BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Declaration and Approval

This proposal is our own work that is proposed to produce Biogas. This program is facilitated
by Jimma University, University Industry Linkage in Institute of Technology, Department of
Water Supply and Environmental Engineering. In this proposal we declare that this work has
not been done by others and it is not copied from other worked documents except using it as
a reference.
Students name Signature
1. Fikiru Fenta …………….
2. Haymanot Getachew ----------------
3. Kidist Amdie …………….
4. Mesgabu Beyene .....................
5. Minale Tilahun ----------------
6. Yadera Wendimu …………….
7. Yared Endale ……………
Date.........................................

This proposal has been submitted to department of Water Supply and Environmental
Engineering with my approval as a mentor of students.

Mentors name Signature

1. Million Eba …………….

2. Dr. Yenalem Mehari -----------------
Date.........................................

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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our great thanks go to Individuals, Professionals and institutions who support us on this
project.
Firstly, we would like thanks to the glory of God for being with us and who gives to us his
endless encourage and a potential to finish our project effectively.
Secondly, we have great thanks to our department Water Supply and Environmental
Engineering to give such type of project which is related to our professional to encourage our
knowledge.
Thirdly, we have great thanks to our advisors Instructor Million Eba (M.Sc.) and Dr.
Yenalem Mehari.
Who supports us through many things brotherly and sisterly; such as by giving necessary
data and necessary information which are necessary to do our project, even up to showing to
us way of doing our project schedule by their hand.
Lastly, our thanks go to our group members to do and appear with willingness and happiness
performance on works every day.

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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
This is integrated project report that provides information regarding the design aspects of
Bidire town water supply which comprises of eleven chapters. It is targeted to provide a
better quality and sufficient quantity of water within easy reach to the town dwellers for the
design period of 20 years, year (2018 to 2038 GC) with one phases of construction.
The existing water supply system of Bidire town is continuously functional and regarding to
the alarmingly increasing of population and the development of the town until at the end of
the design period, the existing water supply is sufficient. Therefore, additional source for
water supply is not required. By this case to meet the present and future demand, a new
design project is unneeded.
Geometric method was used for population forecasting and the design populations is 6199
estimated and growth rate is 3.5% that takes from feasibility study. The selected water
source to satisfy this demand is ground water and a service reservoir is designed with the
capacity of 60m3. Thus, water demand for the design period is assessed considering various
water purpose and estimated to be 107.7m3/d in daily average demand.
To avoid duplication of resource and reduce cost of the project, the existing system was
analyzed and some components in better condition were considered in the new design. Also
discussion was made on ground water source is selected. The potential and quality of ground
water for different well fields are evaluated and Well field is selected and nominal
chlorination is suggested based on water quality.
The determination of storage capacity is done by one third of maximum daily demand which
is adopted most of time in water supply projects and a circular type reservoir is selected
based on design criteria and analysis is made using limit state design method. Submersible
pumps are chosen for three bore holes to be drilled.
The total cost of the proposed project is estimated to 19954985.48Birr. A number of
environmental and social impacts are identified and the corresponding mitigation measures
are suggested.
Finally, it contains the conclusion and recommendation we have put for the project.
TABLE CONTENTS

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Table of Contents
Declaration and Approval...................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................ii
Executive summery.............................................................................................................................iii
Table contents....................................................................................................................................iv
List of table.......................................................................................................................................viii
List of figure........................................................................................................................................x
Acronyms............................................................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Location and Accessibility..............................................................................................1
1.2. Physiography and Drainage...........................................................................................2
1.3. Hydrometeorology/Climate............................................................................................2
1.4. Rainfall.............................................................................................................................2
1.5. Temperature....................................................................................................................3
1.6. Wind Speed......................................................................................................................4
1.7. Geological setting of the study area................................................................................4
1.8. Existing Water Sources...................................................................................................5
1.9. Objective of the project...................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................7
2. Population Forecasting...........................................................................................................7
2.1. General.............................................................................................................................7
2.2. Design period...................................................................................................................7
2.3. Factor affecting design period........................................................................................7
2.4. Population projection......................................................................................................7
2.5. Methods of population forecasting.................................................................................8
2.6. Selection of method.......................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................13
3. Water Demand Estimation...................................................................................................13
3.1. General...........................................................................................................................13

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3.2. Domestic Water demand...............................................................................................14

3.3. Non-Domestic water demand........................................................................................22
3.4. Total demand (l//day)....................................................................................................23
3.5. Unaccounted for Water (l//day)....................................................................................23
3.6. Fire demand (l/day).......................................................................................................25
3.7. Livestock’s water demand (l/day).................................................................................25
3.8. Maximum daily demand (l/c/day)................................................................................26
3.9. Peak hour demand (l/c/hr.)...........................................................................................26
CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................................29
4. Potential water source selection and well design.................................................................29
4.1. General...........................................................................................................................29
4.2. Source selection criteria................................................................................................29
4.3. Source of water..............................................................................................................30
4.4. Quality and quantity of ground water.........................................................................33
4.5. Advantage of ground water for water supply..............................................................33
4.6. Hydraulics of wells........................................................................................................33
4.7. Well site Location..........................................................................................................34
4.8. Basic considerations in locating of wells......................................................................34
4.9. Water Well Development..............................................................................................34
4.10. Methods of well development...................................................................................35
4.11. Well field....................................................................................................................36
4.12. Water well design......................................................................................................36
CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................................47
5. Pumps.....................................................................................................................................47
5.1. General...........................................................................................................................47
5.2. Selection criteria of pumps...........................................................................................47
5.3. Size of Raising Main......................................................................................................49
5.4. Economical pumping main diameter...........................................................................49
5.5. Pump Selection..............................................................................................................49
5.6. Design and selection of electro-Mechanical Equipment’s..........................................49

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5.7. Hydraulic design............................................................................................................50

CHAPTER SIX.................................................................................................................................63
6. Service reservoir....................................................................................................................63
6.1. Service Reservoir Necessity..............................................................................................63
6.2. Design capacity and location............................................................................................63
6.3. Reservoir type....................................................................................................................64
6.4. Accessories of Service Reservoirs.....................................................................................64
6.5. Depth of reservoirs............................................................................................................65
6.6. Methodologies to determine reservoir capacity..............................................................65
6.7. Reservoirs capacity determination...................................................................................66
6.8. Design criteria of water tanks...........................................................................................66
6.9. Structural design of reservoir...........................................................................................70
6.10. Reservoir Appurtenances..............................................................................................85
CHAPTER SEVEN...........................................................................................................................87
7. Water treatment....................................................................................................................87
7.1. Objects of treatment......................................................................................................87
7.2. Disinfection....................................................................................................................87
7.3. Methods of Disinfection................................................................................................88
7.4. Disinfection by Chlorination.........................................................................................89
7.5. Dosing Plant...................................................................................................................90
CHAPTER EIGHT...........................................................................................................................92
8. Methods of water transmission and distribution................................................................92
8.1. General...........................................................................................................................92
8.2. Transmission system.....................................................................................................93
8.3. Computing for Transmission Pipe Size........................................................................93
8.4. Methods of distribution.................................................................................................94
8.5. Layout of distribution system.......................................................................................95
8.6. Distribution Network....................................................................................................96
8.7. Design approach............................................................................................................98
8.8. Network Analysis by Computer Software (water CAD)...........................................100

