A Reaction Wherein, Upon Cooling, A Solid and A Liquid Phase Transform Isothermally and Reversibly To A Solid Phase Having A Different Composition

1.
Materials engineering - is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties.
2. Materials science - involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.
3. Ceramics - are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements.
4. Monomer - refers to the small molecule from which a polymer is synthesized.
5. Composites – combinations of two or more of the above three basic material classes.
6. Advanced Materials - Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications.
7. Atomic number - Characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical element.
8. Isotopes - Atoms of some elements that have two or more different atomic masses.
9. Atomic mass - as the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons within the nucleus.
10. Ground State – The state when all the electrons occupy the lowest possible energies in accord with the foregoing
restrictions.
11. Valence Electrons – are electrons that occupy the outermost shell.
12. Ionic bond - found in compounds that are composed of both metallic and nonmetallic elements.
13. Covalent Bond - stable electron configurations are assumed by the sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms.
14. Metallic Bond - is found in metals and their alloys.
15. Principal quantum number - related to the distance of an electron from the nucleus, or its position.
16. Angular Momentum Quantum number - is related to the shape of the electron subshell.
17. Non-Crystalline Solids - are solids that lack a systematic and regular arrangement of atoms over relatively large atomic
distances
18. Unit cell – In describing crystal structures, it is often convenient to subdivide the structure into small repeat entities.
19. Coordination number - number of nearest-neighbor or touching atoms.
20. Polymorphism – A phenomenon in which some metals, as well as nonmetals, may have more than one crystal structure.
21. Atom Vacancy – Simplest type of point defect.
22. Burgers Vector – The magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion associated with dislocation.
23. Plastic Deformation – A type of deformation that is permanent.
24. Twinning deformation – A deformation mechanism where a shear force can produce atomic displacements such that on one
side of a plane, atoms are located in mirror-image positions of atoms on the other side.
25. Strain Hardening – Is a phenomenon or strengthening mechanism is whereby associated when a ductile material becomes
harder and stronger as it is plastically deformed.
26. Modulus of Elasticity – It is a property of a material expressed as the ratio of stress into strain and is the slope of the elastic
region in the stress-strain diagram.
27. Ductility – It is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture.
28. Solubility limit – The maximum concentration of solute atoms that may dissolve in the solvent to form a solid solution.
29. Substitutional Impurity - will substitute for the host ion to which it is most similar in an electrical sense.
30. Interstitial Impurity - impurity atoms fill the voids or interstices among the host atoms. Atomic diameter of an interstitial
impurity must be substantially smaller than that of the host atoms.
31. Design factor - (which has a value greater than unity). Used to protect against unanticipated failure when considering the
design stress.
32. Factor of safety – when considering the safety stress.
33. Eutectic Reaction - found in some alloy systems, a liquid phase transforms isothermally to two different solid phases upon
cooling.
34. Eutectoid Reaction - The reverse reaction occurs upon heating two solid phases transforms into 1 solid phase.
35. Peritectic Reaction - A reaction wherein, upon cooling, a solid and a liquid phase transform isothermally and reversibly to a solid phase
having a different composition.
36. Steel - are iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements.
37. Cast Irons - are a class of ferrous alloys with carbon contents above 2.14 wt%.
38. Brass – Copper plus Zinc
39. Bronze – Copper plus Tin
40. Nickel - and its alloys are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments, especially those that are basic (alkaline).
41. Casting - fabrication process whereby a totally molten metal is poured into a mold cavity having the desired shape.
42. Diffractometer - an apparatus used to determine the angles at which diffraction occurs for powdered specimens.
43. Miller Indices – are three letters (hkl) that specifies crystallographic planes.
44. Degradation – Defined as a loss of the relevant properties of a material which proceeds gradually due to exposure to in-
service condition.

A Reaction Wherein, Upon Cooling, A Solid and A Liquid Phase Transform Isothermally and Reversibly To A Solid Phase Having A Different Composition

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