CIVIL ENGINEERING BOARD EXAMS PROBLEMS PHILIPPINES – OCTOBER 19, 2020

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY - known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system.

Analytic geometry is used in physics and engineering, and also in aviation, rocketry, space science, and spaceflight. It is the foundation of most modern fields
of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete and computational geometry.

Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes, straight lines, and squares, often in two and sometimes three dimensions.
Geometrically, one studies the Euclidean plane (two dimensions) and Euclidean space (three dimensions). As taught in school books, analytic geometry can be
explained more simply: it is concerned with defining and representing geometrical shapes in a numerical way and extracting numerical information from shapes'
numerical definitions and representations.

LINES – these are single dimension figure which indicates the length and determined by two points in a Cartesian coordinate plane.

CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

EQUATIONS OF A LINE

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 → 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) → 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ; 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ; 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
𝑎 𝑏
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= → 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶 → 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚

𝑝 = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵 sin 𝜃 → 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚

SLOPE OF THE LINE MIDPOINT OF A SEGMENT

DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENTS

DISTANCE FROM A POINT= TO A LINE.

DISTANCE BETWEET TWO PARALLEL LINES: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERPENDICULAR AND PARALEL LINES:

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES: AREA OF THE POLYGON USING COORDINATES (Shoelace Method):

Note: For the slope and the angles between curves, see Differential Calculus.
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the distance between two points (-3,2) and (3 , 5) .
SOLUTION:

2. Find the slope of the graph 3x + y + 1 = 0 .

SOLUTION:

m = 1/2 . Ans.

3. Find the slope of the line passing through ( -3, -1) and (-2 , 4) .
SOLUTION:

4. Find the midpoint of the line segment that joins points P(-3,3) and Q (1,0).
SOLUTION:
5. A point divides internally line segment joining (8,9) and (-7,4) in the ratio 2:3. Find the coordinates.
SOLUTION:

6. Find the distance between P (4,5) to a line 8x + 5y = 20

SOLUTION:

7. Find the angle between the slopes of 1/2 and 2.

SOLUTION:

8. Determine the kind of a triangle given the points A (1,3) , B (-1, 2) and C (5,3).
SOLUTION:
 9. Assume the graph has 1 unit each grid, determine the line of the graph shown.

SOLUTION:

10. Find the area of the quadrilateral given the points (5,2) , (4,3) , (2,4) and (-8 , -1).
Using the formula:

1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1
𝐴= [ 𝑦1 ]
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4

1 5 4 2 −8 5
𝐴= [ ]
2 2 3 4 −1 2

𝐴 = 18. 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

EXERCISES – Answer the following questions.

1. Find line in standard form given that P (0 ,9) and m = -2. Ans. 2x + y = 9
2. Find the area covered given the points (1,4) , (7,0) , (5 , -3) and (-1 , 1). Ans. 26
3. Find the equation of the line which cuts off an intercept 3 on the positive direction of x-axis and an intercept 5 on the negative direction of y-axis. Ans.
5x – 3y = 15
4. A and B are the vertices of the base of an isosceles triangle ABC. A is at point (1,2) and B at (4,1). Compute the area of the triangle given the ordinate
of 4. Ans. 10.5
5. Find the acute angle between the two lines 2x + 4y – 5 = 0 and 7x – 3y + 2 = 0 . Ans. 52.594°
6. Find the equation of the line parallel to 4x + 3y = 12 and passing through (−12, 4) Ans. 4x +3y + 36 = 0
7. Calculate the shortest distance between the parallel line y = 1/2 x and y = 1/2 x – 5 . Ans. 4.47
8. Write the equation of the line in slope intercept form if the line passes through (3,0) and perpendicular to the line y = 3x +1. Ans. y = -1/3 x + 3
9. (ECE Board)
10. Determine the coordinates of the point which is three fifths of the way from the point (2, -5) to the point (-3 , 5). Ans. (-1,1)
11. If the coordinates of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are (5, 5) and (−1, −4) respectively, find the coordinates of the point 𝐶 that divides 𝐴𝐵 internally in the ratio 2 : 1.
Ans. (1, -1)
12. Find the distance from the point (-6,8) to the line y = -3x +10. Ans. 6.3246
13. If M (1, 1) is the midpoint of the line segment joining A (3, 1) and B (x, y), find the coordinates of B. Ans. (5,3)
14. Find the distance between two lines 5x + 3y + 6 = 0 and 5x + 3y – 6 = 0. Ans. 12/√34
15. Given the vertices A (1,4) , B(3,6) , C(6,3) and D(4,1) , determine the perimeter. Ans. 14.14
16. Find the equation of line through point (3,2) and making angle 45° with the line x-2y = 3. Ans. 3x – y – 0 and x + 3y – 9 = 0 .
17. Determine the distance between the points (1.1 , 2.2) and (3.3 , 4.4) . Ans. 3.1113
18. Consider the points (-1,2) and (2, -3) , find the point which divides AB internally in the ratio 3:1. Ans. (5/4, -7/4)
19. Without graphing, find the gradient of the equation 3y = -6x +2. Ans. -2
20. Find the point whose coordinates are equal and equidistant from the points (-2 , 3) and (1,4) . Ans. (-0.5 , 0.5)
CIRCLES – sets of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a center or the fixed point. The fixed distance to any point on the circle is known to be radius.