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CHAPTER NINE............................................................................................................................102
9. Environmental Impact and Assessment (EIA)..............................................................102
9.1. General.........................................................................................................................102
9.2. Potential Impacts and Their mitigation measures....................................................102
9.2.1. Impacts on public Health and Sanitation..............................................................102
9.2.2. Impacts on Women and Children..........................................................................103
9.2.3. Impacts on Land use Patterns................................................................................103
9.2.4. Impacts on Vegetation Cover & Animal Life........................................................103
9.2.5. Risks of Soil Erosion................................................................................................103
9.2.6. Risk of Dislocation and Loss of Properties............................................................104
9.2.7. Impacts on Infrastructure.......................................................................................104
9.2.8. Air Pollution and Nuisance Noises.........................................................................104
CHAPTER TEN..............................................................................................................................106
10. Cost estimation................................................................................................................106
CHAPTER ELEVEN......................................................................................................................110
11. Recommendation and Conclusion..................................................................................110
11.1. Recommendation.....................................................................................................110
11.2. Conclusion................................................................................................................111
12. REFERNCES...................................................................................................................112
13. ANNEX............................................................................................................................113

LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Mean monthly Temperature of Arsi Negelle project area.......................................................4
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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Table 2. Monthly wind speed................................................................................................................4

Table 3. Estimated population of Ela Bidire rural kebele (B1) for future............................................11
Table 4. Estimated population of Ela Bidire rural kebele (B2) for future............................................11
Table 5. Estimated population of Aba Sirba Bidire rural kebele (B2) for future.................................12
Table 6. Projected mode of service of Ela rural kebele (B1)..............................................................15
Table 7. Projected mode of service of Ela Bidire rural kebele (B2)....................................................15
Table 8. Projected mode of services of Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)...................................................15
Table 9. Projected Population distribution of Ela rural kebele (B1) by mode of service.....................16
Table 10. Projected Population distribution of Ela rural kebele (B2) by mode of service...................16
Table 11. Projected Population distribution of Aba Sirba kebele (B1) by mode of service.................17
Table 12. Projected per capita water demand of Ela rural kebele (B1) by mode of service.................18
Table 13. Projected per capita water demand of Ela rural kebele (B2) by mode of service.................18
Table 14. Projected per capita water demand of Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2) by mode of service......18
Table 15. Total domestic water demand for Ela rural kebele (B1)......................................................19
Table 16. Total domestic water demand for Ela rural kebele (B2)......................................................19
Table 17. Total domestic water demand for Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)...........................................19
Table 18. Adjustment factor due to climatic effect..............................................................................20
Table 19. Adjustment factor duet socio-economic condition..............................................................20
Table 20. Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition for Ela rural
kebele (B1)..........................................................................................................................................21
Table 21. Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition for Ela rural
kebele (B2)..........................................................................................................................................21
Table 22. Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition for Aba Sirba
rural kebele (B2).................................................................................................................................22
Table 23. Water demand for public, commercial, unaccounted and average daily demand for Ela rural
kebele (B1)..........................................................................................................................................24
Table 24. Water demand for public, commercial, unaccounted and average daily demand for Ela rural
kebele (B2)..........................................................................................................................................24
Table 25. Water demand for public, commercial, unaccounted and average daily demand for Aba
Sirba rural kebele (B2)........................................................................................................................24
Table 26. Water demand for fire and livestock’s of Ela Rural kebele (B1).........................................25
Table 27. Water demand for fire and livestock’s of Ela Rural kebele (B2).........................................25
Table 28. Water demand for fire and livestock’s of Aba Sirba Rural kebele (B2)..............................26
Table 29. Maximum day demand factor..............................................................................................26
Table 30. Maximum peak hour factor.................................................................................................26
Table 31. The water demand of average day demand, maximum day demand and peak hour demand
for Ela rural kebele (B1).....................................................................................................................27
Table 32. The water demand of average day demand, maximum day demand and peak hour demand
for Ela rural kebele (B2).....................................................................................................................27

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Table 33. The water demand of average day demand, maximum day demand and peak hour demand
for Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)...........................................................................................................28
Table 34. Recommended well diameter with various yields...............................................................38
Table 35. Recommended Values of screen Diameter..........................................................................40
Table 36. Permissible Entrance velocity of the well screen.................................................................42
Table 37. Recommendation minimum diameter of surface casing are in given table below (after
USBR)................................................................................................................................................43
Table 38. Volume of filter pack require (m3/m)..................................................................................44
Table 39. Total dynamic head loss of fitting of BH-1 at wellhead......................................................51
Table 40. Dynamic Head loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline of BH-1...............................52
Table 41. Total dynamic head loss of fitting of BH-2 at wellhead......................................................56
Table 42. Dynamic Head loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline of BH-3...............................57
Table 43.total dynamic head loss of fitting of BH-3 at wellhead........................................................60
Table 44.dynamic head loss of fitting at transmission main pipeline of BH-3....................................61
Table 45. Recommended height of reservoir.......................................................................................65
Table 46. Allowable tensile stress in concrete.....................................................................................68
Table 47. Allowable compressive stress in concrete...........................................................................69
Table 48.Allowable tensile stress in steel............................................................................................69
Table 49. Tension in the circular rings................................................................................................72
Table 50. Moment in the circular wall................................................................................................73
Table 51. Shear at the base of concrete wall.......................................................................................74
Table 52. Tables of cost estimation analysis...................................................................................106

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. Location of study are with respect to Woreda, Zone, Regional and Country.........................1
Figure 2. Gravity springs.....................................................................................................................31
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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Figure 3. Surface spring......................................................................................................................31

Figure 4. Artesian spring.....................................................................................................................32
Figure 5. Infiltration galleries..............................................................................................................32
Figure 6. Infiltration well....................................................................................................................32
Figure 7. Resistance to cracking..........................................................................................................67
Figure 8. Checked concrete section.....................................................................................................68
Figure 9. Vertical reinforcement.........................................................................................................78
Figure 10. Roof slab............................................................................................................................82
Figure 11. Base slab............................................................................................................................85

