Introduction To CST PDF
Introduction To CST PDF
19EI5PCCST
Introduction
❖Overview
◼ Communication systems
◼ Analog Modulation
◼ AM
◼ FM
◼ Digital Modulation
◼ ASK
◼ FSK
◼ Modems
❖Communication systems
Digital
Analog
◼ The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to all
communication systems
Remember the components of a communications
system:
◼ Input transducer: The device that converts a physical signal from
source to an electrical, mechanical or electromagnetic signal
more suitable for communicating
◼ Transmitter: The device that sends the transduced signal
◼ Transmission channel: The physical medium on which the signal
is carried
◼ Receiver: The device that recovers the transmitted signal from
the channel
◼ Output transducer: The device that converts the received signal
back into a useful quantity
❖Analog Modulation
◼ The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals
(baseband signals) through a communication channel
◼ The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies
representing the original signal as delivered by the input transducer
◼ For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband signal,
and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz
◼ The “hello” wave is a baseband signal:
◼ Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a
communication channel such as air using electromagnetic waves, an
appropriate procedure is needed to shift the range of baseband
frequencies to other frequency ranges suitable for transmission, and a
corresponding shift back to the original frequency range after
reception. This is called the process of modulation and demodulation
◼ Remember the radio spectrum:
AM radio FM radio/TV
Input Transmission
transducer Modulator
Channel
EM waves (modulated
Carrier signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal) Receiver
Output
Demodulator
transducer
Types of Analog Modulation
◼ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
◼ Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude
of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a
baseband signal. The frequency of the carrier remains constant
◼ Frequency Modulation (FM)
◼ Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency
of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a
baseband signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant
◼ Phase Modulation (PM)
◼ Another form of analog modulation technique which we will not
discuss
Amplitude Modulation
Carrier wave
Baseband signal
Modulated wave
Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Frequency Modulation
Carrier wave
Modulated wave
Frequency varying-
amplitude constant
AM vs. FM
◼ AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
◼ It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.
◼ The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer wavelengths
(lower frequencies) are utilized-remember property of HF waves?)
◼ However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static and other
forms of electrical noise.
Input Transmission
Modulator
transducer Channel
Carrier EM waves
Receiver (modulated signal)
analog signal digital signal
Output Demodulator
transducer
Some Types of Digital Modulation
◼ Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
◼ The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the process of
switching the carrier either on or off, in correspondence to a
sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information signal.
One binary digit is represented by the presence of a carrier, the
other binary digit is represented by the absence of a carrier.
Frequency remains fixed
◼ Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
◼ The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of varying
the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of two frequencies
(binary FSK) in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that
constitute the information signal. Two binary digits are represented
by two frequencies around the carrier frequency. Amplitude
remains fixed
◼ Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
◼ Another form of digital modulation technique which we will not
discuss
Amplitude Shift Keying
Digital 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
information
Carrier wave
ASK
modulated
signal
Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Carrier present Carrier absent
Frequency Shift Keying
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Digital
information
Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
FSK
modulated
signal
Frequency varying-
amplitude constant
❖Modems
◼ Modems are devices used to enable the transfer of data over the public
switched telephone network (PSTN)
◼ The name modem comes from the name MOulator- DEModulator which
describes the function the modem performs to transfer digital information over
an analog network
◼ The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data. Primarily used to communicate via telephone
lines, modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals
◼ There are many kinds of modems available today:
◼ Internal modem:
◼ A modem card in your computer that is integrated within the system
◼ Less expensive than external modems
◼ Disadvantage is that you need to access inside the computer to replace the
modem
◼ External modem
◼ A device that connects externally to your computer through a serial port
◼ External power supply does not drain power from the computer
◼ Modem activity can easily be observed
◼ More expensive than an internal modem
Source: http://Wikipedia.com
◼ DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
◼ A high-speed data service that works over conventional telephone lines
and is typically offered by telephone companies
◼ It does not occupy the phone line-you can still talk on the phone
◼ Speed is much higher than regular modem
◼ Cable modem
◼ A device that connects to the existing cable feed and to an Ethernet
network card in the PC (also called a NIC for Network Interface Card)
◼ Is different than a common dial up modem
◼ Supports higher speeds
◼ Typically offered by cable companies