTURE
• Resist Shear+ bending moment
• Height efficiency
Steel = 30 floors
Concrete = 20 floors
• Column size increases towards the
base of the building.
• become cost-prohibit for use in
buildings exceeding 35 stories.

Ingallas Building, Lake shore drive

Cincinnati Ohio apartment, Chicago
SHEAR WALL CORE RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE:
• Shear walls and rigid moment
resisting frames.
• Greater lateral rigidity for building
• Capacity to rise unto 60 floors.

Seagram Building Cook County Administration

Building,Chicago
TYPES OF BRACINGS.
A typical column and beam frame is assumed
To be joined with pin or hinged connections, K bracing consist of two diagonal braces that meet near the
Which can potentially resist applied vertical loads. Midpoint of vertical frame member. Each diagonal member
Can be subject to either tension or compression, depending
On lateral force acting on the frame.

Four hinged quadrilateral is inherently unstable,

However, and would be unable to resist a laterally
Applied load. V bracing consist of diagonal braces that meet near the midpoint
Of horizontal frame member .

The additional of diagonal bracing system

Would provide the requisite lateral stability
To the frame.
Chevron bracing is similar to V bracing but its orientation
Allows for passage through the space below the inverted V.

Knee braces used in pairs to resist the lateral forces

From either directions.
Diagonal bracing consists a pair of diagonals. A certain degree
of redundancy is achieved If each diagonal alone is capable of
stabilizing the frame.

Single diagonal braces: able to handle both tension and

compression. Diagonal tension counter systems consist of cable or rods that
Work primarily in tension. A pair of cables or rods is always
necessary to Stabilize the frame against lateral forces from either
directions. For each force direction, one cable of road will operate
effectively in Tension while the other becomes slack and it assumed
to carry no load.
 ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES
• The link beam absorb energy from
seismic activity through plastic
• Eccentrically braced frames deformations of other members.
may also be designed to control
frame deformations and
minimize damage to
architectural elements during
cyclical seismic load.

• Steel is ideal material for • Eccentrically braced frames are

braces frames because of its generally placed in the exterior
ductility- the capacity to wall planes of a structure but
deform without fractures are also sometimes used to
combined with its high brace steel frame cores.
strength.
BRACED FRAME SRUCTURE

• Vertical truss: resist lateral

loads
• K,V,X members eliminating
bending under lateral loading.
• Column girder and diagonal
bracing are connected by pin
joints.
• Fabrication is more
economical than other
moment resisting connection
in rigid framed structure

• John Hancock building,

chicago
BRACED FRAME SRUCTURE WITH SHEAR CORE

• Shear walls: To resist the

lateral load caused by wind &
earthquake
• Relatively thin: height/width
• The assembly of shear walls is
known as “coupled shear wall”
• Belt trusses distribute the
tensile and compressive force
to the large no. of exterior
trusses

Empire State Shanghai Financial

Building (NewYork) Centre, Chaina
BRACED CORE STRUCTURE:

• Shear Resisting core

• Minimized possibility of torsion due to
lateral load
• May contain one or more cores
Connected by outriggers to provide
column free space

• Out rigger generally form of

steel trusses or reinforced
concrete
• connect core to the peripheral
columns, reduce the
overturning moment and
lateral drift in the building.
TUBE STRUCTURE:
Shanghai world financial
center
• Utilize entire building to resist lateral
loads.
• Outer frame: closely spaced columns
rigidly connected to deep spandrel
beams.
• Loads are transferred by external frame

Exterior column spacing 5ft to 15 ft (1.5 m-4.5 m)

Spandrel beam depth 24 in-48 inch (600-1200mm)

Shear lag reduced by use of belt

truss placed on exterior wall
panels.
Belt truss used to equalize
tension and compression forces
due to shear lag.
TUBE IN TUBE STRUCTURE: Tabung haji tower,
malesia
• Stiffness of framed tube is improved by
using structural core.
• Resist gravity as well as lateral loads.
• Floor diaphragms tie the exterior and
interior tube together
• Allowing two tubes to resist as one unit

One shell plaza

DDA building, new
Texas Delhi
BRACED TUBE STRUCTURE:
• Framed tube + Diagonals = braced
tube
• Diagonal braces and spandrel
beams give wall like rigidity against
lateral loads
• Stiffening the parameter frames
overcomes the shear lag problem
faced by framed tube.

