BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

NAME : Tania Sajjad

ROLL NO :BS-APE-19-19
Department: BS Applied Psychology (Eve)
Session: 2019-23
Semester : 3rd
Subject : Education
Submitted To: Medam Nimra Sharmeen
Date:2020-11-30

Topic: Value Clarification & School

Assignment No.01
Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19
 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

Introduction
The word value is derived from the Latin word “Valerie”. This means
“to be strong and vigorous”. The word “values” was used by a German
Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in 1880. Nietzsche used this word in
plural form to ‘denote beliefs and attitudes what were personal and
subjective’.
Value means; what we believe to important
Clarification means; to identify and make clear, what is important
Defination
A technique of encouraging students to relate their thoughts and their
feelings, this enrich their awareness of their own value.

Different philosophers have tried to define value in a variety of ways.

W.M. Urban rightly says, “That alone is ultimately and intrinsically
valuable that leads to the development of selves or to self-realisation”.
James Ward rightly points out that value resides in the object of desire.
The object that satisfies a desire has value.

John Dewey has stated, ‘Value may be connected inherently with liking,
and yet not with every but only with those judgement has approved, after
examination of the relation upon which the object liked depends.

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

Types Of Value

Terminal Values
These are values that we think are most important or most desirable.
These refer to desirable end-states of existence, the goals a person would
like to achieve during his or her lifetime.
Instrumental Values
Instrumental values deal with views on acceptable modes of conductor
means of achieving the terminal values.
These include being honest, sincere, ethical, and being ambitious. These
values are more focused on personality traits and character.

Purpose Of Value
Values clarification is a psychotherapy technique that can often help an
individual increase awareness of any values that may have a bearing on
lifestyle decisions and actions. This technique can provide an
opportunity for a person to reflect on personal moral dilemmas and
allow for values to be analyzed and clarified.

Characteristics

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

Values are different for each person.

These can be defined as ideas or beliefs that a person holds desirable or
undesirable.
The variability in that statement is, first, what a person could value, and
second, the degree to which they value it.
The characteristics of values are:
 These are extremely practical, and valuation requires not just techniques but
also an understanding of the strategic context.
 These can provide standards of competence and morality.
 These can go beyond specific situations or persons.
 Personal values can be influenced by culture, tradition, and a combination of
internal and external factors.
 These are relatively permanent.
 These are more central to the core of a person.
 Most of our core values are learned early in life from family, friends,
neighborhood school, the mass print, visual media and other sources within
the society.
The values of a culture may change, but most remain stable during one
person’s lifetime.
Importance of Values
Values are general principles to regulate our day-to-day behavior. They not
only give direction to our behavior but are also ideals and objectives in
themselves.
They are the expression of the ultimate ends, goals or purposes of social
action.
Our values are the basis of our judgments about what is desirable, beautiful,
proper, correct, important, worthwhile and good as well as what is
undesirable, ugly, incorrect, improper and bad.
 Value is the foundation for understanding the level of motivation.
 It influences our perception.
 Value helps to understand what ought to be or what ought not to be.
 It contains interpretations of right or wrong.
 These influence attitudes and behavior.

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

 It implies that certain behaviors on outcomes are preferred over others.

 These allow the members of an organization to interact harmoniously. These
make it easier to reach goals that would be impossible to achieve
individually.
 These are goals set for achievements, and they motivate, define and color all
our activities cognitive, affective add connective.
Actually, values are important to the study of organizational behavior
because they lay the foundation for the understanding of attitudes and
motivation.
These are part of the makeup of a person. That is not to say that, over time,
values cannot change.
As we grow and change as individuals, we will begin to value different
aspects of life.
If we value- family when we are younger, as our children get older, we might
start to value success in business more than the family.

Sources of Values

Sources of value are a comprehensive guide to financial decision-making

suitable for beginners as well as experienced practitioners.
It treats financial decision-making as both an art and a science and proposes a
comprehensive approach through which companies can maximize their value.
Generally, no values tend to be relatively stable and enduring.
A significant portion of the values we hold is established in our early years
from parents, teachers, friends, and others. There are so many sources from
which we can acquire different values.

