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CHAPTER 6
Tissues

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 8. Name the two types of tissues.

Ans :
(i) Animal tissues
1. Why does epidermal tissue not have intercellular (ii) Plant tissues
space?
or 9. Name two types of plant tissues.
What is the function of epidermis in plants? Ans :
Ans : (i) Permanent tissue
Epidermal tissue forms a protective layer for plants (ii) Meristematic tissue
and helps to protect the internal parts of plants
which prevent the plant from loss of water, attack by 10. Define differentiation.
parasitic fungi and outer injury. Ans :

2. What is the location of stratified squamous epithelium? The process of taking up permanent size, shape and
Also, mention its functions. function of cell is called differentiation.
Ans :
Stratified squamous epitheliums are found in the skin.
They are present in layers to prevent wear and tear. 11. Give the types of meristematic tissues.
Ans :
(i) Intercalary tissue — nodes
3. What is the structure of a neuron? (ii) Apical tissue — tips of shoot and roots
(iii) Lateral tissue — stem sides
Ans :
Building block of a nervous tissue is a neuron. It has a 12. Why does the growth of plants occur only in certain
thread-like structure with axon and cell body. specific regions?
Ans :
4. Mention the types of simple and complex tissues.
Growth of plants occurs only in certain specific region
Ans : because the meristematic tissue is located only at
Simple : (i) Sclerenchyma, (ii) Parenchyma, these points.
(iii) Collenchyma
Complex : (i) Phloem (ii) Xylem 13. Name the tissues which are present in the plants at
the nodes.
5. Where can we find apical meristem? Ans :
Ans : Intercalary tissues.
It is found in the growing tips of roots and stem.
The length of roots and stem is increased due to the 14. Mention the different types of blood cells.
presence of apical meristem. Ans :

6. Which tissue is present in the husk of a coconut? (i) WBCs

(ii) RBCs
Ans : (iii) Platelets
Sclerenchyma.
15. Define tracheids.
7. What do you mean by aerenchyma? Ans :
Ans : Tracheids have tapering ends and are basically
Aerenchyma is the cell with large air-filled cavities of elongated cells.
parenchyma. It helps aquatic plants to float.
16. Define guard cells.
Ans :

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 Guard cells are kidney-shaped epidermal cells and a It is very thin non-cellular membrane on which cells
pair of these cells bound each stomata. of epithelial tissue rest. It also separates the epithelial
tissue from the underlying tissues.
17. Which tissue gives flexibility in plants?
Ans : 27. How is ligament different from tendons?
Collenchyma. Ans :
Ligaments are elastic connective tissue which attach
18. Mention the functions of cuboidal epithelium. bone to bone to keep them in their place. Tendons are
Ans : less elastic connective tissues which attach muscles to
a bone.
(i) Absorption
(ii) Excretion
28. What are blood platelets?
(iii) Secretion
(iv) Mechanical support Ans :
Blood platelets are minute (about 2 to 4 μm in
19. What is the use of tissues in multicellular organisms? diameter), anucleated, disc like bodies. The main
Ans : function of platelets is to help in clotting of blood.

Tissue provides structural and mechanical strength

as well as to allow division of labour in multicellular
organisms. 29. What is the function of connective tissue?
Ans :
20. Where is chlorenchyma tissue present?
Connective tissue connects different tissues and
Ans : organs. It provides support to different parts of the
It is present in the centre of stems and roots. If it body by forming packing around different organs of
has chlorophyll then it is called chlorenchyma. It is the body.
present in green leaves.
30. Name the connective tissue that is found between skin
and muscles.

