BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN THESIS 2019– 2020

MULTIPLEX

ANUGU NEMA REDDY

16091AA002

Under the Guidance of

JAYA SREE
Assistant Professor

STRUCTURAL FEASIBILITY REPORT

Vaishnavi School of Architecture and

Planning HYDERABAD
SURVEY NO 48/A,GUTTALABEGUMPETH
,KAVURI HILLS
HYDERABAD TELANGANA
50008
 Vaishnavi School of Architecture
and Planning
Survey No. 48/A, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad – 500081

Affiliated to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ARCHITECTURE AND
FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY

This is to certify that the Design Thesis entitled MULTIPLEX

carried out by Mr. /Miss ANUGU NEMA REDDY, bearing Hall Ticket No: 16091AA002, currently in
fourth year B.Arch., during the academic year 2019- 20, in partial fulfillment for the award of the
Degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE from Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts
University is a record of Bonafede work to be the best of our knowledge and may be placed
before the examination board for their consideration.

Thesis Guide Thesis Co-Ordinator

External examiner PRINCIPAL

Multiplex Building
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would never been able to finish my thesis without the ggidance of

my faculty members, help from friends and support from my family

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Mrs.

JAYA SREE, for her excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent
atmosphere for doing research.

I would like to thank Prof. VINAY for guiding my structural part of

my project.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends. They have always
supported me and encouraged me with their best wishes.

However, it would not have been possible without the kind support
and help of many individuals. I am highly indebted to all of the
 ABSTRACT

The report discussed the various design issues and research throughout the
year . The proposed project is located in Hyderabad. This project has been selected keeping in mind the
necessity of physical and mental relaxation in fast moving mechanical life in the present day scenario
as everyone needs a pause in their daily lifestyle to copeup with the stress which in turn shooted up the
need of such recreational space which is both entertaining and refreshing .

Before proceeding with the actual design and plan , an insight is given to the
climatic conditions , traffic movement and the occupancy of people to give easier and connecting
information to the project .

It nearly covers all the requirements of any multiplex. It not only houses the
multiple screens but also holds space for Shopping , Gaming , Restuarants, Food courts. The building
has been designed satisfying both the functional and aesthetical requirements focusing mainly on the
passive cooling techniques and the principles of green architecture giving rise to the building which
blends with surrounding environment.

The proposed structure will be a pleasant addition to the Hyderabad city

fulfilling the recreational and entertainment needs.
 Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................................7
GLOSSARY.......................................................................................................................................8
Assumptions in Design:...........................................................................................................8
Density of materials used:.......................................................................................................8
LIVE LOADS..............................................................................................................................9
DESIGN CONSTANTS:...............................................................................................................9
Assumptions Regarding Design:..............................................................................................9
Assumptions on design: -........................................................................................................9
Symbols:................................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER – 1..................................................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................12
1.1. GENERAL............................................................................................................................13
1.2. STATEMENT OF PROJECT....................................................................................................13
1.2.1 Salient features:...........................................................................................................13
1.2.2 Geometric details:........................................................................................................13
1.2.3 Materials:.....................................................................................................................13
1.3 DESIGN OF A STRUCTURE....................................................................................................14
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW:..........................................................................................................15
1.4.1 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD:..........................................................................................15
LIMITATIONS:........................................................................................................................16
Iterative methods:..................................................................................................................16
1.4.2 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD:.................................................................................16
LIMITATIONS:........................................................................................................................16
1.4.3 KANI’S METHOD:..............................................................................................................17
ADVANTAGES........................................................................................................................17
LIMITATIONS.........................................................................................................................17
1.4.4 APPROXIMATE METHOD:.................................................................................................17
HORIZONTAL CASES:.............................................................................................................18
MATRIX ANALYSIS OF FRAMES:.............................................................................................18
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................19
METHODOLOGIES.........................................................................................................................19
2.1 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES:.......................................................................................................20

4
 2.1.1 WORKING STRESS METHOD:............................................................................................20
2.1.2 ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD (ULM):....................................................................................20
2.1.3 LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM):...........................................................................................20
2.2 METHOD OF ANALYSIS:.......................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3....................................................................................................................................22
PLAN AND ELEVATION...................................................................................................................22
3.1 GROUND-FLOOR PLAN........................................................................................................23
3.2 TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN..........................................................................................................23
PLAN......................................................................................................................................25
3.3 ELEVATION DIAGRAM ON STAAD.PRO:...............................................................................25
CHAPTER 4....................................................................................................................................26
POSITIONING.................................................................................................................................26
4.1 COLUMNS POSITIONING.................................................................................................27
4.2 POSITIONING OF BEAMS.................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 5....................................................................................................................................28
LOADS ACTING ON A STRUCTURE.................................................................................................28
5.1. GENERAL........................................................................................................................29
5.2 TYPES OF LOADS ON STRUCTURES AND COMPLEXS........................................................29
5.3 LOAD TRANSFER FROM SLABS TO BEAMS.......................................................................32
5.4 FINAL END MOMENTS.....................................................................................................33
5.5 ROTATIONAL FACTORS....................................................................................................34
CHAPTER 6....................................................................................................................................35
FOOTING.......................................................................................................................................35
6.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................36
6.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE............................................................................................................36
CHAPTER 7....................................................................................................................................42
COLUMNS......................................................................................................................................42
7.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................43
7.1 COLUMN CENTRE LINE DIAGRAM:......................................................................................43
7.2. DESIGN OF COLUMN..........................................................................................................47
7.3 DESIGN OF A COLUMN........................................................................................................48
STEP 2....................................................................................................................................48
CHAPTER 8....................................................................................................................................51
BEAMS...........................................................................................................................................51
8.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................52

5
 8.2 TYPES OF BEAMS.................................................................................................................52
8.2.1 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS............................................................................................52
8.2.2 DOUBLE REINFORCED BEAMS..........................................................................................52
8.2.3 FLANGED BEAMS..............................................................................................................52
8.3.DESIGN OF BEAMS..............................................................................................................57
8.4. DESIGN GUIDELINES...........................................................................................................57
8.5. DESIGN OF BEAM...............................................................................................................58
CHAPTER 9....................................................................................................................................66
SLABS............................................................................................................................................66
9.1. CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE SLABS................................................................................67
9.1.1 ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY SLABS:................................................................................67
9.2. CLASSIFICATION OF TWO-WAY SLABS:...........................................................................68
9.2.1 FLAT SLABS:..................................................................................................................68
9.2.2 FLAT PLATES SLAB:.......................................................................................................69
9.3. DESIGN OF SLAB FOR S1 PANEL......................................................................................74
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................83

6
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE CAPTION PAGE

NO. NO.

1 SKELETAL STRUCTURE OF A COMPLEX 23

2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADS ACTING ON A STRUCTURE 28

3 WIND LOAD ACTING ON A STRUCTURE 30

4 SEISMIC LOADS ACTING ON A WALL 30

5 WIND AND SNOW LOADS ACTING ON A STRUCTURE 31

6 SEISMIC LOADS ACTING ON A WALL 31

7 ONE-WAY SLAB PANEL 32

8 TWO-WAY SLAB PANEL 35

9 FLAT SLAB PANEL 36

10 FLAT PLATE SLAB PANEL 36

11 SLAB DESIGN OF AN ENTIRE FLOOR 37

12 SLAB LOAD DISTRIBUTIONS 37

13 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS IN TWO SLAB PANELS 45

14 CONTINOUS BEAM DESIGN CROSS-SECTION 56

15 CANTILEVER BEAM DESIGN CROSS-SECTION 59

16 COLUMN DESIGN CROSS-SECTION BY MANUAL 64

METHOD
17 FOOTING REINFORCEMENT DETAILS 71

7
 GLOSSARY

Assumptions and Notations used:

The notations adopted throughout the work is same IS-456-2000.

