Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II

TD1: (Matrices)
1. Write the following
matrices into row echelon form.
   
1 1
3 2 1 2 1 4 5 7
(a) A =  −2 21 0  (c) C =  2 1 0 1 2 1 
0 4
7 4 3 3 1 5 7 8
 
  1 1 1 1
2 3 4  1 −1 1 −1 
(d) D =  
(b) B =  3 0 4   −1 −1 1 1 
1 3 1 −1 1 λ λ

2. Let X be a 2 × 2 matrix. Find the solutions of the equation X 2 − 3X = I.

3. Let X ∈ M3 (R). Solve the equation X − 2X t = tr(X)I3 .
4. Find the matrix X ∈ M2 (R) satisfies the equation
( )
3 0 −3
X = A, where A= .
2 0

5. Let A, B ∈ Mn (R) such that AB = 2A + 3B. Show that

(a) (A − 3In )(B − 2In ) = 6In
(b) AB = BA.
6. (a) Are there matrices A, B ∈ Mn (R) such that AB − BA = I.
(b) Suppose that A, B ∈ Mn (R) such that (AB − BA)2 = AB − BA. Show that A and
B are commutable.
7. Suppose that A ∈ Mn (R) and A5 = 0. Show that A + I is invertible and then find its
inverse.
8. Given A ∈ Mn (K) such that A5 + A = I. Show that A2 + A + I is invertible then find its
inverse.
9. Let A ∈ Mn (R) such that I + A is invertible. Suppose that
B = (I − A)(I + A)−1
(a) Show that B = (I + A)−1 (I − A)
(b) Show that I + B is invertible and express A in terms of B.
 
a1 a1 . . . a 1
 a2 a2 . . . a 2  ∑n
 
10. Let A =  .. .. ..  where ai = α ̸= 0. The matrix B is defined by
 . . .  i=1
an an . . . a n n
∑
B = (bij )n where bij = 2ai if i ̸= j and bii = ai − aj .
j̸=i
2
(a) Compute A
(b) Show that B is invertible and then find its inverse.
11. Find the rank of matrix A where

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 2020–2021

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II

     
0 −1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
(a) A =  1 0 1 0  (b) B =  a b c  (c) C =  1 1 −1 −1 
1 1 0 −2 −1 3 0 −1 1 λ λ

12. Let A = (aij )n ∈ Mn (R) where aij = i − j + 1 for i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n. Find rank(A).

13. Let A = (aij )n ∈ Mn (R) where aij = cos(i + j) for i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n. Find rank(A).
14. Find the inverse of each matrix (if exists) below:
     
2 −1 1 1 1 ... 1 1 α (0)
(a)  1 0 0  

... ... .. 
. 

 1
... 

−1 2 1 (c)  .  (e)  ... 
 (0) . . 1   α 
1 n (0) 1 n
   
1 ... ... 1 −1 2 ... 2
   ..   ... .. 
 . 2 ... 2   2 −1 . 
1 1 3 (d)  .. .. ..  (f)  . ... ... 
(b)  2 1 0   . . .   .. 2 
3 2 3 1 2 ... n n 2 ... 2 −1 n

15. Solve the system of linear equation unknow

  

 x 1 − x 2 + 2x 3 = 0 
 x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 1 
x 1 + x 3 − x 4 =1
(a) −x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 4 (b) −x1 + mx2 + 2x3 = 2 (c) x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 2

 
 

x1 + 4x3 =3 2x1 + 2x2 − x3 = −1 x1 − x2 − 2x4 = 0
 
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + · · · + x n


=1  x1 − x2 − x 3 − · · · − xn = 1



 

x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + · · · + 2xn = 1
 −x1 + x2 − x3 − · · · − xn = 2

(d) x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + · · · + 3xn = 1 (e) −x1 − x2 + x3 − · · · − xn = 3

 . . 
 .. ..

 .. .. 
 . .

 

 
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + · · · + nxn = 1 −x1 − x2 − x3 − · · · + xn = n
( )
5 4
16. Let A = and p(x) = x2 − 6x − 7.
3 1
(a) Find P (A). Then deduce that A is invertible and find its inverse .
(b) Find An , n ∈ N.
(c) Let (un ) and (vn ) be real sequences defined by
( ) ( ) {
u1 1 un+1 = 5un + 4vn
= and
v1 2 vn+1 = 3un + vn
Find the general terms of (un ) and (vn ) in terms of n.
17. Let f (x) = x3 − 2x2 + x and g(x) = x2020 − 10x1000 + 3x − 1. Let
 
1 −1 −5
A= 1 3 7 
1 0 −2
Compute f (A) and g(A).

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 2020–2021

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II

18. Let  
2 −1 2
A =  5 −3 3 
−1 0 −2

(a) Compute (A + I)3

(b) Deduce that A is invertible and find its inverse
(c) Find An , n ∈ N.
(d) Let (un ), (vn ) and (wn ) be real sequences defined by
    
u1 1 
un+1 = 2un − vn + 2wn
 v1  =  0  and vn+1 = 5un − 3vn + 3wn


w1 −1 wn+1 = −un − 2wn

Find the general terms of (un ), (vn ) and (wn ) in terms of n.

19. Let  
2 −1 −1
A =  −1 2 −1 
−1 −1 2

(a) Show that A is invertible and find its inverse

(b) Find An , n ∈ N.
(c) Let (un ), (vn ) and (wn ) be real sequences defined by
    
u1 1 
un+1 = 2un − vn − wn
 v1  =  0  and vn+1 = −un + 2vn − wn


w1 −1 wn+1 = −un − vn + 2wn

Find the general terms of (un ), (vn ) and (wn ) in terms of n.

   
1 0 0 0 0 0
20. Given A =  −1 1 0  and B =  −1 0 0 .
2 −1 1 2 −1 0

(a) Find the smallest positive integer k such that B k = 0.

(b) Find An in terms of n ∈ N.

21. Let J and A be two square matrices satisfy

J 2 = I, and A = αI + βJ, α, β ∈ R

Show that An = αn I + βn J, then determine αn and βn .

22. Let A ∈ Mn (K) such that A + A−1 = I. Calculate Ak + A−k , k ∈ N.

 a 
1 −
23. Let An =  a n  , a ∈ R. Calculate lim Ann .
1 n→∞
n

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 2020–2021