21. Where is parenchyma tissue present? Ans :

Ans : Areolar connective tissue fills the space between skin
and muscles.
Parenchyma tissue is present below the epidermis.
31. What will happen if ligaments are over stretched?
22. _____ tissues make the coconut husk.
Ans :
Ans :
Sprain will occur.
Sclerenchymatous tissue
32. What will happen if apical meristem is damaged?
23. Name the tissue which is responsible for the movement
of our body? Ans :
Ans : Growth of plant in length will stop.
A combination of following two tissues is responsible
for the movement of our body : THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
(i) Muscular tissue
(ii) Nervous tissue
33. Mention the functions of bone.
24. Write the main functions of collenchyma? Ans :
Ans :
(i) Provides support to skeletal
The main functions of collenchyma are to provide (ii) Provides shape to body
mechanical support, tensile strength, elasticity and (iii) Protects the internal organs
flexibility to stem, leaf stalks and leaves. (iv) Support muscles

25. Write the various functions of all types of epithelial 34. Mention the functions of cartilage.
tissues? Ans :
Ans :
(i) Support to the body
Epithelial tissues help in protection, absorption, (ii) Flexibility
excretion, exchange of respiratory gases and secretion. (iii) At joints, smoothens surface

26. What is basement membrane? 35. What are permanent tissues?

Ans : Ans :

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 The cells of meristematic tissue lose the ability to brought about by contraction and relaxation of
divide and get differentiated into specialised cells. contractile proteins present in muscle cells.
These differentiated cells form different types of
tissues which are known as permanent tissues. Some 42. What are the three types of muscle fibres (muscle
examples of permanent tissues are : parenchyma, cells)?
sclerenchyma, etc. Ans :

36. What are areolar tissues’ junctions? These are three types of muscle fibres :
1. Striated muscle (skeletal muscle or voluntary
Ans :
muscle),
Areolar tissues are connective tissue found in animals. 2. Unstriated muscle (smooth muscle or involuntary
We can find them between skin and muscles, around muscle),
blood vessels and nerves, in bone marrow. These 3. Cardiac muscle.
tissues fill the space inside the organs. They support
internal organs and help to repair tissues. 43. Write the characteristics of collenchyma.
Ans :
37. What are the four important types of tissues found
in animal? The cells in this type of tissue are living, elongated
and thickened with cellulose at the corners. There
Ans : is very little intercellular space. This tissue provides
The four animal tissues are : flexibility and mechanical support to plants. This
(i) Epithelial tissues, tissue is found in hypodermis of stems and leaf stalks.
(ii) Connective tissues,
(iii) Muscular tissues, and 44. Describe the structure of sclerenchyma. Write its
(iv) Nervous tissue. major functions.
Ans :
38. What is the main function of vascular tissue in plants?
Sclerenchyma is the chief mechanical tissue of plants.
Ans : The cells of this tissue are usually long, narrow and
Vascular tissue transport : pointed at both ends. Due to deposition of lignin their
(i) Water and dissolved minerals from roots to walls are often very highly thickened hence the lumen
various parts of the plant (xylem). or cell cavity is nearly obliterated. They are usually
(ii) Prepare food material from leaves to different provided with simple pits which may be oblique or
plant parts (phloem). straight. It provides strength to the plant parts.

45. What are protective tissues?

Ans :
39. Why do meristematic cells lack vacuoles?
Ans : All parts of plants, e.g. leaves, flowers, stem, and root
are covered by a single outermost protective layer
Meristematic cells divide frequently to give rise to new called epidermis. It consists of rectangular, closely
cells. So, they need dense cytoplasm and soft cell wall. fitted relatively flat cells which lack intercellular
Vacuoles cause hindrance in cell division as they are spaces. Usually it is one cell thick and is covered with
full to cell sap and provide turgidity and rigidity to cutin. Epidermis protects internal tissues of the plant.
the cell. In old dicot plants, epidermis is replaced by secondary
meristem which cuts cells toward outerside. Cork cells
40. What is epithelial tissue? do not have intercellular spaces and are dead cells.
Ans : The walls of cork cells are heavily thickened due to
the position of suberin. Presence of suberin makes the
Epithelial tissue : Epithelial tissue forms covering of
cells impervious to gases and water and thus prevents
entire surface of the body and lines the internal organs,
evaporation of water.
because of this epithelial tissue is called protective
tissue. It also forms a barrier to keep different body
system separate. In this tissue, cells are closely 46. Explain how the bark of a tree is formed. How does it
associated and arranged on a very thin extracellular act as a protective tissue?
fibrous basement membrane. Epithelial tissue may be Ans :
composed of one (simple epithelium) or more layers of As trees grow old, a strip of secondary meristem
cells (compound epithelium). replaces the epidermis of the stem. Cell on the outside
are cut off this layer. This forms the several layer thick
41. What are muscular tissue? What is their function? cork or the bark of the tree.
Ans : Bark is a mass of dead tissue lying in the peripheral
This is a specialised tissue which is composed of region of the plant body as a hard dry covering. Its
contractile, fibre-like cell. This tissue is responsible for function is protection. It protects the inner tissues
movement in our body. against the attack of fungi and insects, against loss of
Function : The movement of the body or limbs is water by evaporation, etc.