ACRONYMS
Abbreviations Equivalent

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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

amsl above mean see level

PCA Principal Component Analysis
GS Galvanized steel
WHO World Health Organization
W.S Wind speed
SWL Static water level
PVC Plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Qty Quantity
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
ITCZ Inter-tropical convergence zone

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Bidire town and its surroundings are currently using only one borehole as a water supply
which is insufficient and became very difficult to give adequate clean water to its dwellers.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to address and alleviate this problem of water shortage by
investigating and identifying feasible source (s) of water for the next 20 years.
1.1. Location and Accessibility
The proposed study area Bidire Town is situated at the Oromia National Regional state,
Mede Welabu Woreda and has a total length of about 430Km of main Asphalt road from
Addis Ababa (Finfinne). The total area considered in this study is about 173.2 square
kilometer. The altitude of Bidire study area falls in between 1200 around southwest of Bidire
town and 1700 a.m.s.l around north of the town and its coordinates lies between 5.86o to
5.95onorth and 39.59o to39.75o east. The total population is estimated to be 6450, (2015 G.C).

Figure 1. Location of study are with respect to Woreda, Zone, Regional and Country

1
 1.2. Physiography and Drainage
1.2.1. Physiography
The present physiographic setting of the area is the result of sediment deposition and
volcano-tectonic activity. Later erosion and river dissection has contributed to the existing
rugged landform. The study area is mainly characterized by rugged topography with an
elevation range from 1200 a.m.s.l. to 1700 a.m.s.l. at around southern and central and
southeast parts of the area respectively.
1.2.2. Drainage
Seasonal streams are draining the area. Various factors affect the pattern and density of
drainage in the study area. Among these are: rainfall, slope, vegetation, rock type and
tectonics are important ones. In most part of the area vegetation is sparse and topographic
elevation is low, drainage forms gentle narrow gorges. In addition to these, karstifcation of
carbonate rocks and erosion of sediments have produced dendritic pattern. Therefore, the
area is characterized mainly by dendritic drainage pattern.
1.3. Hydrometeorology/Climate
Hydrometeorology data are required to characterize the climatic conditions and determine the
water balance of a certain basin for developing and managing its water resources. The most
useful hydro meteorological elements are precipitation, evapotranspiration, sunshine hours,
air temperature and relative humidity, soil moisture and stream discharge (runoff) etc.
There is only one meteorological station around the study area, which is Negelle
meteorological station selected from their geographical distribution point of view. There is
no any station located at Bidire Project area. The overall meteorological parameters obtained
from Local Climate program in the study area are; rainfall, temperature and wind speed.
Accordingly, meteorological (climatological) data from the aforementioned station has been
used for this project area.
1.4. Rainfall
Climatic elements such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind are
affected by geographic location and altitude. Seasonal classification over the study area is
thus mainly based on the average rainfall distribution pattern over the year and the seasonal

2
distribution of rainfall over the area is governed by the position of the Inter-Tropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
According to this, the study area is characterized by three distinct seasons and are locally
known as “Bega” (December-January and June-August), “Belg” (February-March and
September/November)and “Kiremt” (April-May/ October).Therefore, the rainfall pattern in
the area is a bi-modal pattern and has two distinct peaks during a year that is a short rainy
seasons in months of February-March and September/November and long Rainy Seasons in
moths of April-May/ October and has the mean annual rainfall of 812 mm.
1.5. Temperature
In the study area, as in all other places of Ethiopia the altitude of the sun is always high,
making solar radiation intense. Temperature is high during the day and is considerably
reduced at night causing the daily range of temperature to be large. Temperature data are the
major factor in computing potential evapotranspiration of the area.
Monthly mean maximum and minimum temperature as extracted from Local Climate
program at the station of Negelle are used to calculate representative monthly and annual
average temperature of the area. Accordingly the average monthly and annual maximum and
minimum temperatures of the project area are shown in Table below.
The mean annual minimum temperature of the study area is 13.12oC and the mean annual
maximum temperature is 25.68oC. The mean annual air temperature of the area is 19.6oC.
The fact that altitude in the study area ranges between below 1200m to 1700m, it is possible
to observe that the study area lies in tropical (Kola) of 42% and temperate (Woina Dega) of
58% climatic zones.

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Table 1. Mean monthly Temperature of Arsi Negelle project area
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann.
Av.
M.M. 28.4 29 28.7 25.6 24 22.2 22.5 23.9 26 25.2 25.7 25.6 25.68
Max 8
Temp.
M.M. 11.4 13.2 13.8 14.5 14.9 13.5 12.7 12.4 13.1 13.6 12.5 11.8 13.12
Min.
temp.
M.M. 20.2 21.3 21.6 20.3 19.5 18.2 17.9 18.6 19.5 19.1 19.2 19.8 19.6
Temp.
1.6. Wind Speed
Wind speed and air temperature removes water vapor molecules from the air in contact with
the water holding surface and enable evaporation to proceed at maximum rate governing with
the existing main factors, temperature and humidity condition.
In this study, average wind speed data obtained from Local Climate program. The magnitude
varies from 1.4-0.8 m/sec. Wind speed is relatively low, especially in the dry season (June-
September).
Table 2. Monthly wind speed
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann.
Av.
W.S(M/S) 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.11
1.7. Geological setting of the study area
1.7.1. Lithostratigraphy
The geological setting of Bidire project area consists of four major formations, classified in
this study based up on its special distribution and mode of formation. They are Precambrian
basement rocks, Mesozoic sedimentary formations, Pliocene – Pleistocene Volcanic Units,
and Quaternary sediments.
a. Precambrian Basement Rocks
The Pre-Cambrian to late Paleozoic basement rocks cover the northern, western and southern
parts of the project area. In the study area two major types of basement rocks are exposed;
post-tectonic granite covers at some parts of northern and western of the area and Oligoclase-
hornblend-Biotite-quartz-plagioclase feldspar gneiss, strongly migmatized covers the
western, southern and northern parts of the study area.