CIRCLES IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

(h , k) - coordinates of the center of the circle.

STANDARD FORM OF THE CIRCLE

GENERAL FORM OF THE CIRCLE

In solving circles, the following cases should be met:

1. Three points given (general form)
2. Center (h,k) and the radius r. (standard form)

Using general form:

RADICAL AXIS

1. If the given circles intersect at two points, the radical axis passes through the intersection points. The radical axis is always perpendicular to the line
joining the center of the given circles.
 2. If the given circles are tangent to each other, the radical axis is tangent to each other. The radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining the
centers of the given circles.

3. If the given circles have no common point, the radical axis is between the given circles. The radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining
the centers of a given circles.

Note: Recall the non linear systems of equations.

EXAMPLES:

1. (CE Board) A circle has the equation x^2 + y^2 – 6x + 12y + 9 = 0. Find the radius of the circle.
SOLUTION:

2. Rewrite in standard form: x^2 + y^2 + 4x – 6y – 23 = 0 .

SOLUTION:
3. Given the circles x^2 + y^2 – 4x – 6y = 3 and x2 + y2 + 6x +4y – 7 = 0 , find their intersections.

4. Find the equation of the circle that passes through the points (1 , -6) , (2,1) and (5,2).
EXERCISES – Answer the following questions.

1. Write the equation of the circle the have radius of 3√5 and center (-5, 4). Ans. (x + 5)2 + (y – 4)2 = 45
2. A square OABC is drawn with vertices as shown. Find the equation of the circle that can be drawn inside the square. Ans. x2 + y2 – 4y + 2 = 0.

3. Calculate the equation of the circle that passes through the point (0, −3), whose radius is √5 and whose center is on the angle bisector of the first
and third quadrants. Ans. x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y – 3 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 4x + 4y + 3 = 0
4. (ECE Board) The diameter of the circle described by 9x2 + 9y2 = 16 is ________. Ans. 8/3
5. Find the equation of the circle in standard form with radius 4 and center at C (-3 , 6). Ans. (x + 3)2 + (y – 6)2 = 16
6. The coordinates of three points on a circle are (0, 6), (6, 4) and (–8, 2). Determine the center of the circle. Ans. (0 , -4)
7. Calculate the radius of the circle given the equation x2 + y2 + 14x – 8y + 56 = 0 . Ans. r = 3
8. Calculate the equation of the circle in standard form given the center (0 , 13) and area of 25π. Ans. x2 + (y – 13)2 = 25
9. (CE Board) Find the area enclosed by the circle x2 - 10x + 4y + y2 = 196. Ans. 225π
10. The equation x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y = d describes a circle. Solve for d if the radius is 6 units. Ans. 23
11. Identify the area of the circle (x - 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 4. Ans. 4π
12. The end of a diameter of the circle are (-3, 4) and (6,2). What are the coordinates of the center? Ans. (1.5 , 3)
13. Find the equation of the circle that passes through the origin and has its center at (-4,3) . Ans. (x + 4)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25
14. Find the equation of the circle in general form with (1,8) and (5, -6) as the endpoints of the diameter. Ans. x2 + y2 – 6x – 2y – 48 = 0
15. A circle passes through the point (5,7) and has its center (2,3) . Find its equation. Ans. (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25

TOPICS ON OCTOBER 23, 2020:

1. Parabolas
2. Ellipses
3. Hyperbolas
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