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47. What is the .structure of a neuron? 51. Name the following tissues.
Ans : (i) Which tissue covers the external surface in
animals?
A neuron has a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm. (ii) Which tissue stores fat in animals?
A long and thin hair-like structure arises from the (iii) Which tissue joins bone to bone?
body. Every neuron has one long part known as the (iv) Which tissue divides and re-divides and responsible
axon, and many short and small branched structures for growth in plants?
known as dendrite. A single nerve cell is known as
Ans :
neuron and length of some neuron may be even a
metre. (i) Epithelial tissue
(ii) Adipose tissue
(iii) Ligament
(iv) Meristematic tissue

52. Define stomata with diagram.

Ans :
They are small holes on the surface of leaves which
helps in exchange of gases and also in transpiration.

48. What is a cardiac muscle? Mention its features too.

Ans :
Cardiac muscle is an extremely specialized tissue
developed to pump blood throughout the body.
Features :
Figure: (a) Open Stomata (b) Closed Stomata
(i) Cylindrical in shape
(ii) Branched and single celled
(iii) Striated muscle fibres 53. Name and mention the function of each xylem cell
(iv) Involuntary in nature with diagram.
Ans :
Name and function of xylem cells are :
49. Differentiate between bone and cartilage. 1. Xylem parenchyma — It stores food. It also helps
Ans : in sideways flow of water.
2. Xylem fibres — They are supportive.
Bone Cartilage 3. Tracheids and vessels — They help in
transportation of minerals and water.
Porous Non-porous
Non-flexible and hard Flexible and not very
hard
Blood vessels present Blood vessels absent
Matrix is made up of Matrix is made up of
mineral and protein proteins.
salts.

50. Complete the sentences.

(i) _____ conducts minerals and water.
(ii) _____ conducts food in higher plants.
(iii) Blood is a _____ type of tissue.
(iv) Bone has _____ cells. 54. Differentiate between tendon and ligament.
(v) Cartilage has _____ cells.
Ans :
(vi) The connective tissue where fibres are not present
is _____.
Tendon Ligament
Ans :
(i) Xylem Flexible and strong Flexible and elastic
(ii) Phloem Connects bone to Connects bone to bone
(iii) connective muscles
(iv) osteocyte
Strong and flexible Elastic and flexible
(v) chondrocyte
(vi) blood

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55. Differentiate between striated muscles and unstriated are as follows :
muscles. 1. Apical meristem : Growth in length
Ans : 2. Lateral meristem : Growth in breadth or thickness
3. Intercalary meristem : Growth in inter-nodes
Striated muscles Unstriated muscles
Voluntary muscles Involuntary muscles
Shows alternate light Such bands are not
and dark bands present.
Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles
They are cylindrical. They are tapering.
They are multinucleated. They are uninucleated.

56. Differentiate between blood and bone.

Ans :