John Hancock centre, Chicago

BUNDLED TUBE STRUCTURE:
• Cluster of individual tubes tied together to
act as a single unit
• framed tubes are bundled at the base and
terminates at different levels, without loss
of structural integrity
• Single tube : height restriction –
slenderness ratio
• Height efficiency : 110 story
• Advantage: flexibility of organizing floor
areas
• Individual tube can be of any shape
rectangular, triangular, hexagonal

110 story sears tower designed by SOM

• Framed steel tubes- each with structural
integrity
• Individual tubes bundled together in
varying configuration and terminated at
various levels breaking the wind sway by
breaking flow of the wind.

Sears Tower, Chicago

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (Bruce Graham)
MEGAFRAME STRUCTURE:
• Building rise above 60 stories
• Utilizes mega columns comprise the chords of
oversized braced frames at building corners.
• Linked by multi story trusses at every 15-20
story intervals.
• Often at mechanical floor levels
• Mechanical floors can be used to construct stiff
horizontal sub system.

Hotel de las Artes, madrid

Example : Tuntex sky Tower, Taiwan

SPACE TRUSS STRUCTURE:
• IDEA of stacking triangulated prisms
which contain diagonal bracing the
exterior and interior frame.
• Resist both lateral + vertical loads
• Diagonals prominent part of interior
parts.

Diagonal Tower bank of china building

South korea, by SOM – I.M.Pie
 Proposed by Sir Norman Foster
Height efficiency:
DIAGRID STRUCTURE Concrete: 60
Steel : 100

• Lattice work on exterior

• Resist both lateral & gravity loads
• Vertical columns eliminated

• Triangulation ( gravity and lateral loads)

- uniformly distributed
• Shear deformation minimized
• Resist shear through axial action rather
than by bending vertical columns &
spandrel
• Both shear & bending rigidity to resist
the effects of drift & overturning
moment.
• Highly redundant – can transfer loads
through multiple paths in case of a
localized structural failure.
Hearst Tower (Above)
Swiss Re Headquarters
(left below)
IBM Building (Right
below)
Category Sub- Material / Efficient Advantages Disadvantages Building Examples
Category Configuration Height
Limit

Rigid Frames Steel 30 Provide in floor planning. Expensive moment Lake Shore Drive
Fast construction flexibility. connections. Apartments (Chicago, USA)
Expensive fire proofing. Assurance Tower (Kansas
City)
Concrete 20 Provide flexibility in floor planning. Expensive formwork. Slow Ingalls Building
Easily mouldable. construction. (Cincinnati, USA)

Braced Steel Shear 10 Efficiently resist lateral loads by axial Interior planning limitations due to Low-rise buildings
Trusses + Steel forces in the shear truss members. diagonals in the shear trusses.
Hinged Hinged Frames Allows shallower beams compared with Expensive diagonal connections.
Frames the rigid frames without diagonals.