ASSUMPTIONS IN DESIGN:

1.Using partial safety factor for loads in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-
456-2000 as ϒt=1.5

2.Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2 is IS-
456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.

3.Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000

combination of

load.

D.L+L.L. = 1.5

D.L+L.L+W. L = 1.2

DENSITY OF MATERIALS USED:

MATERIAL DENSITY

i. Plain concrete 24.0KN/m3

ii. Reinforced 25.0KN/m3
iii. Flooring material 20.0KN/m3
iv. Brick masonry 19.0KN/m3
v. Fly ash 5.0KN/m3

8
LIVE LOADS: In accordance with IS. 875-86

i. Live load on slabs 4.0KN/m2

ii. Live load on passage 4.0KN/m2
iii. Live load on stairs 4.0KN/m2

DESIGN CONSTANTS:

Using M35 and Fe500 grade of concrete and steel for beams, slabs, footings,
columns.

fck = Characteristic strength for M35 - 35N/mm2

fy = Characteristic strength of steel Fe500 - 500N/mm2

ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING DESIGN:

i. Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior support and partially

fixed on edges, due to monolithic construction and due to construction
of walls over it.
ii. Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior support and they
frame in to the column at ends.

ASSUMPTIONS ON DESIGN: -

1) M35 grade is used in designing unless specified.

2) Tor steel Fe 500 is used for the main reinforcement.

3) Tor steel Fe 500 and steel is used for the distribution reinforcement.

4) Mild steel Fe 415 is used for shear reinforcement.

9
SYMBOLS:

The following symbols has been used in our project and its meaning is
clearly mentioned

respective to it:

A -Area

Ast - Area of steel

b - Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column

D -Overall depth of beam or slab

DL -Dead load

d1 -effective depth of slab or beam

D - overall depth of beam or slab

Mu max -moment of resistance factor

Fck -characters tic compressive strength

Fy -characteristic strength of steel

Ld -development length

LL -live load

Lx -length of shorter side of slab

Ly - length of longer side of slab

B.M. -bending moment

Mu -factored bending moment

Md -design moment

10
Mf -modification factor

Mx -mid span bending moment along short span

My - mid span bending moment along longer span

M’x -support bending moment along short span

M’y - support bending moment along longer span

pt -percentage of steel

W -total design load

Wd -factored load

Tc max -maximum shear stress in concrete with shear

Tc -shear stress in concrete

Tv -nominal shear stress

ɸ -diameter of bar

Pu -factored axial load

Mu lim -limiting moment of resistance of a section without compression

reinforcement

Mux, Muy -moment about X and Y axis due to design loads

Mux1, Muy1 maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu

bending

moment X and Y axis respectively

Ac - area of concrete

Asc -area of longitudinal reinforcement for column

11
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

12
1.1. GENERAL

Structural design is an art and science of designing with economy and elegance, a safe,
serviceable and a durable structure, primarily to meet the functional requirements of the
user or client. The functional requirements and economy of the structure for its intended
use over the life span of the structure are looked by the structural designer.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROJECT

1.2.1 SALIENT FEATURES:

Utility of complex: Commercial complex

No of stories: G + 4 + 2(basement Levels)

Shape of the complex: Complex

No of staircases: 28

No of lifts: 10

Type of construction: R.C.C framed structure

Types of walls: Brick wall

1.2.2 GEOMETRIC DETAILS:

Ground floor: 4.5m

Floor to floor height: 4.5m.

Floor to floor height: 3.0m (Basement/Cellar)

Height of plinth: 0.6m

Depth of foundation: 1.5m

1.2.3 MATERIALS:

Concrete grade: M35

All steel grades: Fe500

Bearing capacity of soil: 300KN/M2

13
1.3 DESIGN OF A STRUCTURE

A civil structure is a series of connected, interrelated elements that form together a system
which can resist a series of external load effects applied to it, which includes its own self
weight, and provide adequate rigidity. In civil engineering, a structure is usually made up
of,
 Beams
 Columns/piers/walls
 Cables
 Slabs
 Foundations

Structural design is an art and science of designing with economy and elegance, a safe,
serviceable and a durable structure, primarily to meet the functional requirements of the
user or client. The functional requirements and economy of the structure for its intended
use over the life span of the structure are looked by the structural designer.
The design of the structure must satisfy three basic requirements:

STABILITY: To prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the structure or parts of it

under the action of loads.

STRENGTH: To resist safely the stress induced by the load in the various structural
members.

SERVICEABILITY: To ensure satisfactory performance under service load condition

which implies providing adequate stiffness to contain deflection, crack width, vibrations
within acceptable limits and providing impermeability, durability etc.,
The process of structural design involves the following data:
 Structural planning
 Estimation of loads
 Analysis of structural elements
 Design of structural elements

14
Once the structure is finalized and planned, design of structure involves the
corresponding stages in planning
 Column positioning
 Orientation of columns
 Beam location
 Spanning of slabs
 Layout and planning of stairs
 Type of footings

The principle elements of an RCC complex frame are as follows:

 Slabs to cover large area
 Beams to support slabs
 Columns to support beams
 Footings to distribute the column loads over large area of soil

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Method of analysis of statistically indeterminate portal frames:

1. Slope displacements methods (iterative methods)
2. Moment distribution method
3. Kane’s method
4. Approximate Method
5. Matrix method

1.4.1 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD:

It is advantageous when kinematic indeterminacy <static indeterminacy. This procedure
was first formulated by axle bender in 1914 based on the applications of compatibility
and equilibrium conditions.

The method derives its name from the fact that support slopes and displacements are
explicitly comported. This method can be used to analyze both statically determinate and
indeterminate structures. In case of Force method, as degree of indeterminacy increases
the method becomes laborious, but in case of SDM this does not occur as the degree of

15
static indeterminacy is irrelevant. All beams and rigid frames can be analyzed using this
method.

LIMITATIONS:

i. A solution of simultaneous equations makes methods tedious for manual

computations.
ii. This method is not recommended for frames larger than too bays and two storey’s.
iii. Since the slope deflection method makes use of the relative stiffness of the
members in the analysis it is essential to know the moment of inertia of members
in advance.

ITERATIVE METHODS:

These methods involve distributing the known fixed and moments of the structural
member to adjacent members at the joints in order satisfy the conditions of compatibility.

1.4.2 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD:

In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analyzed is

fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially
released and the fixed-end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium)
are distributed to adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment
distribution method in mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving
a set of simultaneous equations by means of iteration.

The moment distribution method falls into the category of displacement method of
structural analysis. Framed structure with or without sidesway can be analyzed using the
moment distribution method.

LIMITATIONS:

i. This method is eminently suited to analyze continuous beams including non-

prismatic members but it presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frames,
especially when frames are subjected to side sway
ii. Unsymmetrical frames have to be analyzed more than once to obtain fixed
moments in the structures.