4
 b. Mesozoic Sedimentary Formations
The Mesozoic Sedimentary Formations of Gebredame Formation: Kimmeridgian- Lithonia;
Upper unit and Lower unit: Limestone with shaly and gypsiferous units covers about two-
third of the project area.
c. Pliocene – Pleistocene Volcanic Units
The south eastern margin of the study areas exposes some of this unit. The Afar Stratoid
Series covered by these extensive, up to 1500 m thick sequence, with individual basalt flows
ranging in thickness between 1 and 6 m. The Afar Stratoid Series, where applicable, could be
sub-divided into various map units: the Lower Stratoid series, dominantly olivine basalts
with intercalations of intermediate lavas and tuffs, which are partly of alkaline affinity and
some undifferentiated acidic rocks; the Upper Stratoid Series comprising undifferentiated
lavas, slag and cinder-cones, consisting of mainly basaltic, subordinately intermediate and
acidic rocks, partly of alkaline affinity, capped in some volcanic center’s by block-lava fields
and strato-volcanoes.
d. Quaternary Sedimentary Units
Overlying the Pliocene sedimentary units or directly over the volcanic units, Alluvial
Quaternary sediments are exposed in the area particularly along a river channel. The most
recent Quaternary deposits (Pleistocene to Holocene) are made up of various sediments
deposited in alluvial, lacustrine, Aeolian, and slope and terrace settings.
1.8. Existing Water Sources
Most of the water sources inventoried in the vicinity of the town comprise of boreholes. The
two boreholes drilled were intended to serve for a water supply for Bidire town and its
surroundings, but among these two boreholes, one is abandoned due to its salinity. These
wells were drilled at different places mostly at the east of Bidire town.
a. BISW-1
This borehole is located in Ela Bidire rural kebele. The UTM coordinate of the borehole is
57044’51’’E and 6052’57’’6N at elevation of 1617m.a.s.l. According to the information
obtained from the Woreda's water resources office. The estimated depth and discharge of the
borehole is 76m and 6l/s, respectively. This borehole is the only well which currently serving
the population of Bidire town for water supply.
5
 b. BISW-2
This borehole is located in Ela Bidire rural kebele. The UTM coordinate of the borehole is
57029’59’’E and 6053’59N at elevation of 1625m.a.s.l. According to the information obtained
from the Woreda's water resources office and well completion report by NWRC-NCA, the
depth of the borehole is 62m. The borehole is mainly drilled through limestone intercalated
with shale at some parts overlain by thin layer of clay soil. This borehole is currently
abandoned due to its very low yield.
c. BISW-3
This shallow borehole is located in Aba Sirba rural kebele. The UTM coordinate of the
borehole is 58018’63’’E and 6050’28.9’’N at elevation of 1556m.a.s.l. According to the
information obtained from the well completion report prepared by NWRC-NCA, the drilled
depth and SWL of the borehole is 41m and 4.62m, respectively. And from the pumping test
of the well, the transitivity and yield of the well is 395.2m2/day and 3l/s. The major aquifer
unit of this well is fractured limestone having a thickness of about 14m. A PVC productive
blind and screen casings having a 5” inner diameter were installed in it and fitted with a hand
pump to serve the community in the vicinity for water supply.
1.9. Objective of the project
Improvement of water supply shortage in the town
For stability of demand and supply of the town
To consider expansion of the town and water supply situation
To assure an adequate water for the concerned population
To evaluate the environmental impact of the project

6
 CHAPTER TWO
2. Population Forecasting
2.1. General
Water supply project are designed to serve over a specified period of time after completion of
the project. It is necessary to decide the design period and forecast the population of the area
in the design of any water supply scheme. After the design period is fixed, the next step is
determination of the number of population in various periods. Because the population of the
towns generally varies with time and period. Since population is always a relevant factor to
estimate future water demand. So it is necessary to predict the population at the end of the
design period.
2.2. Design period
Design period is the number of years for which the design of water works has been done.
Before designing & construction of water supply scheme, it is necessary to assure that the
water works have sufficient capacity to meet the future water demand of the town for the
fixed design period. The design period should be neither long nor short. For Bidire town the
design period is for about 20 years (22 to30).
2.3. Factor affecting design period
To fix the design period for any water supply scheme the following points should be
considered.
Availability of funds
Life span of materials
Rate of interest on the loans
Operation & maintenance cost
The expansion of the town
2.4. Population projection
Population projection provides information on the future size and composition and a given
area. Knowledge of this information is fundamental for development plans where target is to
satisfy the future needs of the population in the area of the water demand. The basic

7
components of changes in size and composition of the population of a certain area includes
fertility, mortality and migration.
2.5. Methods of population forecasting
I. Arithmetical increase Method.
In this method the average increase of population for the last three or four decades is worked
out and then for each successive further decades, this average is added. This method gives
poor results and it has to be adopted for large cities, which have particularly reached to their
maximum development.
dp/dt = k
Where dp/dt = rate a change and population with time.
dp/dt = k =) dp =dtk
Pt- Po =k * t
Pt = Po+k.t
Where Pt = future population
Po = Present population
t = projection time in year
k = Average increment per decade.
II. Geometric increase method.
In this method, it is assumed that the percentage increase in population from decade to
decade remain constant. The method is mostly applicable for growing towns and cities
having vast scope of expansion. Large sores of land, power, water and food transpirations,
sources of land, water and good transportation.
P1= Po+ kpo=Po (1+k)
P2= P1 (1+k) = Po (1+k) (1+k) = Po (1+k) 2
P3= P2 (1+k) = Po (1+k) (1+k) (1+k)
= Po (1+k) 3
Pn= Po (1+k) n
Where Po = Initial population
Pn = population at n decades or year
n = Decades or years
8
 k = percentage (geometric) increase in decimal.
III. Incremental increase method
The method is the combination of the above two methods. The population of each successive
future decade is first worked out by the arithmetical increase method and to these values the
incremental average pre decade is added.
( n+1)∗r
Pn=P 0+ n∗I +n( )
2
Where I = average increment per decade (calculated in arithmetic Method)
n = number of decade between project years
r = average incremental increase
IV. Logistic curve method
This method is mostly preferable when the growth of community with limited land area for
future expansion might be modeled. A logistic projection can be made based up on the
equation.
Psat
Pt = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..1
1+ ea +b∗∆∗t
In which ‘a’ and ‘b’ may be determined from three successive census population.
2 Po P 1 P2−P12 ( Po + P2 )
Psat = 2
……………………2
P o P2−P 1
( Psat −Po)
a=ln ……………………………………3
Po

1 Po ( Psat −P 1)
b= ln ⁡[ ]… … … … … … … … … … .. 4
n P1 ( Psat −Po )
Where n = the time interval between successive censuses. Substitution of these values in
equation (a) permits the estimation of population for any period Δt beyond the base year
corresponding to Po.
V. Ratio Method
The method based on the rate of population growth of a town is related to some extent to the
rate of population growth of state or nations. Hence it is possible to estimate the population
of town under consideration by considering the rate of population growth of state or nation.