Blood Bone
60. What are the four main functions of epithelial tissue?
Liquid tissue Hard tissue Ans :
Helps to transport Helps in the movement The main functions of epithelial tissue are :
substances and support our body 1. It forms the outer layer of skin and hence it
It has RBCs, WBCs, It has osteocytes. protects the underlying cells from drying, injury,
plasma and blood bacterial and chemical effects.
platelets. 2. It forms lining of mouth, alimentary canal and
other internal organs and thus protects these
organs.
57. Blood is called the connective tissue. Give reason. 3. It helps in absorption of water and other nutrients
Ans : in alimentary canal.
Blood is made up of cells and plasma (fluid). Red Some of them are greatly specialized and perform
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are also secretory function.
present in blood. Plasma collects all these cells. Blood
transports water and foods to various parts of our
body and connects them.
61. What are characteristic structural features of
meristematic cells?
58. Differentiate between collenchyma, parenchyma and
sclerenchyma. Ans :
Ans : Meristematic cells have :
1. Thin cell walls.
Collenchyma Parenchyma Sclerenchyma 2. Abundant or dense cytoplasm and single large
nucleus.
Cells are living. Cells are living. Cells are dead. 3. Spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular shape.
They are They are They are 4. No intercellular spaces between them.
elongated. spherical, oval narrow and 5. Either no vacuoles at all or few vacuoles.
or polygonal. long.
62. List any four salient features of meristematic tissue?
They are thick They are thin They have
at corners. walled. a thick wall Ans :
because (i) This tissue consists of actively dividing cells.
of lignin (ii) This tissue is present in growing regions of plants.
deposition. (iii) In this tissue, cells are packed closely without
They have very They have large They do intercellular spaces.
less intercellular intercellular not have (iv) Cells of this tissue have thin cell walls, dense
space space. intercellular cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
space.
63. There was a paralytic patient, who cannot walk.
(i) Which tissues are responsible for the movement of
59. What are the different types of meristematic tissue? the body?
Also, mention their functions. Draw a diagram of the (ii) Which tissues are present in spine and brain?
tissue to show its location. Ans :
Ans :
(i) Muscular and nervous tissues are responsible for
There are three types of meristematic tissues which the movement of the body.
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 (ii) Nervous tissues are present in spine and brain. Plant tissue is mainly divided into two categories :
• Meristematic tissue
• Permanent tissue
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS Meristematic tissue : The cells divide very fast. It
helps in the growth of the plants. The shape of the cell
is oval, round and polygonal. There is no intercellular
space. There are three types of meristematic tissues :
64. Explain the structure of a nervous tissue with details (i) Apical meristem : Growth in length
about its location and function. (ii) Lateral meristem : Growth in breadth or thickness
Ans : (iii) Intercalary meristem : Growth in inter-nodes
Structure : It consists of nerve cells joined end to Permanent tissue : When meristematic tissue stops
end. A nerve cell has a cell body with cytoplasm and dividing and gets mature, then it forms permanent
nucleus. From that, long and thin hair like structure tissue. There are two types of permanent tissues :
arise. Every neuron has one long part known as the (i) Simple tissue
axon, and many short and small branched structures (ii) Complex tissue
known as dendrite. A single nerve cell is known as a (i) Simple Tissue : Simple tissues are same in
neuron and sometimes may even be a metre long. structure and perform the same functions. There
are three types of simple tissues :
(a) Parenchyma : It is present in soft parts.
(b) Collenchyma : It provides mechanical strength
to plants and is found in stalks.
(c) Sclerenchyma : It provides support as well as
flexibility to plants.
(ii) Complex Tissue : They are different in structure
but perform the same function in group. There
are two types of complex tissues :
(a) Xylem : It transports water from roots to
shoot in plants.
(b) Phloem : Transports foods to all parts of the
plant.

67. Explain connective tissue along with its types.

Ans :
Location : Nervous tissue is found in spinal cord, brain Connective tissue consists various types of cells which
and nerves. perform the same function. These are of three types :
Function : Nervous tissues are a specialized cell that (i) Proper connective tissue
does the function of exchanging information. Nervous (ii) Fluid tissue
tissues transmit and receive stimuli from one organ to (iii) Skeletal tissue
another organ in the body and allow moving muscles Proper connective tissue : These are of four types–
and react to stimuli. Areolar and ligament connective tissue : It is present
between muscles and skin and in the bone marrow.
It is also present around nerves and blood vessels.
They fill the space inside the organ. They also provide
65. Explain the structure of parenchyma. What are its strength to internal organs and helps in repair of
major modifications? tissues.
Ans : Adipose tissue : It is found below the skin and also
Parenchyma : It is the basic or fundamental tissue between internal organs. It stores fat and due to this
found in plants. Cells of this tissue are thin walled, fat storage, it behaves as an insulator.
circular or polygonal. They are living with a nucleus Tendon : It is fibrous, strong and flexible and joins
and a vacuole. Intercellular spaces are present muscles with bone.
between the cells of this tissue. Two modifications of Ligament : It is elastic and strong and joins bone with
parenchyma are chlorenchyma and aerenchyma. bone.
(a) Chlorenchyma : Sometimes cells of the Fluid tissue consists of :
parenchyma contain chlorophyll and perform Blood : It is a liquid tissue called plasma which has
photosynthesis. This kind of parenchyma is known RBCs, WBCs, plasma and blood platelets. It helps
as chlorenchyma. to transport substances like gases, hormones, digested
(b) Aerenchyma : In aquatic plants, parenchyma food and waste material.
contains big air spaces in between them. Such a Lymph : It transports digested fat and white blood
parenchyma tissue is known as aerenchyma. cells in plasma.
Skeletal tissue is made up of :
Bone : It is a hard tissue which helps in the movement
66. Explain plant tissue in detail.
and support of our body.
Ans : Cartilage : It softens the bone surface at joints. It is