16
iii. This method cannot be applied to structures with intermediate hinges.

1.4.3 KANI’S METHOD:

This method over comes some of the disadvantages of hardy cross method. Kani’s
approach is similar to H.C.M to that extent it also involves repeated distribution of
moments at successive joints in frames and continues beams. However, there is a major
difference in distribution process of two methods. H.C.M distributes only the total joint
moment at any stage of iteration.

The most significant feature of kani’s method is that process of iteration is self-corrective.
Any error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps consequently skipping a
few steps of iterations either by over sight of by intention does not lead to error in final
end moments.

ADVANTAGES:

i. It can be used for side sway of frames.

LIMITATIONS:

i. The rotational of columns of any storey should be function a single rotation value
of same storey.
ii. The beams of storey should not undergo rotation when the column undergoes
translation. That is the column should be parallel.
iii. Frames with intermediate hinges cannot be analysis.

1.4.4 APPROXIMATE METHOD:

Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provides a simple means of obtaining a

quick solution for preliminary design. It makes Some simplifying assumptions regarding
Structural behavior so to obtain a rapid solution to complex structures.

The usual process comprises reducing the given indeterminate configuration to a

determine structural system by introducing adequate no of hinges. it is possible to sketch
the deflected profile of the structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print

17
inflection Since each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero moment in the
structures. The inflection points can be visualized as hinges for the purpose of analysis.
The solution of structures is sundered simple once the inflection points are located. The
loading cases are arising in multistoried frames namely horizontal and vertical loading.
The analysis carried out separately for these two cases.

HORIZONTAL CASES:

The behavior of a structure subjected to horizontal forces depends upon its heights to
width ratio among their factor. It is necessary to differentiate between low rise and high-
rise frames in this case.
Low rise structures:
Height < width
 It is characterized predominately by shear deformation.
High rise complex’s:
Height > width
 It is dominated by bending action

MATRIX ANALYSIS OF FRAMES:

The individual elements of frames are oriented in different directions unlike those of
continues beams so their analysis is more complex, never the less rudimentary. Flexibility
and Stiffness methods can be applied to statically indeterminate frames. Stiffness method
is more useful because its adaptability to computer programming. Flexibility method is
used when degree of redundancy is greater than degree of freedom. However, Stiffness
method is used when degree of freedom is greater than degree of redundancy. When
comparing the flexibility and stiffness methods, it is seen that the flexibility method
requires the solution of equations of compatibility for unknown forces whereas the
stiffness method requires the solution of equations of equilibrium for unknown
displacements.

18
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGIES

19
2.1 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES:

RC structures can be designed by using the following design philosophies

 Working stress method for serviceability
 Ultimate load method for safety
 Limit state method

2.1.1 WORKING STRESS METHOD:

Working stress method was traditional method of design basically assumes that the
structural material behaves in a linear elastic manner, and that adequate safety can be
ensured by restricting the stresses induced in the material by the expected working loads
(service loads) on the structure. Permissible stresses are kept well below the material
strength. The ratio of strength of the material to the permissible stresses is referred to as
the “Factor of safety “. The design usually results in relatively large section of structural
members (comparative U.L.M) there by resulting in better serviceability, performance
under the usual working loads. This method is notable for its essential simplicity in
concept as well as in application.

2.1.2 ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD (ULM):

The ultimate load method design, the stress condition at the stage of impending collapse
of structure is analyzed and the non - linear stress strain curves of concrete and steel are
made use of, the safety measures in design is introduced “Load factor “which is the ratio
of ultimate load (design load) to working load. This method generally results in more
slender sections and often more economical designs when compared to WSM,
particularly when high strength steel and concrete are used.

2.1.3 LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM):

Limit state method is judicious amalgamation of WSM and ULM removing all drawbacks
of both methods but maintaining their good points. LSM aims for a comprehensive and
rational solution to design problems by considering safety at ultimate loads and
serviceability at working loads. The structures shall be designed to carry design loads
safety throughout its life and satisfy the serviceability requirements such as limitations on

20
deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for safety and serviceability requirements
before failure occurs is called a “Limit state “. The aim of design is to achieve acceptable
probabilities so that the structures will not become unfit for the use for which it is
intended.
There are two types of limit states:
Limit state of collapse: Deals with strength, overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue,
fracture etc.,
Limit state of serviceability: Deals with comfort to accompany and malfunction, caused
by excessive deflection, crack width, vibration etc., and loss of durability etc.,

2.2 METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

Structural analysis involves the determination of internal forces like axial forces, bending
moments, shear forces etc., in the component members for which these members are to be
designed under the action of given external loads.
The different approaches to structural analysis are as given below:
 Elastic analysis based on elastic theory.
 Limit analysis based on plastic theory or ultimate load theory.
In this project, an elastic analysis has been adopted.

Elastic analysis deals with the study of strength and behavior of members and structures
at working loads. The elastic analysis is based on the following assumptions:
 Relation between force and displacement is linear.
Displacements are extremely small when compared to the geometry of the structure.

21
 CHAPTER 3

PLAN AND ELEVATION

22
3.1 GROUND-FLOOR PLAN

3.2 TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

23
24
PLAN

The auto cad plotting no.1 represents the plan of the Commercial Complex. The Complex
is located at Kompally. In each block, the floor consists of various rental spaces that occupy most
of the floor area. At the middle of each block, there is a portico provided for ease of ventilation.

3.3 ELEVATION DIAGRAM ON STAAD.PRO:

The below figure represents the Elevation line diagram of our complex in STAAD pro.
Each support represents the location of different columns and beams in the structure. The
lines parallel to X- axis and Z- axis represent beams and the lines parallel to Y-axis
represent columns.

All the loads act upon this skeletal structure to carry out the analysis of our complex. This is not
the actual structure but just represents the outline in Staad.Pro. A mesh is automatically created
for the analysis.

25
Figure-1 Skeletal Structure of a Complex

26
CHAPTER 4

POSITIONING

27
4.1 COLUMNS POSITIONING

 Columns should preferably be located at (or) near the corners of a complex, and at
the intersection of beams/walls.
 Select the position of columns to reduce bending moments in beams.
 Avoid larger spans of beams.
 Avoid larger center-to-center distance between columns.

ORIENTATION
 Avoid projection of columns
 Orient the column so that the depth of the column is contained in the major plane
of bending or is perpendicular to the major axis of bending.

4.2 POSITIONING OF BEAMS

PRIMARY BEAMS
 The beams that are connecting columns for transferring loads of a structure
directly to the columns are known as primary beams.
SECONDARY BEAMS
 The beams that are connecting primary beams for transferring loads of a structure
to the primary beams are known as primary beams.
 These beams are provided for supporting and reducing the deflection of beams
and slabs.

28
 CHAPTER 5

LOADS ACTING ON A

STRUCTURE

29
5.1. GENERAL

The types of loads acting on structures for complex and other structures can be broadly
classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and longitudinal loads. The vertical loads
consist of dead load, live load and impact load.
The horizontal loads comprise of wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal loads
i.e. tractive and braking forces are considered in special case of design of bridges, gantry
girders etc.

Figure 2- Different types of loads acting on a structure

5.2 TYPES OF LOADS ON STRUCTURES AND COMPLEXS

In construction of a complex two major factors considered are safety and economy.
 If the loads are adjudged and taken higher then economy is affected.
 If economy is considered and loads are taken lesser then the safety is
compromised.
The various loads acting on the structure which need consideration in complex design are
as follows:
 Dead loads.
 Live loads.
 Wind loads.
 Seismic loads.
 Snow loads.