9
 Pt = Po+ Por*t
Where r = Regional growth rate
t = time in the future
Po = present population
Pt = population after time t.
VI. Growth composition analysis method
The three ways by which change is population occurs are
a. Through birth
b. Through death
c. Through migration
If these three factors for area under consideration are properly analyzed estimated population
of some future period can be obtained by estimates population = present population + natural
increase or decrease + migration
Estimated natural increase = t (IBPo – IDPo)
Where t= forecast period in years
IB= Rate of birth per year
ID = Rate of death
Po = present population.
VII. Graphical Method
In this method, a curve of population a giant’s time is drawn for the city under consideration.
The known census records graph up on the graph to get the shape of the curve. The curve is
then carefully extended from present to future decades and the population after each
successive future decade is read from the curve.
VIII. Decrease rate method
In this method the average decreases in the per-successive period. This method is applicable
only in such cases where the rate of growth of population shows a down ward trend.
IX. Method used by Ethiopia statistic Authority
Pn = Poekn
Where Pn= population of n decades or years

10
 n = Decade or year, k = growth rate
2.6. Selection of method
From all population forecasting methods the geometric increase method has been found more
suitable for Bidire town. Because the population growth rate is uniform or constant and that
is determined 3.5% which is needed to forecast the future population of town.
The design period for the proposed water supply system of Bidire town is considered as 20
years. The total population (base population) 2015 of Bidire town according to the kebele
administrative count is estimated 6450 which is the total population of whole kebele (Ela
rural kebele B1, Ela rural kebele B2 and Aba Sirba rural kebele B2)
Table 3. Estimated population of Ela Bidire rural kebele (B1) for future
S. N Year Growth rate (%) Pn = Po(1+r)n
1 2015 3.5 1640
2 2018 3.5 1818
3 2023 3.5 2160
4 2028 3.5 2565
5 2033 3.5 3046
6 2038 3.5 3618
Table 4. Estimated population of Ela Bidire rural kebele (B2) for future
S.N Year Growth rate (%) Pn = Po(1+r)n
1 2015 3.5 2000
2 2018 3.5 2217
3 2023 3.5 2634
4 2028 3.5 3128
5 2033 3.5 3715
6 2038 3.5 4412

Table 5. Estimated population of Aba Sirba Bidire rural kebele (B2) for future
S.N Year Growth rate (%) Pn = Po(1+r)n
1 2015 3.5 2810
2 2018 3.5 3115
11
3 2023 3.5 3700
4 2028 3.5 4395
5 2033 3.5 5220
6 2038 3.5 6199

P2018 = P2015 (1+r) n, n = 3 which is the interval between 2015 and 2018 is 3 years
For sample for Ela kebele rural (B1), P2018 = 1640 (1+0.035)3, P2018 = 1818
Total number of population in Bidire town is:
Population of Ela kebele (B1) + Ela kebele (B2) + population of Aba Sirba kebele (B2)
Total Population = 3618 + 4412 + 6199
= 14,229 or
Ptotal = Ptotal of 2015(1+r) n, where n = 23, Ptotal = 6450 (1+0.035)23, Ptotal = 14,229

CHAPTER THREE
3. Water Demand Estimation
3.1. General
Projected population figures, per-capita demand and percentage share of different mode of
services are important parameters for water demand estimation of the project for the

12
anticipated design periods. The per-capita demand and percentage share of mode of services
can be estimated based on the past and current consumption pattern of the community.
Usually demand estimation is made based on statistical analysis of water consumption
pattern and the development trend of the study area. But the exactness of the per-capita
consumption and demand for other uses (commercial, institutional, public, livestock,
gardening, etc.) depends on the availability of reliable and comprehensive database. There
are different methods employed for demand estimation some of which are time extrapolation,
per-capita demand approach and coefficient methods. However, due to limited researches
and hence no sufficient data base available, these methods are only rarely used in Ethiopia
and other developing countries.
Thus, to estimate the water demand as accurately as possible; it is important to compare the
existing water consumption records over the past several years with estimated water
requirement as per the standard recommended figures. This correlation assumes that all the
inhabitants of the town use piped water supply with an affordable price through different
mode of services.
Water consumption for various purposes is divided under the following categories.
 Domestic water demand
 Non domestic demand
 Fire demand
 Uncounted for demand (UFD)
 Livestock’s water demand
 Maximum day demand
 Peak hour demand
3.2. Domestic Water demand
Domestic water demand is a water demand at a household level needed for drinking, food
preparation, washing, cleaning, bathing and other miscellaneous domestic purposes. The
amount of water used for domestic purposes greatly depends on the lifestyle, living standard,
climate condition, mode of service and affordability of the users.

13
 3.2.1. Mode of Services
The mode of service, which is prevalent in most Ethiopian town, used to classify in to three
major categories as follows:
House connection (HC)
Yard connection (YC)
Public connection (PF)
On the base of above group & taking in to consideration the water consumer groups, we have
adopted the following water demand category:
House connection (HC)
Yard connection (YC)
Yard shared connection (YSC)
Public tap (PF)
3.2.2. Mode of Service Projection
The mode of services projection is made based on the target design year 2038 of the project
at which the town water coverage will become 100% and the communities will get sufficient
amount of water they require considering the current mode of services. In the future as a
result of development of the town associated with willingness of residents to have their own
connection and pay more for the water they use.

Table 6. Projected mode of service of Ela rural kebele (B1)

Year Population HC (%) YC (%) YSC (%) PF (%)
2015 1640 1.8 2.6 1.9 52.4
2018 1818 1.9 2.8 2.0 56.6
2023 2160 2.2 4.8 3.6 76.6
2028 2565 2.5 5.4 4.1 87.1
14
2033 3046 2.8 6.1 4.6 97.5
2038 3618 3.1 6.8 5.1 112.5
Table 7. Projected mode of service of Ela Bidire rural kebele (B2)
Year Population HC (%) YC (%) YSC (%) PF (%)
2015 2000 1.8 3.9 3.0 62.7
2018 2217 1.9 4.3 3.2 67.7
2023 2634 2.2 4.8 3.6 76.6
2028 3128 2.5 5.4 4.1 87.1
2033 3715 2.8 6.1 4.6 97.5
2038 4412 3.1 6.8 5.1 112.5
Table 8. Projected mode of services of Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)
Year Population HC (%) YC (%) YSC (%) PF (%)
2015 2810 1.8 3.9 3.0 62.7
2018 3115 1.9 4.3 3.2 67.7
2023 3700 2.2 4.8 3.6 76.6
2028 4395 2.5 5.4 4.1 87.1
2033 5220 2.5 9.0 6.5 80.1
2038 6199 2.8 10.0 7.2 78.2