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 found in our ear, nose, trachea and larynx. tubes, phloem parenchyma, companion cells and
intermediary cells.
68. Explain epidermis in plants. Above given both complex tissues are conductive
Ans : tissues and form the vascular bundle.

It forms the outermost layer of the plant. It is

71. Explain the structure of three types of muscle fibres.
comprised of a single cell layer. This tissue forms a
Also write the locations where they are found in the
protective layer for plants and that helps to protect
body.
the internal parts of plants. It helps in protection
against loss of water, attack by parasitic fungi and Ans :
mechanical injury. The followings are the three types of muscle cells :
Epidermis has small pores known as stomata. 1. Unstriated muscles (also known as smooth,
They are small holes or pores on the surface of involuntary muscles) : This type of muscular tissue
leaves which help in exchange of gases and also in consists of spindle-shaped, long uninucleated cells.
transpiration. Epidermis has long parts like hair that This type of muscles are present in alimentary
provide greater surface area for water absorption in canal, blood vessels, iris of eye, in ureters and
roots. In plants found in deserts, epidermis consists bronchi of lungs, etc.
of a thick waxy coating called cutin which makes the 2. Striated muscles (also known as voluntary muscles
outer layer water resistant. because oftheir function being in our control or
will) : This type ofmuscular cells are long multi-
nucleated and enclosed in a membrane called
69. Give the difference between the types of muscle fibres
sarcolemma. Each fibre has several longitudinal
diagrammatically.
filaments embedded in cytoplasm. These filaments
Ans : give these muscles striated appearance. These
muscles are attached to the skeleton; so they are
Cardiac Smooth Striated called skeletal muscles.
muscles muscles muscles 3. Cardiac muscles : These muscles are found in
They are They are Connected with heart. They are not under the control of the will.
present in the present in lungs bones. They contract rhythmically and involuntarily
heart. and alimentary throughout life without the sign of fatigue.
canal. Structurally they show the characters of both
unstriated and striated muscles. They are
They are They are They are made up of branched fibres. These fibres are
involuntary. involuntary. voluntary. uninucleated and show alternate light and dark
They have one They have one They have bands (striation).
nucleus. nucleus. many nuclei.
72. Draw a labelled diagram of section of a phloem.
They are They are They are long
branched. spindle shaped. and cylindrical. Ans :