30
DEAD LOADS 
Vertical loads that are fixed in position and are produced by the weight of the
elements of the structure or the whole structure with all its permanent components.
 Examples are own weight of structural member i.e., self-weight and super imposed loads
(e.g. walls and flooring cover)

In load case we have option called self-weight which automatically calculates

weights using the properties of material i.e., density and after assignment of dead load the
skeletal structure looks red in color as shown in the figure.
Dead load calculation:

Weight=Volume x Density

Self-weight + floor finish=0.30*25+1=8.5 KN/m 2

The above example shows a sample calculation of dead load.

Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1

 LIVE LOADS

Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a complex. Loads include
those from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construction
and maintenance activities. As required to adequately define the loading condition, loads
are presented in terms of uniform area loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line loads.
The uniform and concentrated live loads should not be applied simultaneously in a
structural
evaluation. Concentrated loads should be applied to a small area or surface consistent
with the application and should be located or directed to give the maximum load effect
possible in endues conditions. For example: The stair load of 300 pounds should be
applied to the center of the stair tread between supports.

FLOOR LOAD:
Floor load is calculated based on the load on the slabs. Assignment of floor load is
done by creating a load case for floor load. After the assignment of floor load our
structure looks as shown in the below figure
For our structure Floor Load intensity is of 4 KN/m2 for design.
Negative sign indicates that floor load is acting downwards.

31
 WIND LOADS
These are the positive or negative pressures exerted on a complex when it obstructs the
flow of moving air. Wind loads generally act perpendicular the surface of the structure.
Value of load varies depending on the geographic location of the complex and its height.

Figure 3-Wind Load acting on a structure

SEISMIC LOADS
These are the inertial forces that act on the structure due to earthquake-induced ground
motions.

Figure 4- Seismic Loads acting on a Wall

SNOW LOADS
The amount of snow load on a roof structure is dependent on a variety of factors:

32
  Roof geometry
 Size of the structure
 Insulation of the structure
 Wind frequency
 Snow duration
 Geographical location of the structure.

Figure 5 - Wind and snow loads acting on a structure

5.3 LOAD TRANSFER FROM SLABS TO BEAMS

 According to IS;456, clause 24.5, the total loads that act on supported beams for
two-way slabs may be assumed as the loads with in the respective area of slab
bounded by the intersection of 45° line from the corners within the median line of
the parallel to the long.
 As it is well known from the yield line theory of slabs, this is a good
approximation if all the sides are similarly supported, either as discontinuous or
continuous.

Figure 6- Slab Load Distributions

33
 Wlx
 Load on shorter span beam =
3
Wlx 1 lx 2
 Load on longer span beam =
2
[1− ( )
3 ly
]

Figure 7- Distribution of loads in two slab panels

After calculating all the loads, we need to calculate the total load acting on the beam from
the slabs.

In the panel S1 the total load acting is the summation of wall load and the respective
triangular or trapezoidal load acting on each beam.

Wall load 6.01 KN/m

Load on the shorter span = 73.73 KN/m

Load on the longer span = 83.21 KN/m

Total load on the wall AB = 6.01 + 73.73 + 83.21 KN/m = 162.95 KN/m

5.4 FINAL END MOMENTS

After the calculation of the loads acting on all the beam sections, we calculate the final
end moments at each node.
W lx 2
The UDL on the beam section is calculated by using
12

34
5.5 ROTATIONAL FACTORS

DISTRIBUTION FACTOR
When several members meet at a joint and a moment is applied at the joint to produce
rotation without translation of the members, the moment is distributed among all the
members meeting at the joint proportionate to their stiffness.

Relative stiffness
Distribution factor =
∑ of relative stiffness at the joint

If there are three members,

k1 k2 k3
Distribution factor = , ,
k 1 +k 2 +k 3 k 1 +k 2 +k 3 k 1 +k 2 +k 3

ROTATION FACTOR
Rotation factor in Kani’s method is akin to distribution factor in moment distribution
method.
Actually, u = -0.5 x Distribution factor

DISPLACEMENT FACTOR
Δ ij is the “displacement factor” for each column, similar to uij we adopted earlier for
rotation factor. Actually, Δ ij = -1.5 DF and is applicable to column only.

35
CHAPTER 6

FOOTING

36
6.1 INTRODUCTION

Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the complex or individual
column to the earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must be
designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement
and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning.

6.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Step 1: Transfer of axial force at the base of column

Step 2: Size of the footing

Step 3: Thickness of footing

Step 4: Minimum reinforcement

Step 5: Check for the gross base pressure

Considerations for footing:

Grade of concrete = 35

Grade of steel = 500

Soil bearing capacity =200KN/m2

Assume clear cover = 60mm

Diameter of steel = 20mm

Depth of foundation = 1.5m

Calculations:

Width of the column = 0.6m

Breadth of the column = 0.6m

The total load in footing P = 515.95 KN

Moment acting on footing from x-direction ( M x ) = 368.99 KN-m

37
Moment acting on footing from y-direction ( M y ) = 857.90 KN-m

P X 1.1
Area of footing required Ast.req =
SBC

515.95 X 1.1
= = 2.84 M 2
200

Area of column = 0.6 X 0.6

=0.36 M 2

load
Stress along the footing =
area

515.95 x 103
= X 1.5
600 x 600

=2.15 N/mm 2

Multiplication factor considered the less value from the following:

A footing 10.9
1. M.F =
√ A column √=
0.36
= 5.5

2. M.F = 2

The least of the above values is 2

Therefore M.F = 2

Bearing stress of footing = M.F X 0.45 X fck

= 2 x 0.45 x 35

= 31.5 N/mm2

Stress acting on footing < stress of concrete

Consider length of footing = 2.5M

Breadth of footing = 2.5M

Assume depth = 0.65M

Effective depth in x- axis = 650-60-5 = 585mm

38
Effective depth in y- axis = 650-60-25-8 = 557mm

Area of footing = 6.25 M 2

Section modulus:

bd 2 2.5 X 2.5 2
Section modulus along x-direction Z x = = =2.60
6 6

db2 2.5 X 2.5 2

Section modulus along y- direction Z y= = =2.60
6 6

Pu M x M y
Maximum pressure Pmax = + + = 554.43 KN/m2
A Zx Z y

Pu M x M y
Minimum pressure Pmin = + − = 270.6 KN/m 2
A Zx Z y

P max + Pmin 554.43+ 270.6

Average pressure = = = 412.51 KN/m2
2 2

Moment in X Direction:

Projection of footing from column = 1.1025 m

412.51 x 2.5 x 1.10252

Moment acting on face of column = Mux = = 626.76 KN-m
2

Moment in Z Direction:

Projection of footing from column = 1.135m

412.51 x 2.5 x 1.1352

Moment acting on face of column = Muz = = 664.26 KN-m
2

Minimum depth in X direction:

Mu = 0.134 x fck x b x d2

M ux 626.76 x 10 6 = 231.2 mm
d=
√ 0.134 x f ck x b
=
√ 0.134 x 35 x 2500

D = 231.2+ 60 + 10 = 301.20mm

Minimum depth in Z direction:

39
Mu = 0.134 x fck x b x d2

M uz 664.26 x 10 6 = 238.02 mm
d=
√ 0.134 x f ck x b
=
√ 0.134 x 35 x 2500

D = 238.02 + 60 + 10 = 308.02 mm

Check for two-way shear:

Critical section for two-way shear will be at d/2 from face of the column.