3.2.3. Population Distribution by Mode of Service

Table 9. Projected Population distribution of Ela rural kebele (B1) by mode of service
Year 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038
Population 1818 2160 2565 3040 3618
HC (%) 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1
HC user popn 35 48 64 85 112
YC (%) 2.8 4.8 5.4 6.1 6.8
YC user popn 51 104 139 183 246
YSC (%) 2.0 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1
n
YSC user pop 36 78 105 140 185
PF (%) 56.6 76.6 87.1 97.5 112.5
n
PF user pop 1029 1655 2234 2964 4070
Table 10. Projected Population distribution of Ela rural kebele (B2) by mode of service
Year 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038
Population 2217 2634 3128 3715 4412
HC (%) 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1
15
HC user popn 42 58 78 104 137
YC (%) 4.3 4.8 5.4 6.1 6.8
YC user popn 95 126 169 227 300
YSC (%) 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1
YSC user popn 71 95 128 171 225
PF (%) 67.7 76.6 87.1 97.5 112.5
PF user popn 1501 2018 2724 3622 4964

Table 11. Projected Population distribution of Aba Sirba kebele (B1) by mode of service
Year 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038
Population 3115 3700 4395 5220 6199
HC (%) 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.8
HC user popn 59 81 110 131 174
YC (%) 4.3 4.8 5.4 9 10
YC user popn 134 178 237 470 620
YSC (%) 3.2 3.6 4.1 6.5 7.2
n
YSC user pop 100 133 180 339 446
PF (%) 67.7 76.6 87.1 80.1 78.2
n
PF user pop 2109 2834 3828 4181 4848
User popn = each mode of service in a year times each number of popn in a year
Example the first Ela rural kebele (B1) user pop n of HC in 2018 = HC (%) 2018 * NO of
popn2018
(1.9/100) * 1818 = 35 person. ----------------------- (sample calculation).
3.2.4. Per-Capita Demand (L/cap/day)
The per capita water demand for various demand categories varies depending on the size of
the town, the level of development , the type of water supply schemes, the socio- economic
conditions of the town, cost of water, system of sanitation and climatic condition of the area.
The per capita water demand for adequate supply level has to be determined based on basic
human water requirements and adjusted to the specific conditions of each area as required.

16
The basic human water requirement for different use could vary based on the mode of service
to be used and the closeness to water supply facilities.
The following table shows the composition of the basic human per capita water demand
based on needs for different use adopted for the estimation of water demand for Bidire town.

Table 12. Projected per capita water demand of Ela rural kebele (B1) by mode of service
Year popn HC YC YSC PF
2015 1640 82 15 15 10
2018 1818 101.6 18.6 18.6 12.6
2023 2160 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2028 2565 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2033 3046 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2038 3618 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
Table 13. Projected per capita water demand of Ela rural kebele (B2) by mode of service
Year popn HC YC YSC PF
2015 2000 82 21 15 10
2018 2217 101.6 25.6 18.6 12.6
2023 2634 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2028 3128 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2033 3715 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2038 4412 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
Table 14. Projected per capita water demand of Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2) by mode of
service
Year popn HC YC YSC PF
2015 2810 82 21 15 10
2018 3115 101.6 25.6 18.6 12.6
2023 3700 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2028 4395 107.6 27.2 20.2 13.6
2033 5220 110 28 21 14
2038 6199 110 28 21 14

17
 3.2.5. Total domestic water demand (l/day)
Total water demand is the sum of water required by the population to each services.
Table 15. Total domestic water demand for Ela rural kebele (B1)
Year popn HC YC YSC PF Total
2015 1640 2460.0 903.0 465.0 8590.0 12418.0
2018 1818 3556.0 1305.6 669.6 12965.4 18496.6
2023 2160 5134.8 2828.8 1575.6 22508.0 32077.2
2028 2565 6886.4 3780.8 2121.0 30382.4 43170.6
2033 3046 9146.0 5032.0 2848.2 40392.0 57418.2
2038 3618 12000.0 6691.2 3737.0 55352.0 77780.2
Table 16. Total domestic water demand for Ela rural kebele (B2)
Year popn HC YC YSC PF Total
2015 2000 2952.0 1638.0 870.0 12520.0 17980.0
2018 2217 4267.7 2432.0 1320.6 18912.6 26932.9
2023 2634 6240.8 3427.2 2545.2 27444.8 39658.0
2028 3128 8392.8 4596.8 2585.6 37046.4 52621.6
2033 3715 11190.4 6174.4 3454.2 49259.2 70078.2
2038 4412 14741.2 8160.0 4545.0 67496.8 94943.0
Table 17. Total domestic water demand for Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)
Year popn HC YC YSC PF Total
2015 2810 4182.0 2310.0 1260.0 17620.0 25372.0
2018 3115 5994.4 3430.4 1860.0 26573.4 37858.2
2023 3700 8715.6 3536.0 2686.6 38542.4 53480.6
2028 4395 11836.0 6446.4 3636.0 52060.8 73978.2
2033 5220 14300.0 13110.0 7119.0 58534.0 93113.0
2038 6199 19140.0 17360.0 9336.0 67872.0 113708.0
3.2.6. Adjustment for climate
Changes in climate are one of the factors which affect the water demand of the population
under consideration. Mean annual precipitation of Bidire town is 812 mm and the average of
daily maximum and minimum temperature is 19.6oC. Hence adjustment factor of 1.1 is
adopted.

Table 18. Adjustment factor due to climatic effect

Group Mean annual precipitation Factor
A 900 or less 1.1
B 900 – 1200 1
18
C 1200 or more than 0.9
(Source: Central Status Authority 2007)
3.2.7. Adjustment due to socio-economic conditions
The socio economic adjustment factor is determined based on the degree of the development
of the particular town under study as the socio economic conditions play great role on the
amount of water consumption. The determination of the degree of the existing devolvement
and future potential of the towns depend on personal judgment due to difficult condition in
quantifying many aspects of the development. Bidire town is then classified as a town under
normal Ethiopian condition at present and an adjustment for of 1.00 is adopted.
Table 19. Adjustment factor duet socio-economic condition
Grou Description Factor
p
A Town enjoying high living standards with very high potential development 1.10
B Town having a very high potential for development but lower living 1.05
standards at present
C Towns under normal conditions 1.0
D Advanced rural towns 0.9
(Source: Central Status Authority 2007)
The adjusted per capital water demand according to the climatic and socio-economic
condition is shown in the table below.

