Personal View: Mark Abie Horowitz, David Taylor
Personal View: Mark Abie Horowitz, David Taylor
Personal View: Mark Abie Horowitz, David Taylor
All classes of drug that are prescribed to treat depression are associated with withdrawal syndromes. SSRI withdrawal Lancet Psychiatry 2019
syndrome occurs often and can be severe, and might compel patients to recommence their medication. Although the Published Online
withdrawal syndrome can be differentiated from recurrence of the underlying disorder, it might also be mistaken for March 5, 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
recurrence, leading to long-term unnecessary medication. Guidelines recommend short tapers, of between 2 weeks S2215-0366(19)30032-X
and 4 weeks, down to therapeutic minimum doses, or half-minimum doses, before complete cessation. Studies have
Prince of Wales Hospital,
shown that these tapers show minimal benefits over abrupt discontinuation, and are often not tolerated by patients. Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tapers over a period of months and down to doses much lower than minimum therapeutic doses have shown greater (M A Horowitz PhD); Health and
success in reducing withdrawal symptoms. Other types of medication associated with withdrawal, such as Environment Action Lab,
London, UK (M A Horowitz);
benzodiazepenes, are tapered to reduce their biological effect at receptors by fixed amounts to minimise withdrawal
and Institute of Pharmaceutical
symptoms. These dose reductions are done with exponential tapering programmes that reach very small doses. This Science, King’s College London,
method could have relevance for tapering of SSRIs. We examined the PET imaging data of serotonin transporter London, UK (Prof D Taylor PhD)
occupancy by SSRIs and found that hyperbolically reducing doses of SSRIs reduces their effect on serotonin Correspondence to:
transporter inhibition in a linear manner. We therefore suggest that SSRIs should be tapered hyperbolically and Dr Mark Abie Horowitz, Prince of
Wales Hospital, Sydney,
slowly to doses much lower than those of therapeutic minimums, in line with tapering regimens for other medications
NSW 2031, Australia
associated with withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms will then be minimised. [email protected]
Number of patients Medication Tapering period Lowest dose before Outcome (% with Odds ratio AD Comment
zero discontinuation versus taper
syndrome or DESS score)
Groot and van Os 895; antidepressant Paroxetine, Median 56 days 0·5 mg (paroxetine); 71% able to cease N/A Included patients who had
(2018)14 use median 2–5 years venlafaxine (IQR 28–84 days) 1·0 mg (venlafaxine) had severe withdrawal
syndrome previously
Tint and colleagues 28 SSRI, 3 days; 14 days Unknown 46% (3 days); 46% N/A No difference between 3 day
(2008)16 venlafaxine (14 days) and 14 day taper
Baldwin and 249 Paroxetine 7 days; 14 days 10 mg (paroxetine); DESS 5·4 (SD 8·3) for N/A No difference between 7 day
colleagues (2006)30 (N=115) or 5 mg (escitalopram) paroxetine; DESS 3·2 and 14 day taper (but both
escitalopram (SD 4·8) for escitalopram; slightly better than AD when
(N=134) no difference between 7 compared with other studies)
and 14 days
Himei and Okamura 385 Paroxetine AD (N=80); taper, 10 mg 33·8% (AD); 4·6% (taper) 7·4 36 patients with withdrawal
(2006)33 reducing by 10 mg syndrome were recommenced
every 2 weeks on paroxetine and tapered at
(N=305) 5 mg every 2–4 weeks with no
re-emergence of symptoms
van Geffen (2005)34 74 Fluvoxamine, AD (N=14); taper, Unknown 86% (AD); 52% (taper) 1·65 Significant reduction in
fluoxetine, 2 weeks–4 months withdrawal symptoms with
paroxetine, (N=52) tapering compared with AD
citalopram
Murata and 56 Paroxetine AD (N=23); taper, 10 mg 78·2% (AD); 6·1% (taper) 12 Odds ratio of 55·8 by
colleagues (2010)35 average univariate logistic regression
38·6 weeks, range of tapering compared with AD
2–197 weeks
(N=33)
DESS=Discontinuation-Emergent Signs and Symptoms. AD=abrupt discontinuation. N/A=not applicable.
Table 1: Studies that measured withdrawal symptoms in patients tapered off antidepressants
Limitations 40
80
It is difficult to establish the optimal time interval
60 between dose reductions. In the absence of studies
evaluating the rate at which neuroadaptation can occur,
40
several aspects can provide guidance. For all SSRIs except
20
fluoxetine, pharmacokinetic properties predict that they
will achieve steady state between 5 days and 14 days after
0 dose reduction (table 3).72 As outlined above, discon
tinuation symptoms have been detected in patients for
B
100
varying periods of time, from a number of days,9 to weeks
and months,18,21–23,73,74 and, in some cases, for more than a
year.21,22,73,74 These records have generally been derived from
Striatal SERT occupancy (%)
80
patients who abruptly cease their medication; it is possible
60 that with more cautious reductions, the discontinuation
symptoms will last for shorter periods. The clinical effects
40
of SSRIs can be delayed by weeks following their
20
commencement,59,70 whereas side-effects arise in days.75 It
is unclear whether withdrawal symptoms are likely to
0 follow the temporal pattern of antidepressant effects, or
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 side-effects. It might be prudent to allow 4 weeks after a
Dose (mg/day)
reduction in SSRI to observe for delayed withdrawal
Figure 4: Effect of linear and hyperbolic citalopram dose reductions on SERT effects. This would also allow for observation of recurrence
occupancy of underlying symptoms as a result of the decrease in
(A) Linear dose decrements of citalopram (eg, intervals of 5 mg) produce SSRI dose. However, the best guide might be the interval
exponentially increasing changes in SERT occupancy. (B) Hyperbolic dose
decreases of citalopram produce linear changes in SERT occupancy (eg, intervals required for the patient’s Discontinuation-Emergent Signs
of 20% SERT occupancy). SERT=serotonin transporter. Reproduced from Meyer and Symptoms score to return to baseline after a test
and colleagues,60 by permission of the American Journal of Psychiatry. reduction.
difficult to establish which reduction (or set of reductions) Table 3: Pharmacokinetic characteristics of SSRIs and their clinically active metabolites
was responsible for the symptoms experienced. It there
fore seems prudent to decrease the dose of medication,
then allow a substantial period of time to elapse while 40·00
withdrawal effects resolve, before making the next
20·00
decrement.
10·00
Fluoxetine
Substitution of short-acting SSRIs with fluoxetine has 5·00
been suggested as a way to avoid intolerable withdrawal
Dose (mg)
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