Critical section = 140 mm

Length of section = 600 + 2(140) = 880 mm

Breadth of section = 600 + 2(140) = 880 mm

Shear force acting = ((2.02) – (0.6 + 0.240)2) x Pavg

= ((4.0) – (0.880 x 0.880)) x 412.51 = 1330.6 KN

Vu
Nominal shear stress at critical section = τ v =
b xd

B = 4(b + d) = 4(0.6+0.28) = 3.52m

Vu 1330.6 x 103
τ uv = = =1.35
bxd 3.52 x 10 3 x 280

Permissible Stress in concrete = 0.25 x √ f ck =0.25 x √ 25 = 1.48 N/mm2

Shear stress < Permissible stress

Hence the footing is safe in shear.

Thus, the effective depth of footing (i.e. d = 280 mm) is governed by requirement of one-
way shear. Overall depth, assuming 20 mm dia. bars (placed one over the other in two
directions at right angles) and clear cover of 50 mm.

D = 280 + 50 + 20/2 +20 = 360 mm

Available eff. depth for bottom layer of bars = 360-50-10 = 300 mm

And for top layer of bars = 300-10 = 290mm

40
Calculation of reinforcement:

Along X- axis

Area of reinforcement required = Ast =

Fy [ √
0.5 F ck
1− 1−
4.6 M u
F ck b d2]x bd

0.5 x 35 626.76 x 4.6 x 106

=
500 √
x ( 1 - 1−
35 x 2.5 x 0.2802
) x 2.5 x 0.280

Ast = 5845.8mm2

Minimum steel required = 0.12% of gross area

0.12
= x 2500 x 360 = 1080 mm2
100

Assuming bars of 20mm dia,

No of bars required are, n = 18.60 ~ 20

Provide 20 bars of 20mm dia., spaced along the width 2.5m uniformly.

Design Summary:

Length of footing = 2.5m

Breadth of footing = 2.5m

Depth of footing = 0.36m

Along length:

Diameter of bar = 20 mm

Spacing of bars = 125 mm

Along breadth:

Diameter of bar = 20 mm

41
Spacing of bars = 125 mm

Figure-17 Footing reinforcement details

42
CHAPTER 7

COLUMNS

43
7.1 INTRODUCTION

A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primary to support axial

compressive loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dimension. A
reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially load when line of the
resultant thrust of loads supported by column is coincident with the line of C.G of the
column in the longitudinal direction.

7.1 COLUMN CENTRE LINE DIAGRAM:

Column Centre Line diagram for Ground Floor

44
Column Centre Line diagram for First Floor

45
Column Centre Line Diagram for Second Floor

46
Column Line Diagram for Third Floor

47
7.2. DESIGN OF COLUMN

The design of column involves the following steps.

1) Categorization of columns
a) Internal columns or axially loaded columns
b) Side columns or Columns subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending
c) Corner columns or columns subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
2) Computation of floor loads
a) Exact method
b) Approximate method
i) Assessment of unit loads of
 Slab
 Wall
 Column
ii) Assessment of total load on column in each storey
 Marking of column load transfer areas
 Calculation of loads are each floor level
3) Calculation of moment in columns
a) Exact method
b) Approximate method
4) Determination of effective length and type of column – short or long
5) Grouping of columns
6) Design of column section
i) Appropriate equivalent axial load method
 Preliminary design
 Allowance for moment in column
 Allowance for slenderness of column
 Calculation of total equivalent axial design load
 Section design
 Check for moment in column
ii) Exact theoretical method
 Axially loaded short columns
 Short columns under combined axial load and uniaxial bending

48
  Short columns under combined axial load and biaxial bending

7.3 DESIGN OF A COLUMN

STEP 1

Pu = 515.95 KN

Mux = 368.99 KN-m

Muy = 857.90 KN-m

fck = 35N/mm

fy = 500N/mm²

d’ = 40

STEP 2

As per IS:456, the area of longitudinal steel in a column shall not be less than 0.8% nor
exceed more than 6% of gross areas.

Assuming that, a sc =3 % of a g

a c =a g−0.03 a g = 0.97 a g

Calculating the gross area of the column:

Puz = 0.45* f ck *a c+0.75* f y *a sc

515.95 x 103 = 0.45 x 35 x (0.97 a g ¿ + 0.75 x 500 x 0.03 a g

a g = 19449.62 mm2

Length of the column = 4.8 m

leff = 0.65 x L

= 0.65 x 4.8

= 3.12 m = 3120 mm

49
 l eff
For column to be designed as short column, < 12
b

l eff
b≥
12

3120
b≥
12

b ≥ 260 mm

Consider the section b = 600mm d = 600mm

a sc = 0.03 a g = 0.03 x 600 x 600

a sc= 10800 mm2

Assuming 25 mm dia. bars,

a sc
No of bars =
area of single ¯¿ ¿

10800
n= π 2
25
4

n = 22

Design of lateral Reinforcement:

Diameter of lateral tie = ¼ (longitudinal bar dia.)

= 6.25 mm

(As Per design guidelines, in no case shall the lateral reinforcement bar dia. can be less
than 6 mm)

Therefore, Consider diameter of Ties = 8mm

Maximum spacing

1) b or D = 600mm

2) 16*longitudinal bar dia. = 400mm

3) 300mm

50
Considering least of the above three values

Provide 8mm dia. bars as lateral ties @ 300mm c/c.

Figure-16 Column Cross-section design by manual method

51
CHAPTER 8

BEAMS

52
8.1 INTRODUCTION

A reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear stress
in it by loads on beam. Concrete is strong in compression but very weak in tension. Plane
concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by load tensile strength. Steel is very
strong in tension. Thus, tensile weakness of concrete is to overcome by provision of
reinforcing steel in the tension zone around the concrete to make reinforced concrete
beam.

8.2 TYPES OF BEAMS

There are 3 types of beams.

 Singly reinforced beams.
 Doubly reinforced beams.
 Flanged beams.

8.2.1 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

In these beams reinforcing steel bars are placed near bottom of the beam where they are
more effective in resisting tensile bending stresses. In singly reinforced cantilever beams
reinforcing bars are placed near the top of the beam.

8.2.2 DOUBLE REINFORCED BEAMS

These beams are reinforced both in compression and tension r4egions. The section of
beam may be rectangular, T or L secti9on. The necessity of using steel in compr4ession
zone due to
1. When depth of the beam is restricted the strength available from a singly
reinforced beam is inadequate.
2. At support of continuous beam where bending moment changes sign.

8.2.3 FLANGED BEAMS

In most reinforced concrete structures, concrete slabs and beams are cast monolithic.
Thus, beam from part of floor system together with slab. In bending the slab forming the
top part of the beam at mid-span would be in compression for a definable width greater

53
than width of the rib. Thus, increasing the moment of resistance for given rib width. At
continuous supports the position is reversed. The slab in tension and part of it have
cracked in tension, this beam is equivalent to rectangular section at support.