Table 20. Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition for
Ela rural kebele (B1)
Year Adjustment factor
Climatic condition Socio-economic condition
1.1 1.0
2015 140.8
2018 174.24
2023 185.5
2028 185.5

19
2033 185.5
2038 185.5
Table 21. Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition for
Ela rural kebele (B2)
Year Adjustment factor
Climatic condition Socio-economic condition
1.1 1.0
2015 140.8
2018 174.24
2023 185.5
2028 185.5
2033 185.5
2038 185.5

Table 22. Adjusted water demand according to climatic and socio-economic condition for
Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)
Year Adjustment factor
Climatic condition Socio-economic condition
1.1 1.0
2015 140.8
2018 174.24
2023 185.5
2028 185.5
2033 190.3
2038 190.3
Sample calculation for adjusted average per capita domestic water demand (2015)
= [82+21 +15+10] x1.1x1.00 =140.8l//d
3.3. Non-Domestic water demand
Non-domestic consumption includes light industrial, commercial and public requirements.
Light industrial is small manufacturing and processing plants, that regular relatively, small
amounts of water. Commercial includes all the hotels, business and trade establishments.
20
Public includes government offices, hospital, schools and public services such as street
flushing, parks maintenance etc. Non-domestic consumptions expressed as a percentage of
the domestic requirement can vary considerably.
3.3.1. Industrial demand (l//day)
The water required for industries mainly depends on the type of the industries which are
existing in the city. The Water required by factories, paper mills, cloth mills, cotton mills,
breweries, etc. comes under industrial use. The quantity of water required for industrial
purpose is around 20 to 25 % to the total demand of the city. But there is no any industry in
Bidire, we can’t account industrial demand in our water demand calculation or there are no
plants and information resending the establishment of any industries in the near future in
Bidire town. Since there is no industry in the town and there is no industrial demand is
included in this project.
3.3.2. Commercial demand (l//day)
Commercial demand consists of water required for restaurants, railways, bus stations,
shopping centers, stores hotels and etc. This demand is to be assumed 10% of the total
domestic demand.
3.3.3. Public demand (l//day)
This demand category includes the water requirement of health post, school, market, and
public facility government offices. This demand is assumed to be 10% of the total domestic
water demand.
3.4. Total demand (l//day)
The average water demand can be determined by adding the three categories of water
demands: namely domestic, non-domestic and industrial water demands. Unaccounted for
water will also be added to this sum. The average water demand represents the daily demand
of the town averaged over the implementation period.
3.5. Unaccounted for Water (l//day)
The water system includes the water lost in the water supply system because of illegal
connection, overflow from reservoir, improper connecting, and water used in treatment
plants. Its percentage usually varies from 15 to 20% depending on the age of the pipes and
complexity of the system.
21
Therefore, in the below of table total domestic demand (TDD = HC + YC + YSC + PF),
public demand (PD) by 10% of TDD, commercial demand (CD) by 10% of TDD,
unaccounted for water (UFW) also by 10% of TDD and total demand (TD = TDD + PD +
CD + UFD) is tabulated.

Table 23. Water demand for public, commercial, unaccounted and average daily demand for
Ela rural kebele (B1)
Year TDD PD CD UFW TD= TDD+PD+CD+UFW
2015 12418.0 1241.8 1241.8 1241.8 16143.4
2018 18496.6 1849.66 1849.66 1849.66 24045.58
2023 32077.2 3207.72 3207.72 3207.72 41700.3
2028 43170.6 4317.06 4317.06 4317.06 56121.78
2033 57418.2 5741.82 5741.82 5741.82 74643.66
2038 77780.2 7778.02 7778.02 7778.02 103114.26
Table 24. Water demand for public, commercial, unaccounted and average daily demand for
Ela rural kebele (B2)
Year TDD PD CD UFW TD= TDD+PD+CD+UFW
2015 17980.0 1798.0 1798.0 1798.0 23374.0
2018 26932.9 2693.29 2693.29 2693.29 35012.77
2023 39658.0 3965.8 3965.8 3965.8 51555.4
2028 52621.6 5262.16 5262.16 5262.16 68408.08
2033 70078.2 7007.82 7007.82 7007.82 91101.66
2038 94943.0 9494.3 9494.3 9494.3 123425.9
Table 25. Water demand for public, commercial, unaccounted and average daily demand for
Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)
Year TDD PD CD UFW TD= TDD+PD+CD+UFW
2015 25372.0 2537.2 2537.2 2537.2 32983.6
2018 37858.2 3785.82 3785.82 3785.82 49215.66
2023 53480.6 5348.06 5348.06 5348.06 69524.78
22
2028 73978.2 7397.82 7397.82 7397.82 96171.66
2033 93113.0 9311.3 9311.3 9311.3 121046.9
2038 113708.0 11370.8 11370.8 11370.8 147820.4
3.6. Fire demand (l/day)
The quantity of water needed to extinguish fire depends upon population, contents of
buildings, density of buildings and their resistance to fire. The quantity of water to extinguish
fire per annum is small compared to the annual overall consumption of water. However, the
rate of use during a fire out break could be so large that it could be a deciding factor in
determining capacities of pump, pipes, reservoirs and flow pressures. Fires generally break in
thickly populated localities and the industrial area and cause serious damage of properties
and some time live of people are lost. Fire may take place due to faulty electric wires by
short circulating, fire catchments materials, explosions, bad intentions of criminal people or
any other unforeseen happenings. If fires are not properly controlled and extinguished in
minimum possible time, they lead to serious damages and may burn the cities. The quantity
of water required for firefighting is about 10% of the average daily demand.
3.7. Livestock’s water demand (l/day)
In these rural villages there are livestock, which uses water from river. Livestock found in the
area includes cattle, sheep and goats. Hence using nearby river for animals is assumed in this
study. The quantity of water required for livestock is assumed to be 10% of the average daily
water demand.
Table 26. Water demand for fire and livestock’s of Ela Rural kebele (B1)
Year 2015 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038
TDD 12418. 18496.6 32077. 43170. 57418.2 77780.2
0 2 6
FD = 10% of TDD 1241.8 1849.66 3207.7 4317.0 5741.82 7778.02
2 6
LD = 10% of TDD 1241.8 1849.66 3207.7 4317.0 5741.82 7778.02
2 6
Table 27. Water demand for fire and livestock’s of Ela Rural kebele (B2)
Year 2015 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038
TDD 17980.0 26932. 39658.0 52621. 70078. 94943.0
9 6 2
FD = 10% of TDD 1798.0 2693.2 3965.8 5262.1 7007.8 9494.3
23
 9 6 2
LD = 10% of TDD 1798.0 2693.2 3965.8 5262.1 7007.8 9494.3
9 6 2