Shear Wall Concrete Shear 35 Effectively resists lateral shear by Interior planning limitations due to 77 West Wacker Drive
Wall + Steel concrete shear walls. shear walls. (Chicago, USA),
/ Hinged Hinged Frame CasseldenPlace
Frames (Melbourne, Australia)

Outrigger Shear Cores(Steel 150 Effectively resists bending by exterior Outrigger structure does not add Taipei 101
Trusses or Concrete columns connected to outriggers shear resistance. (Taipei, Taiwan), Jin Mao
Structures Shear Walls) + extended from the core. Building
Outriggers (Steel (Shanghai, China)
Trusses or Concrete
Walls) + (BeltTrusses)
+ Steel or Concrete
Composite
(Super) Columns
Category Sub- Material / Efficient Advantages Disadvantages Building Examples
Category Configuration Height
Limit

Braced Steel Shear 40 Effectively resists lateral loads by Interior planning Empire State
Rigid Trusses + Steel producing shear truss - frame interacting limitations due to shear Building (New
Frames Rigid Frames system. trusses. York, USA),
Shear Wall (or SeagramBuilding

Shear Truss) -
Shear Wall Concrete Shear 60 Effectively resists lateral loads by Interior planning Seagram Building, (New
Frame / Rigid Wall + Steel producing shear wall - frame interacting limitations due to shear York, USA)
Interaction Frames Rigid Frame system. walls.
System
Concrete Shear Wall + 70 _ _ _
Concrete Frame

Framed tube steel 80 Efficiently resist lateral loads by locating Shear lag hinders true AON Centre ( Chicago,
lateral system at the building perimeter. tubular behaviour Narrow USA)
column spacing obstruct
the view
concrete 60 “ “ Water tower place
(Chicago, USA)
Braced tube steel 100( + interior) / Efficiently resist lateral shear by axial forces Bracing obstruct the view. John Hancock Centre
150( - interior) in the diagonal members. ( Chicago , USA)
Wider column spacing possible compared
with framed tubes.
Reduced shear lag.
Tube
concrete 100 “ “ Onterie Centre ( Chicago)

Bundled tube steel 110 Reduced shear lag. Interior planning Sears Tower ( Chicago)
limitations
Tube in tube Ext. Framed Tube (Steel or 80 Effectively resists lateral loads by Interior planning 181 West
Concrete) + Int. Core Tube producing interior shear core - exterior limitations due to shear Madison Street
(Steel or Concrete) framed tube interacting system. core. (Chicago, USA)
Category Sub- Material / Efficient Advantages Disadvantages Building Examples
Category Configuration Height Limit

steel 100 Efficiently resists lateral Complicated joints. Hearst Building

shear by axial forces in (New York,USA), 30 St
the diagonal members. Mary Axe, also known as
Swiss Re
Diagrid Building
- (London, UK)

concrete 60 “ Expensive formwork. O-14 Building (Dubai)

Slow construction.

Space Truss - steel 150 Efficiently resists lateral Obstruct the view. May Bank of China
shear by axial forces in obstruct the view. (Hong Kong, China)
Structures the space truss
members.

- steel 160 Could produce super tall Building form depends Chicago World
buildings. to a great degree on the Trade Center
structural system. (Chicago, USA)
Super frames
concrete 100 “ “ Parque Central
Tower (Caracas,
Venezuela)
 100 Tallest Buildings by structural material

Steel
concrete
composite
Mixed
Unknown

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by

Dave Parker & Antony Wood
(Data as of January 2013)
CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat)
Damping systems in high-rise buildings

Damping System

Passive Damping
• Aerodynamic Damper
Active Damping

• Viscous Dampers Active

Tuned Mass Tuned Liquid
• Friction Dampers Tendon
• Yielding Dampers
DAMPING SYSTEMS IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS

Minimizing the effects of wind –induced vibrations and earthquake

shaking on tall buildings as well as non structural architectural elements
and mechanical components.

ACTIVE DAMPING SYSTEM:

• Requires power for motors sensors and computers control.
• Constant external power is required and may be undependable
during a seismic event on disruption of power supply.
• more suitable for tall buildings: where wind induced loading rather
than the unpredictable cyclic loading caused by earthquake.