Beam Centre Line diagram for Ground Floor

54
Beam Centre Line diagram for First Floor

55
Beam Centre Line diagram for Ground Floor

56
Beam Centre Line diagram for Third Floor

57
8.3.DESIGN OF BEAMS

Reinforced concrete beams are structural elements that designed to carry transverse
external loads. The loads cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion
across their length.

Moreover, concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension. Thus, Steel
reinforcement used to take up tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams.
Furthermore, beams support the loads from slabs, other beams, walls, and columns. They
transfer the loads to the columns supporting them.
Additionally, beams can be simply supported, continuous, or cantilevered. they can be
designed as rectangular, square, T-shaped, and L-shaped sections.
Beams can be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced. The latter are used if the depth of
the beam is restricted.
Finally, in this article, the design of rectangular reinforced concrete beam will be
presented.

8.4. DESIGN GUIDELINES

Prior to the design of reinforced concrete beam begin, there are certain assumption that
need to be made.

IS CODE PROVISIONS

1. The loading on beam is as taken as per clause 24.5 of IS:456-2000.

2. For continuous beam with equal/unequal spans and equal/unequal loads, the
bending moment is obtained by using Kani’s method.
3. Effective span and effective depth of beam is same as explained in slab
provisions.
4. The beams at mid span are designed as T-beams and the same steel reinforcement
is provided for all beams and it is minimum.
5. At supports when the moment of resistance exceeds balancing moment, the
section is designed as a double reinforced section.

58
 A st 0.85
6. Minimum r4einforcement I tension shall not be less than = . (clause
bd Fy
26.5.1.1(a)).
7. Minimum reinforcement in tension shall not exceed 0.04bxD. (clause 26.5.1.1(
b)).
8. Maximum area of compression n reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04bxD and
reinforcement is enclosed by strength side. (clause 26.5.1.2).
vu
9. Nominal shear stress for uniform depth shall be τ v = .( clause 40.1)
bd
10. Minimum shear reinforcement will be provided when τ v < τ c given in table-19.
11. Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall not exceed the least of 0.75d or
300 mm for vertical stirrups (clause 26.5.1.5).
12. Shear reinforcement will be provided to carry a shear equal to V u−τ c bd . The
strength of shear reinforcement V s shall be calculated for vertical stirrups.
0.87 F y A sv d
V s=
Sv
13. At least 1/3rd positive moment reinforcement in simple beam and 1/4th positive
moment reinforcement in continuous beam shall extend along the same phase of

Vu
the member to the support to a length equal to (clause 26.2.2.3).
3
14. Specifications regarding spacing of stirrups placed in doubly reinforced
beams:
Compression steel placed in doubly reinforced beams also had to be restrained against
local buckling during its action like the compression steel. Accordingly, the diameter
of the stirrups should be 6 mm.

8.5. DESIGN OF BEAM

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

Grade of concrete: M35

Grade of steel: Fe 500

Size of beam: 400 x 600 mm

59
Assume 20mm diameter bars at bottom and a clear cover of 25 mm. Then
20
the effective depth will be = 600-25- 2 = 565mm

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SUPPORTS:

w l2
Bending moment Mu= =147.27 KN-m.
8

wl
Shear force Vu = 2 = 80.04 KN

Mu lim = 0.134 x fck x b x d2 (For Fe 500 steel)

= 0.134 x 35x 400 x 5672

= 598.86 KN-m

Since, Mu < Mu lim (147.27< 598.86)

Therefore, the beam is singly reinforced beam.

Mu 147.27 x 106
= = 1.14
b x d2 400 x 5652

0.5 f ck 4.6 M u
Area of steel required= Ast.req =
fy ( √
1− 1−
)
f ck b d2
bd

0.5 x 35∗400∗565
= 500
¿

= 624.13mm2
0.85 x b x d
Area of steel minimum = Ast.min = fy

0.85 x 400 x 565

= 500
= 384.2 mm2

Since Ast.req > Ast.min

we consider Ast.req as Ast.min.

So, area of steel reinforcement that is provided must be equal or greater than
Ast.req (624.13 mm2).

60
So, lets us provide 4 bars of 16 mm diameter at bottom as tension
reinforcement and 2 bars of 12 mm diameter at top.
π
Then area of steel reinforcement provided is Ast.provided = 4 x 4 x 162

= 804.24 mm2

Therefore Ast.provided > Ast.req.

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Shear Force Vu = 80.04 KN

Vu
τ uv =
bxd

80.04 x 103
= = 0.35
400 x 565

A st
Percentage of steel = x 100
b xd

804.24
= 400 x 565 x 100

= 0.35%

From table-19 of IS 456-2000 τ uc = 0.31

Therefore τ uc < τ uv .

Hence Shear reinforcement should be provided.

V us = Strength of shear reinforcement provided

= Vu - τ uc x b x d

= 80.04 x 103 - 0.31 x 400 x 567 = 9.73 KN

0.87 x f y x A sv x d
V us =
Sv

0.87 x f y x A sv x d
Sv =¿
V us

61
f y = Characteristic strength of stirrup = 500 N/mm2 (Clause 40.4 IS 456-
2000)

Let us assume that we provide 2 legged stirrups of 8 mm diameter

π
A sv= Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs = 2 x
4
x 82 = 100.53 mm2.

Sv = Spacing of stirrup bars along the length of the member. It is considered

form the least value obtained as shown below
0.87 x f y x A sv x d 0.87 x 500 x 100.53 x 567
i. Sv = = = 2542.73 mm
V us 9732
ii. Sv = 0.75 x d = 0.75 x 567 = 425.25 mm
iii. Sv = 300 mm

Since spacing provided must be lesser that the minimum spacing obtained
from the above calculations, provide 2 legged stirrups of 8 mm diameter at
300 mm center to center distance.
A sv 0.4
Minimum shear reinforcement to be provided is b x S ≥ 0.87 x f
v y

= Asv req. ≥ 110.34 mm2

= Asv provided = 100.53 mm2 (for 8 mm dia.) < Asv req.

Therefore Provide 2 legged stirrups of 10 mm diameter at 300 mm centers to

center spacing.

DEFLECTION CHECK:

Effective length of span of beam A1-B1 (L) = 7.36 m

Effective depth (d) = 567 mm

L
Maximum allowable deflection = ( d )basic x Kt x Kc x Kf

L
( d )max = Basic value of span to effective depth ratio. This value is obtained
from clause 23.2.1 of IS 456-2000.
L
Since we are considering the beams as continuous beams ( d )max = 26.

Kt = Modification factor obtained due to percentage of steel in tension

62
reinforcement. This value is obtained from Fig- 4 of IS 456-2000.
For getting the Kt value from fig we must find the value of fs.
Area of cross−section of steel reinforcement required
fs = 0.58 x fy x Area of cross−section of steel reinforcement provided
Ast.req = 624.13 mm2
Ast.provided = 804.24 mm2
624.13
fs = 0.58 x 500 x 804.24 = 225.05
From fig-4 Kt = 1.4
Kc = Modification factor obtained due to percentage of steel in compression
reinforcement.
This value is obtained from Fig -5 of IS 456-2000.
Since we did not provide any additional steel in compression zone, we
consider Kc =1
Kf = Modification factor obtained due to usage of flanged sections as beams.
This value is obtained from Fig -6 of IS 456-2000.
Since we are not using any flanged sections Kf=1.
L L
Then ( d )max = ( d )basic x Kt x Kc x Kf

= 26 x 1.4 x 1 x 1

= 36.4
L Effectivelength of beam 7360
( d )Actual = Effective depthof beam = 567 = 12.98

L L
( d )max > ( d )Actual

Hence the designed beam is safe against deflection.