70. Explain complex tissue in plants.

Ans :
Generally, complex tissues consist of more than 73. What is the difference between meristematic cells and
one type of cell. They are different in structure but permanent cells?
together perform the same function.
Ans :
There are two types of complex tissues :
1. Xylem : It transports water from roots to shoot Difference between meristematic cells and permanent
in plants. The movement is only in one direction cells :
that is, from roots to shoot. It provides mechanical
support to the plant. It has mostly dead elements. Meristematic cells Permanent cells
Its elements are tracheids, xylem sclerenchyma, They have dense They have a large
xylem parenchyma, vessel elements. cytoplasm and a large central vacuole and
2. Phloem : Conduct foods to all parts of the plant. centrally placed nucleus. normal nucleus.
The movement of phloem is bidirectional that is,
movement in both the directions is possible. Its
elements are mostly living. Its elements are sieve
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 These cells are capable They attain permanent Collenchyma cells may They do not contain
of dividing to _produce shape and are not contain chlorophyll and chlorophyll in any
new cells. capable of producing can also help in the condition as they are
new cells. manufacture of starch dead cells.
and sugar.
74. How many types of meristems are present in plants,
on the basis of position? 77. Describe the structure of phloem.
Ans : Ans :
On the basis of location of meristem, it is classified Structure of phloem : The main conducting part of
into three types : the phloem is sieve tube which is formed of elongated
1. Apical meristem is present at the tip of stem, cylindrical cells arranged in vertical rows. The walls
roots and their branches. between the cells have many minute pores through
2. Intercalary meristem is found at the leaf base, which food material can pass from one cell to the
above the nodes (i.e. at the base of internodes next. The porous walls between the cells is termed
as in grasses) or below the nodes (i.e. at the as sieve plate. Each sieve tube member is supported
uppermost region of internode as in mint). by a long parenchymatous cell called companion cell
3. Lateral meristem which helps the sieve tubes in the conduction of food
4. Vascular cambium and cork cambium are the material. Phloem also contains phloem fibres, which
examples of lateral meristem. provide support. Another component of phloem is
5. Vascular cambium is found in vascular bundles parenchyma cells which stores food.
while cork cambium is found underneath the bark
of trees. Both of these cause increase in girth of 78. Differentiate between chlorenchyma and arenchyma.
plants. Ans :

75. Differentiate between parenchyma and collenchyma. Difference between chlorenchyma and arenchyma :
Ans : Chlorenchyma Arenchyma
Difference between parenchyma and collenchvma : Parenchyma which Parenchyma which
contains chlorophyll is has large air cavities is
Parenchyma Collenchyma
called chlorenchyma. called aerenchyma.
It is living and mainly It is living and mainly
Chlorenchyma is found Aerenchyma is found in
storage tissue. provides tensile strength
in green parts, especially aquatic plants.
to stem and leaf stalk.
leaves of plants.
Parenchymatous cells Collenchymatous
They perform They give buoyancy to
have large intercellular cells have very little
photosynthesis. the plants to help them
spaces. Their walls do intercellular spaces.
float.
not have thickening at They have thickening at
the corners. corners of cell walls.
79. What is xylem? Explain its structure. Which one of
its component is very important and why?
76. Differentiate between collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Ans :
Ans :
Xylem is a complex plant tissue which transports
Difference between collenchyma and sclerenchyma :
water and dissolved minerals from roots to all other
Collenchyma Sclerenchyma plant parts.
Structure : Xylem consists of four kinds of cells (also
The cells of The cells are dead. known as elements).
collenchymas are living They do not have the Tracheids : A tracheid is an elongated, hollow cell
and have the cytoplasm cytoplasm and the with its both ends tapering. The walls of these cells
and the nucleus. nucleus. are thick by the deposition of lignin. At certain spots
The collenchyma cells The sclerenchymatous lignin is not present. These spots are termed as pits.
have thickening of cells have thickening of The tracheids are dead cells.
cellulose at the corners. lignin. Vessels : These are tube-like structures formed by a
number of cells placed end to end with their transverse
They provide mechanical They mainly provide
walls dissolved. The side walls of these tubes also have
support and elasticity to mechanical support and
deposition of lignin. The thickening of the walls show
the plant parts. stiffness to plants or
various kinds of patterns. They are also dead cells.
their parts.
Xylem Parenchyma : They are prenchymatous, thin
walled, living cells. They help in lateral conduction of
water and sap. They also store food.
Xylem Fibres : They are lignified dead fibres which
provide mechanical support to plant.
The most important element of xylem is vessel because
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 most of the water and minerals are carried upward 81. What are three main categories of connective tissue?
through this component of xylem. Ans :
Categories of connective tissue are :
80. Differentiate between :
Connective tissue proper : There is a matrix in which
(i) Xylem and phloem
generally two types of (white and yellow) fibres are
(ii) Vessel and sieve tube
present. In between these fibres some connective tissue
(iii) Tracheid and vessel
cells are present. Example of this kind of connective
Ans : tissues are aerolar tissue and adipose tissue.
(i) Xylem and phloem Skeletal tissue : This type of tissues form the skeleton
of an organism. It is of two types : Cartilage and bone.
Xylem Phloem a. Cartilage has solid matrix called chondrin, in
It consists of tracheids, It consists of sieve which fibres and cells known as chondrocytes are
vessels, xylem tubes, companion cells, present. Usually cells are present in clusters of 2-3
parenchyma and xylem phloem parenchyma and cells in small spaces called lacunae. Cartilage is
fibres. phloem fibres. found in the regions of pinna, nose, trachea and
larynx.
Three components Three components b. In bones, matrix is formed of a protein called ossein
except xylem except phloem fibres are impregnated with phosphate and carbonates of
parenchyma are dead. living. calcium and magnesium.
It transports water and It transports prepared Fluid tissue : Blood and lymph are examples of fluid
minerals from roots to food from leaves to the connective tissues. These are specialized connective
other parts of the plant. other plants. tissues. It consists of liquid matrix with no fibres.
In liquid matrix called plasma corpuscles remain
(ii) Vessel and sieve tube
suspended. Blood transports food material, gases and
Vessel Sieve tube other substances to the various parts of the body.