SEMI ACTIVE DAMPING SYSTEM:

• Use of controlled resistive force to reduce motion
• They are fully controllable yet require little input power. • More useful in reducing sway during storm.
• Less satisfactory for building deflections
during seismic event.
 TUNED MASS DAMPERS:
• Consist of huge mass of concrete or Where it dangles: Taipei 101
steel suspended from a cable like Diameter: 18 ft.
pendulum mounted in tracks in upper
Weight: 730 tons
stones of a building.
• Lateral force -> swaying in the building -
Cable thickness: 3 1/2 in.
> computer senses the motion and Protects against: Earthquakes, high winds,
signals motor to move the weight in an oversize gorillas.
opposing direction and neutralize the
motion.
ACTIVE TENDON DAMPING SYSTEM:
• Uses a conceptualized controller that
responds to the building moment
• Adjust member which are connected to
an array of steel tendons disposed
adjacent to structures main support
members.

TUNED LIQUID DAMPERS

• Tank moves back and forth in the
opposing direction transferring its
momentum to the building and
counteracting the effect of wind
vibration.
PASSIVE DAMPING SYSTEMS
• Absorb a portion of wind induced or seismic energy
• reducing the need for primary structural elements to
dissipate energy.

Viscous Damper

Friction Damper

Yielding Damper
Factors for foundation system design
• soil conditions
• load transfer pattern
• shape and size of building
• site constraints

Types of foundation system

Shallow Foundation:
Those that transfers the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of substructure.

Deep Foundation:
Those that transfers load at a point deep below the substructure.
 Foundation Systems
Foundation Systems

Deep Foundation Shallow Foundation

Systems Systems

Isolated Combined
Displacement Replacement Wall footing Mat footing
footing footing

Driven cast In Place Barrette

Precast Pile Bored Pile Caissons
Piles Pile

Reinforced
Timber Piles Steel Piles concrete
Piles

Ref. : Construction Technology for Tall Buildings Book by

CHEW Yit Lin, Michael
Shallow Foundations in tall buildings

In situation where the allowable bearing

capacity of the soil is low in relation to the
weight of building, column footing become
large enough so that it is more economical
to merge them into single mat or raft
foundation that supports entire building.

Examples

Shell tower, Hitachi tower, Singapore

Ocean building, Singapore
Raffles city, Singapore
Tung Centre, Singapore
Hitachi tower- 128m(33 storey) has
2.8m thick raft 40X68m in plan

Hitachi tower
 Deep Foundations in tall buildings

• Deep foundations are used when adequate soil

capacity is not available close to the surface.
• The common type of deep foundations are caissons
and piles.
• These are classified in two types displacement and
replacement
• Displacement piles refers to piles that are
driven, thus displacing the soil. examples are
pre cast and driven cast in place piles.
• Replacement piles formed by boring/ removing
a column of soil replaced with steel
reinforcement and wet concrete. Examples are
caissons and bored piles
Services

Fire Fighting Systems

Vertical Circulation
Plumbing

Ref. : The Tall Building Reference Book by

Dave Parker & Antony Wood
(Data as of January 2013)
CTBUH (Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat)
National Building Code
Safety lift

Metal brake

Equitable life assurance building, New York Burj Khalifa, Dubai

Vertical circulation in high rise building
Sky lobby

In very tall buildings, elevator efficiency can be increased by a system that

combines express and local elevators. The express elevators stop at designated
floors called sky lobbies. There, passengers can transfer to local elevators that
will take them to their desired floor. By dividing the building into levels served
by the express elevators, the local elevators can be stacked to occupy the same
shaft space. That way, each zone can be served simultaneously by its own bank
of local elevators.
Pudong and Shanghai World
Financial Center
ELEVATORS

The single-deck
units are designed for speeds in excess of 10 meters
per second and ultimately will meet speeds of 15
meters per second, while the double-deck units are
designed for 10 meters per second.