Figure-14 – Continuous Beam Design Cross-section

63
Design of Cantilever Beam:

Size of beam: 400 x 600 mm

Assume 20mm diameter bars at bottom and a clear cover of 25 mm. Then
20
the effective depth will be = 600-25- 2 = 565mm

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SUPPORTS:

w l2
Bending moment Mu= =267.54 KN-m.
2

Mu lim = 0.134 x fck x b x d2 (For Fe 500 steel)

= 0.134 x 35x 400 x 5652

= 598.86 KN-m

Since, Mu < Mu lim (267.54< 598.86)

Therefore, the beam is singly reinforced beam.

Mu 267.54 x 106
= = 2.09
b x d2 400 x 5652

0.5 f ck 4.6 M u
Area of steel required= Ast.req =
fy ( √
1− 1−
)
f ck b d2
bd

0.5 x 35∗400∗565
= 500
¿

= 624.13mm2
0.85 x b x d
Area of steel minimum = Ast.min = fy

0.85 x 400 x 565

= 500
= 384.2 mm2

Since Ast.req > Ast.min

we consider Ast.req as Ast.min.

64
So, area of steel reinforcement that is provided must be equal or greater than
Ast.req (624.13 mm2).

So, lets us provide 4 bars of 16 mm diameter at bottom as tension

reinforcement and 2 bars of 12 mm diameter at top.
π
Then area of steel reinforcement provided is Ast.provided = 4 x 4 x 162

= 804.24 mm2

Therefore Ast.provided > Ast.req.

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Shear Force Vu = 53.94 KN

Vu
τ uv =
bxd

53.94 x 103
= = 0.24
400 x 565

A st
Percentage of steel = x 100
b xd

804.24
= 400 x 565 x 100

= 0.35%

From table-19 of IS 456-2000 τ uc = 0.31

Therefore τ uc > τ uv .

Hence nominal Shear reinforcement should be provided.

Provide 2 legged stirrups of 8 mm diameter at 300mm centers to center

spacing.

DEFLECTION CHECK:

Effective length of span of beam A1-B1 (L) = 4.96 m

Effective depth (d) = 567 mm

L
Maximum allowable deflection = ( d )basic x Kt x Kc x Kf

65
 L
( d )max = Basic value of span to effective depth ratio. This value is obtained
from clause 23.2.1 of IS 456-2000.
L
Since we are considering the beams as cantilever beams ( d )max = 7.

Kt = Modification factor obtained due to percentage of steel in tension

reinforcement. This value is obtained from Fig- 4 of IS 456-2000.
For getting the Kt value from fig we must find the value of fs.
Area of cross−section of steel reinforcement required
fs = 0.58 x fy x Area of cross−section of steel reinforcement provided
Ast.req = 624.13 mm2
Ast.provided = 804.24 mm2
624.13
fs = 0.58 x 500 x 804.24 = 225.05
From fig-4 Kt = 1.4
Kc = Modification factor obtained due to percentage of steel in compression
reinforcement.
This value is obtained from Fig -5 of IS 456-2000.
Since we did not provide any additional steel in compression zone, we
consider Kc =1
Kf = Modification factor obtained due to usage of flanged sections as beams.
This value is obtained from Fig -6 of IS 456-2000.
Since we are not using any flanged sections Kf=1.
L L
Then ( d )max = ( d )basic x Kt x Kc x Kf

= 7 x 1.4 x 1 x 1

= 9.8
L Effectivelength of beam 4965
( d )Actual = Effective depthof beam = 565 = 8.79

L L
( d )max > ( d )Actual

66
Hence the designed beam is safe against deflection.

Figure -15 – Cantilever Beam Cross-Section Design

CHAPTER 9

SLABS

67
 Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in complex
floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be supported by walls,
by reinforced concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel
beams, by columns, or by the ground. The depth of a slab is usually very small compared
to its span.

9.1. CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE SLABS

In general, slabs are classified as being one-way or two-way. Slabs that primarily deflect
in one direction are referred to as one-way slabs. When slabs are supported by columns
arranged generally in rows so that the slabs can deflect in two directions they are usually
referred to as two-way slabs.

9.1.1 ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY SLABS:

One more definition regarding one-way and two –way slab is that if one direction span to
other direction span ratio (or more precisely if longer dimension to shorter dimension
ratio) is greater than 2 it is termed as two-way slab, otherwise if less than two it is termed
as two-way slab.

Figure 8- One-way Slab Panel

68
 Figure 9- Two-way Slab Panel

9.2. CLASSIFICATION OF TWO-WAY SLABS:

9.2.1 FLAT SLABS:

Flat slabs include two-way reinforced concrete slabs with capitals, drop panels, or both.
These slabs are very satisfactory for heavy loads and long spans. Although the formwork
is more expensive than for flat plates, flat slabs will require less concrete and reinforcing
than would be required for flat plates with the same loads and spans. They are particularly
economical for warehouses, parking and industrial complex’s, and similar structures,
where exposed drop panels or capitals are acceptable.

Figure 10- Flat Slab Panel

69
9.2.2 FLAT PLATES SLAB:

These are solid concrete slabs of uniform depths that transfer loads directly to the
supporting columns without the aid of beams or capitals or drop panels.

Figure 11- Flat plate Slab Panel

Figure 12- Slab Design of an entire floor

70
 In order to design a slab, we must create a plate by selecting a plate cursor. Now
select the members to form slab and use form slab button. Now give the thickness of plate
as 0.30 m. Now like the above designs give the parameters based on code and assign
design slab command and select the plates and assign commands to it. After analysis is
carried out go to advanced slab design page and collect the reinforcement details of the
slab.

Slabs are also designed as per IS456-2000

Slab Layout for Ground Floor

71
Slab Layout for First Floor

72
Slab Layout for Second Floor

73
Slab Layout for Third Floor

74
9.3. DESIGN OF SLAB FOR S1 PANEL

GRADE OF MATERIALS:

Concrete f ck =35 N / MM 2

Steel f y =500 N / MM 2

Density of concrete = 25KN/ M 3

DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS:

Clear span along x- direction = 9870mm

Clear span along y-direction = 11500 mm

l y 11500
Ratio of clear spans = =1.17 < 2, Hence design as two-way slab.
l x 9870

Width of support = 600 mm

LOADS ON SLAB:

Consider 1m width of slab.

1. Live load = 4 KN/m²

2. Dead load = 7.5 KN/m²

3. Water Proofing = 2 KN/m²

4. Floor Finish load = 1 KN/m²

Total load = 14.5 KN/ m²

Total ultimate load ( W u ) = 1.5 x 14.5 = 21.75 KN/m²

DEPTH CALCULATION:

Assume % of steel (P) = 0.3%

Modification factor ( M f ) = 1.5

Span
=26 X Modification factor
Effective depth

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for span up to 10m

75
 1. Continuous = 26
2. Cantilever = 7
3. Simply supported = 20

And for span’s greater than 10m the above values are to be multiplied by 10/span in
meters, except for cantilever in which case deflection calculations are to be made.