It is tabular system It is a tabular structure 82. Write main characteristic features of skeletal, smooth
made up of a number of made up of a number and cardiac muscles.
dead cells with hollow of living cells with or
lumen. vacuolated cytoplasm. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac
Vessel conducts water Sieve tube conducts muscle fibres. Give three points of difference.
and minerals. organic nutrients. Ans :
The wall is lignified. The wall is not lignified. Character S k e l e t a l S m o o t h C a r d i a c
( s t r i a t e d muscles muscles
The wall is thick. The wall is thin. muscles)

The end walls dissolve The end walls are 1. Shape of Cells are long Cells are long Cells are non-
completely. perforated to form sieves cell cylindrical, non- with tapering tapering,
tapering and ends (spindle cylindrical and
plate. unbranched. shape) and branched.
unbranched.
Besides conduction of It does not provide any
2. Nucleus Many nuclei The cells Each cell
sap, a vessel provides mechanical strength. (multinucleated) have only contains one
mechanical strength. which are one nucleus or two nuclei
situated towards (uninucleated) situated in the
(iii) Tracheids and vessel the periphery of situated in the centre.
muscle fibre. centre.
Tracheids Vessel 3. Striations Tr a n s ve r s e Striations are Cells have faint
alternate light absent. striations.
A vessel consists of a A tracheid consists of a and dark bands
large numbers of cells single cell. (striations) are
present.
fused together in a
4. Mode of Voluntary The control Involuntary
single life. contraction (work upon our of involuntary t h e y
will), contract muscle is not r hy t h m i c a l l y
The ends are blunt. The ends are pointed. rapidly but soon under our c o n t r a c t
undergo fatigue. will. Contract and relax
The walls between The walls between comparatively throughout life
adjacent cells of a vessel adjacent tracheids slow but do not without fatigue
are usually absent. remain intact. fatigue. under normal
conditions.
The vessel is quite long The tracheid is 5. Location Hands, legs. Wall of Present in
(about 10 cm). comparatively short s t o m a c h , heart.
intestine,
(generally 1 mm). ureter, bronchi,
etc.
The wall is less The wall is more
thickened. thickened.
83. Explain the structure of a fluid connective tissue.
The lumen is wide. The lumen is narrow.
Ans :
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Blood consists of :