Double-deck elevators
One car stops at even floors and the other stops
at the odd floors. Depending on their
destination, passengers can mount one car in the
lobby or take an escalator to a landing for the
alternate car.
 30 St' Mary Axe ,London
• Low rise go from lobby to level 12.
• Medium rise lifts go from lobby to 22 stopping from level 11.
• High rise lifts go from lobby to 34 stopping from level 22.

• Shuttle lift goes from level 34 to level 39.

Ground Floor Plan Twenty-First Floor Plan

Compass Destination Entry System of traffic control.

As office workers use their pass to go through a lobby gate,

they are directed by the system to a car that will take them to
their floor.

By assigning passengers to specific floors, it allows each car to

make only about a quarter of the stops normally required in
heavy traffic periods.

1. Enter destination floor.

2. Proceed to assigned elevator.

3. Enter assigned car.

4. Travel to designated floor.

1. Conventional system
2. Compass dispatching system
Pneumatic waste collection systems

Pneumatic waste collection systems is an

automatic garbage collection system

The system is based on pipes connected to

buildings which are operated by vacuum.

Pneumatic pipeline transfer system

Waste inlet in each floor

Collection into closed compactors Powerful vacuum unit with filter solution
 Heat sensor RUFUGE AREA
• AT EVERY 30 FLOORS
• CONCRETE WALLS.
• 2 HOURS FIRE RESISTANCE
Smoke detector Sprinkler system

Sprinkler system

Network of high powered fans pumps

clean air through fire resisting ducts

Fresh air pushes the

smoke down back Fire safety in burj khalifa
THE REFUGE AREA

The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the

floor & open to air at least on one side protected with
suitable railing.
a) For floors above 24m & up to 39m one refuge area on
the floor immediately above 24m.
b) For floors above 39m one refuge area on the floor
immediately above 39m & so on after 15m refuge area
shall be provided.

Ref : As per section 8.12.3 on part IV of NBC

 Plumbing

Physical realities
Water in a typical 10 storey building exerts a pressure of 3.3 bar

10 storey building 3.3 Bar

Ref : NORR Architects Engineers & Planners

 Plumbing

10 storey

Water in 30 storey tall building will exerts a pressure of

10 bar
= 3.3 X (pressure exerted by water in 10 storey building) 10 storey

= 3.3 X 3

10 bar
10 storey

Ref : NORR Architects Engineers & Planners

Pressure breaks 10 storey

Upper building 10 storey

zone

10 storey

High pressure zone 10 storey

10 storey

10 storey

Medium pressure zone 10 storey

Ref : NORR Architects Engineers & Planners

10 storey
Case study -
Hines Jing’an Tower, Shanghai

Key features

• Construction of new tower on an

existing foundation
• Curtain wall design based on
reflectivity studies
• Integration of Metro rail station
with project circulation
The numbers

1,93,000 Site area (in sqft)

2 million Total built area (in sqft)
1.4 million Tower area (in sqft)
55 Number of floors above ground
4 Number of floors below ground
820 Height of the tower (in ft)
7.58 FAR

Case study - Hines Jing’an Tower, Shanghai

Basement location

Case study - Hines Jing’an Tower, Shanghai

Case study - Hines Jing’an Tower, Shanghai
Site parameters

Typical floor plan

Case study Hines Tower, Shanghai
Loading map

Case study
Hines Tower, Shanghai
Column and wall variations

Case study Hines Tower, Shanghai

Typical tower section I Comparison
4.45 METER FLOOR-TO-FLOOR 4.38 METER FLOOR-TO-FLOOR

Case study
Hines Tower, Shanghai
Case study
Hines Tower, Shanghai
Truss Details

Outrigger elevation A

Outrigger truss & Belt truss plan

Outrigger elevation B Case study
Hines Tower, Shanghai
Vertical circulation

Level 11 Level 49

Case study
Hines Tower, Shanghai
Wooden skyscraper

Link
http://www.ted.com/talks/micha
el_green_why_we_should_build_
wooden_skyscrapers
Thank you