9870
Effective depth (d) = =291.15mm ≈ 300 mm
22.6 X 1.5

Assume clear cover as 20mm and diameter as 10mm

10
 Overall depth = 300 + + 20 = 325mm
2

EFFECTIVE SPAN CALCULATION:

 As per IS 456:
Effective span = clear span + effective depth (or) center to center of supports whichever is
less.

Effective span (l x ) = 9870 + 300 = 10,170 mm

Effective span (l y ) = 11500 + 300 = 11,800 mm

BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENT:

ly
 For values of and edge conditions from table 26 of IS 456:
lx

SHORT SPAN
1. Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.052
2. Positive moment at mid span = 0.039

LONG SPAN
1. Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.037
2. Positive moment at mid span = 0.028

BENDING MOMENT:

SHORT SPAN
2
1. Negative moment at continuous edge (- M x ) = - α x W u L x

76
 = -0.052 x 21.75 x 10.172 = -116.98 KN-m
2
2. Positive moment at mid span = (- M x ) = α x W u L x
= -0.039 x 21.75 x 10.172 = -87.73 KN-m

LONG SPAN
2
1. Negative moment at continuous edge (- M y ) = - α y W u L y
= -0.037 x 21.75 x 11.802 = -112.05 KN-m
2
2. Positive moment at mid span = (- M y ) = α y W u L y
= -0.028 x 21.75 x 11.802 = -84.80 KN-m

CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE DEPTH:

Maximum moment is continuous edge of short span ( M u) = 116.98 KN-m

M u = 0.138 F ck b d 2

Mu
d=
√ 0.138 F ck b

116.98 x 106
d=
√ 0.138 F ck b

d = 155.63mm
d req < d prov (155.63< 300)

Hence safe.

CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT:

SHORT SPAN

Negative steel A st =
Fy [ √
0.5 F ck
1− 1−
4.6 M u
F ck b d2 ]
x bd

77
 [ √ ]
6
A st = 0.5 x 35 1− 1− 4.62∗116.98∗102 x 1000 X 300
500 35∗1000∗300

A st = 943.10 mm2

Using 25mm bars; a st = 520.50 mm2

SPACING:
ast 520.50
1. Spacing = X 1000 = X 1000
A st 943.10
=551.90mm ≈ 550mm
sv=550 mm

2. Spacing = 3d = 3 X 300 = 900mm

3. Spacing = 300mm

The least of the above values is considered for spacing.

Therefore spacing, sv=300 mm

LONG SPAN

Negative steel A st =
0.5 F ck
Fy [ √
1− 1−
4.6 M u
F ck b d2]x bd

[ √ ]
6
A st = 0.5 x 35 1− 1− 4.62∗116.98∗102 x 1000 X 300
500 35∗1000∗300

A st = 943.10 mm2

Using 25 mm bars; a st = 520.50 mm2

Spacing:
ast
1. Spacing = X 1000
A st

520.50
= 943.10 X 1000

=551.90 ≈ 550 mm
sv=550 mm

78
 2. Spacing = 3d = 3 X 300 = 900mm
3. Spacing = 300mm

The least of the above values is considered for spacing.

Therefore spacing, sv=300 mm

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

For the slab to be safe against shear τ v < Kτ c

Vu
τ v=
bd

WL
V u=
2

21.75 X 10.170
V u= =110.6
2

110.6 X 10−3
τ v=
1 X 0.3

τ v =0.37 N /mm2

τ c is obtained from the IS 456 table 19

τ c =¿0.29

K is obtained from clause 40.2.1.1 IS 456

K= 1.0 (for 325 mm overall depth)

0.37 > 0.29 X 1.0 = 0.37 < 0.29

τ cmax is obtained from the IS 456 table 20

τ cmax =¿3.7 (for M35 grade)

0.37< 3.7/2 = 0.37 < 1.85

Since τ v >τ c and τ v< τ cmax , Shear reinforcement has to be provided.

DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:

79
Vu (Applied Shear Force) = τ v*b*d

= 0.37 x 1000 x 300 N

= 11100 N

Vc (Resisted shear force) = τ c*b*d

= 0.29 x 1000 x 300 N

= 8700 N

Vus (Design Shear force) = Vu - Vc

= 2400 N

Shear reinforcement spacing Sv:

1. 0.75 d = 0.75 x 300 = 225 mm

A sv 0.4
2. ≥ => Sv = 362.97 mm
b S v 0.87 f y
3. 300 mm

Considering the least of the above spacings, Sv = 225 mm

Therefore, provide shear reinforcement of 14mm dia., at 225mm c/c

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

l eff l
For the slab to be safe against deflection ( ) > ( eff )
d max d actual

l eff l
( ) = Kt X Kc X Kf X
d max d

K t is obtained from the IS CODE 456, FIG: 4

K t is the modification factor due to percentage of steel in tension reinforcement?

To get K t value we need to calculate f s

f s=0.58 X f y = 290 N/mm2

K t =1.6

K c = Modification factor obtained due to percentage of steel in compression

reinforcement. This value is obtained from Fig -5 of IS 456-2000., Since our steel
percentage is very less, we consider,

80
K c =1

K f = Modification factor obtained due to usage of flanged sections as beams. This value
is obtained from Fig -6 of IS 456-2000. Since we are not using any flanged sections

K f =1.

l eff
( ) = 1.6 X 1 X1 X 26 = 41.6
d max

l eff 11.8
( ) = =39.3
d actual 0.300

41.6 > 39.3

l eff l
( ) > ( eff )
d max d actual

Hence the slab is safe against deflection.

81
Figure 13- RCC Slab Design Cross-Section

82
S.no Structural Element Specification

1 Foundation Raft Foundation

Size: 2.5mX2.5mX0.36m
Reinforcement Details:
 20mm bars @ 120mm c/c laterally
 20mm bars @ 120mm c/c longitudinally
2 Columns Square column Size:600mmx600mm
Reinforcement Details:
 16mm bars#22no
 8mm Two Legged lateral ties at pitch of 300mmc/c

Beams Singly Reinforced Beam (Continuous): Size:400x600mm

3
Reinforcement Details:
 16mm Ø bars#4no.
 10mm Two Legged lateral ties @ pitch of 300mm
c/c

Singly Reinforced Beam (Cantilever): Size:400x600mm

Reinforcement Details:
 16mm Ø bars#4no.
 10mm Two Legged lateral ties @ pitch of 300mm
c/c
4 Slabs Two- Way slabs: Depth 300mm
Reinforcement Details:
 14mm Ø Bent-up bars@225c/c.
 25mm Ø Straight bars@300c/c.

5 Staircase Riser= 150mm, Thread=300mm

Floor height =4.8 mt
Reinforcement Details:
 16mm Ø bars@125mm c/c
 8mm Ø distribution bars@175mm c/c

10 SUMMARY

83
 CONCLUSION

Structurally a complex may consist of load bearing walls and floors. The floor slabs may
be supported on beams which in turn may be supported on walls or columns. But for a multi-
storied structure, a complex frame either of steel or reinforced concrete is made. This frame is
designed for all the vertical and horizontal loads transmitted to it. The openings between the
columns that are provided for certain equipment needs, where necessary, will be filled with thin
brick walls. A frame of this type will consist of columns and beams built monolithically forming a
network. This provides rigidity to the connections of members. By this arrangement the bending
moments for the members of the structures are reduced. Earthquake loads and other horizontal
loads due to wind etc. are evenly distributed to the whole structure. This makes the structure
not only safe but economical.

84