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 1. Blood plasma, 2. Blood cells. (a) Exchange of gases in plants.
1. Blood plasma : It is the fluid matrix which contains (b) Root nodules are found in leguminous plants. They
85 to 95% water, 7% different types of proteins, harbour bacteria which can fix free atmospheric
0.9% of salts, about 0.1% glucose and a very small nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites which plants
amount of hormones, wastes, etc. In the plasma, like pulses can use for protein synthesis.
blood corpuscles (cells) are suspended. (c) Cardiac muscles show rhythmic contraction and
2. Blood cells : Three kinds of blood cells are found relaxation throughout life. Because of this heart
suspended in the blood plasma. can pump the blood.
These are : (i) Red blood corpuscles (Erythrocytes)
or RBCs (ii) White blood corpuscles (leucocytes) 86. Differentiate between :
or WBCs and (iii) Blood platelets. (i) Meristematic cells and permanent cells
(i) Red blood corpuscles (Erythrocytes) or RBCs (ii) Parenchyma and collenchyma
: The red blood corpuscles are biconcave, (iii) Collenchyma and sclerenchyma
disc-like cells which are devoid of nucleus. (iv) Sclerenchyma fibres and sclereids
They contain a substance called haemoglobin Ans :
because of this they appear red in colour. The
most important function of the RBCs is the (i)
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Meristematic Permanent Cells
(ii) White blood corpuscles (Leucocytes) or
Cells
WBCs : These cells are comparatively large
in size, colourless and irregular in appearance. 1. Contains dense Contains large central
They are devoid of haemoglobin. They protect cytoplasm and a vacuole and normal
our body from diseases by destroying germs. large centrally placed nucleus.
(iii) Blood platelets : These are small, 2-4 m in nucleus.
diameter. They are without nucleus. Their 2. Are capable of Are not capable to
main function is to liberate some substances dividing into new produce new cells.
which helps in blood clotting. cells.
(ii)
84. Differentiate between bone and cartilage. Parenchyma Collenchyma
Ans :
1. It is living and mainly It is living and mainly
storage tissue. It may provides tensile
Bone Cartilage store waste products strength to the organ
Bone is inflexible and Cartilage is usually like tannin, resins, in which they are
hard. flexible or elastic and crystals, etc. present.
soft. 2. They may or may They usually do not
Its matrix contains The matrix of the not have intercellular have intercellular
protein ossein and cartilage contains space. Their walls do space. They have
calcium phosphate. protein chondri and not have thickening at thickening at the
usually lacks calcium. the corners. corners of cell walls.
Bone cells (i.e., The cells of cartilage, (iii)
osteocytes) have chondrocytes, are oval in
irregular outline due outline. Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
to the presence of a 1. Are living and have Are dead and do not
number of protoplasmic the cytoplasm and the have the cytoplasm
outgrowths. nucleus. and the nucleus.
The lacunae (cavities or The canaliculi are 2. They have thickening They do not have
space) are provided with absent. of cellulose and pectin such thickening.
numerous fine branches at the corner of its
called canaliculi. cells.
Its matrix shows Matrix is homogeneous. 3. They provide They mainly provide
concentric lamellae. mechanical support mechanical support to
Bone has Haversian Cartilage is devoid of and elasticity to the plant and seed coat of
canals and narrow such structures. organ of the plant. plants such as nuts. It
cavity. provides stiffness to
the organ.

85. Give one function of each of the following :

(a) Stomata, (b) Root nodules, (c) Cardiac muscle
fibres.
Ans :

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 4. They mainly contain They are dead cells NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
chlorophyll and and do not contain For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
can also help in the chlorophyll. www.cbse.online for
manufacture of starch 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
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3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
Sclerenchyma Sclereids 4. NCERT Solutions
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1. These are dead These are dead
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2. They give mechanical They provide local
support to plants to mechanical needs.
withstand various They provide firmness
strains. and hardness to the
plant part, e.g. shell
of nuts.

87. Describe the structure of cartilage and bone.

Ans :
Cartilage : It is a solid but semi-rigid and flexible
connective tissue. It has large bluntly angular cartilage
cells called chondrocytes. They occur in clusters of
2 and 3 in small spaces (lacunae) scattered in the
matrix. Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at joints
and is also present in the nose, ear, trachea and larynx.
Bone : Bone is a solid, rigid and strong connective
tissue. Its matrix become hard due to the deposition
of salts of calcium and phosphorous. Osteocytes or
bone cells are present in irregular spaces lacunae in the
matrix, interconnected by fine canals called canaliculi.
In this tissue, matrix deposits in concentric rings
around narrow longitudinal cavities called haversian
canals. These canals carries blood vessels and nerves.

88. What are the two main components of blood? Why is

blood considered a type of connective tissue?
Ans :
(i) Blood has two main components :
(a) Fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma.
(b) Suspended red blood cells (RBCs), white
blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.
(ii) Blood is considered as connective tissue because :
(a) It has the same origin as the other connective
tissues.
(b) It flows to different parts of the body and
thus connects different parts of the body with
one another to exchange materials and gases.

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