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

Sources of values are;

Family: Family is a great source of values. A child leams his first value from
his family.
 Friends & peers: Friends and peers play a vital role in achieving values.
 Community or society: As a part of society, a person leams values from
society or different groups of society.
 School: As a learner, school and teachers also play a very important role in
introducing values.
 Media: Media such as – Print media, Electronic media also play the role of
increasing values in the mind of people.
 Relatives: Relative also helps to create values in the minds of people.
 Organization: Different organizations and institutions also play a vital role
in creating value.
 Religion.
 History.
 Books.
 Others.
Values and Beliefs

Values are socially approved desires and goals that are internalized through
the process of conditioning, learning or socialization and that become
subjective preferences, standards, and aspirations.
They focus on the judgment of what ought to be. This judgment can represent
the specific expression of the behavior.
They are touched with moral flavor, involving an individual’s judgment of
what is right, good, or desirable.
Thus-

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

 Values provide standards of competence and morality.

 These are ideas that we hold to be important.
 They govern the way we behave, communicate and interact with others.
 They transcend specific objects, Situations or persons.
 These are relatively permanent and there is resistant to change them.
Beliefs are the convictions that we generally hold to be true, usually without
actual proof or evidence.
They are often, but not always connected to religion. Religious beliefs could
include a belief that Allah is alone and created the earth.
Religions other than Islam also have their own set of beliefs.
Nonreligious beliefs could include: that all people are created equal, which
would guide us to treat everyone regardless of sex, race, religion, age,
education, status, etc with equal respect.
Conversely, someone might believe that all people are not created equal.
These are basic assumptions that we make about the world and our values
stem from those beliefs.
Our values are things that we deem important and can include concepts like
equality, honesty, education, effort, perseverance, loyalty, faithfulness,
conservation of the environment and many, many other concepts.
Our beliefs grow from what we see, hear, experience, read and think about.
These may stem from religion or may develop separately to religion.
 Beliefs are concepts that we hold to be true.
 These may come from religion, but not always.
 Beliefs determine our attitudes and opinions.

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

Values in Workplace

Values can strongly influence employee conduct in the workplace. If an

employee values honesty, hard work, and discipline, for example, he will
likely make an effort to exhibit those traits in the workplace.
This person may, therefore, be a more efficient employee and a more positive
role model to others than an employee with opposite values.
Conflict may arise, however, if an employee realizes that his co-workers do
not share his values.
For example, an employee who values hard work may dislike co-workers
who are lazy or unproductive without being reprimanded.
Even so, additional conflicts can result if the employee attempts to force his
own values on his co-workers.

My Point of View
Values Education is the basis of everything that we do as a human person. If
teachers and parents are successful in educating their children in Values, then
all the problems that we have at home and in school about behavior will
disappear. As our children mature and go out in society, we will not have
problems with corruption. cheating and all the ills of society. This is so,
because people will be thinking and behaving as human beings, using their
gift of intelligence to seek what is right and choosing to act on it. There will

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

be no perfect society but at least people will reflect on their actions as guided
by their intellect and conscience and hopefully, will not be complacent and
lax in doing things that contradict what the mind says. ‘To be human is a
struggle, but that is why you are above all other beings in this universe—-you
are expected to use your mind always and to behave like one, not like
animals.

Conclusion
Values help to guide our behavior. It decides what we think as for right,
wrong, good, or unjust.
Values are more or less permanent in nature. They represent a single belief
that, guides actions and judgment across objects and situations. They derived
from social and cultural mores.

References
1. Values Clarification. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://oxford.emory.edu/life-at-
oxford/student-conduct/sanctions/values-clarification-activity
2. Bennett, M. J. (1986). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of
intercultural sensitivity. In M. R. Paige (Ed.), Cross-cultural orientation: New
conceptualizations and applications (pp. 22–70). New York: University Press
of America.Google Scholar
3. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and
organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its
importance for survival (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19

 BS (psychology) Subject ( Education )

4. Kinnier, R. T. (1995). A re-conceptualization of values clarification: Values

conflict resolution. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 18–24.
5. Kirschenbaum, H. (1977). Advanced value clarification. La Jolla: CA:
University Associates.Google Scholar

Tania Sajjad BS_APE-19_19