Table 28. Water demand for fire and livestock’s of Aba Sirba Rural kebele (B2)
Year 2015 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038
TDD 25372.0 37858. 53480.6 73978. 93113.2 113708.0
2 2
FD = 10% of TDD 2537.2 3785.8 5348.06 7397.8 9311.32 11370.8
2 2
LD = 10% of TDD 2537.2 3785.8 5348.06 7397.8 9311.32 11370.8
2 2
3.8. Maximum daily demand (l/c/day)
The water consumption varies from day to day through the year. The ratio of the maximum
day consumption to the mean annual day consumption is the maximum day factor. In most
cases the smaller town is the higher the maximum day factor. Since Bidire town is smaller
and taking a maximum day factor of 1.3 has been adopted.
Table 29. Maximum day demand factor
Town population MDF
0 to 20000 1.3
20001 to 50000 1.25
50001 above 1.2
(Source: Central Status Authority 2007)
3.9. Peak hour demand (l/c/hr.)
The peak hour demand is greatly influenced by the size of the town, mode of service and
social activity in the town. It is the highest demand of any one-hour over the maximum day.
It represents the diurnal variation in water demand resulting from the behavioral patterns of
the total population. The peak factor utilized to the peak hour demand show similar
dependences that the maximum day factor for the maximum demand. As in our town the
peak hour factor is 2.0 by depending on population range.
Table 30. Maximum peak hour factor.
24
Town population PHF
0 to 20000 2.0
20001 to 50000 1.9
50000 above 1.7
(Source: Central Status Authority 2007)
The maximum daily demand (MDD) and peak hour demand (PHD) for the three Kebeles
shown in the table below
Table 31. The water demand of average day demand, maximum day demand and peak hour
demand for Ela rural kebele (B1)
Year ADD (l/c/day) MDD (l/c/day) PHD (l/c/hr.)
2015 10.2 13.3 20.4
2018 13.7 17.8 27.4
2023 20.0 26.0 40.0
2028 22.7 29.5 45.4
2033 25.3 32.9 50.6
2038 29.0 37.7 58.0
Table 32. The water demand of average day demand, maximum day demand and peak hour
demand for Ela rural kebele (B2)
Year ADD (l/c/day) MDD (l/c/day) PHD (l/hr.)
2015 12.1 15.7 24.2
2018 16.4 21.3 32.8
2023 20.3 13.4 40.6
2028 22.7 29.5 45.4
2033 25.5 33.2 51
2038 29.1 37.8 58.2

25
Table 33. The water demand of average day demand, maximum day demand and peak hour
demand for Aba Sirba rural kebele (B2)
Year ADD (l/c/day) MDD (l/c/day) PHD(l/c/day)
2015 12.2 15.9 24.4
2018 16.4 24.6 32.8
2023 19.5 29.2 39
2028 22.7 29.5 45.4
2033 24.1 31.3 48.2
2038 24.8 32.2 49.6
Sample calculation: from Ela rural kebele (B1)
ADD = TD/No of popn of each year
ADD2015 = 16768.8/1640
= 10.2l/capita/day
MDD = ADD*MDF, MDF = 1.3
MDD2015 = 10.2*1.3
= 13.3l/capita/day
PHF = ADD*PHF, PHF = 2.0
PHF2015 = 10.2*2
= 20.4l/capita/hr.

26
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. Potential water source selection and well design
4.1. General
The first step in designing water supply system is to select a potentially available source or a
combination of water sources. The capacity of the selected source should be such as to meet
all the demands. There are mainly two aspects on which the success of a water supply
scheme depends. These aspects are amount of available water from the source and the
amount of water actually needed by the town. The source of water should be such that can
provide adequate quantity of water. Availability of water from the source should at least be
equal to the demand. Availability of water from a source which may be surface or ground
ultimately depends upon rainfall. Rainfall is a natural feature, which may be more in one year
and very slack in the next. In drought year, availability of water is minimum. The source of
water for water supply schemes should be such which can provide adequate water even
during severe drought conditions. The selection of Bidire Water Supply Project source
depends upon the adequacy, reliability, quality and ease at which it can be supplied to the
consumer.
4.2. Source selection criteria
Factors which are to be considered while selecting a source of water for a given water supply
scheme are stated below.
Location of the water source
Quantity of water.
Quality of water.
The cost of the water supply scheme.
A. Location: The source of water should be as near as to the town as possible.
B. Quantity of water: the source of water should have sufficient quantity of water to meet
up all the water demand throughout the design period.
C. Quality of water: The quality of water should be good which can very early and cheaply
treat.
D. Cost: the cost of the units of the water supply schemes should be minimum.

27
The selection of the source of supply is done on the above points and the source which will
give good quality and quantity at least cost will be selected.
4.3. Source of water
Possible sources of water supply for Bidire town as indicated from the feasibility study are-
Surface water-rivers because of high rain fall in a region.
Ground water
4.3.1. Surface water
Surface water is the one which is available as run-off from a catchment area, during rainfall
or precipitation. This runoff flows either into streams or into undrained lakes. The runoff
water flowing into streams can either be stored in a reservoir by constructing a dam across it,
or be diverted into a water supply channel. Since there is no available stream gauging station
operated by the Hydrology Department of the Ministry of water Resources (HDMWR) in the
vicinity of the Bidire town, it is difficult to evaluate stream flows there. Therefore it is not
our source for water supply design.
4.3.2. Ground water
Ground water is the water that occurs in the saturated zone of variable thickness and depth
below the earth surface. It is also a portion of water which has percolated beneath the ground
surface to form underground deposits called aquifers.
The modes of occurrence of ground water, therefore, depend largely upon the type of
formation and geology of the area. The possibility of occurrence of ground water mainly
depends upon two geological factors i.e. the porosity and the permeability of the rock.
Ground water is important source of water supply which has a number of advantages. They
may require no treatment or needs small treatment, have uniform temperature thought out the
year, are cheaper than impounding resource and amounts of water available are more certain.
Practically speaking they are not affected by drought in the short run.
Therefore it is our source for water supply design. Ground water sources are further divided
into:
Springs
Infiltration galleries
Infiltration wells
28
 Wells

A. Springs
When the underground water reappears at the ground surface by underground pressure, then
it is known as spring.
Generally springs are formed under following circumstances:
 When the surface of the earth drops sharply below the normal ground water-table.

Figure 2. Gravity springs

 When due to an obstruction ground water is collected in the form of a reservoir and
forces the water to overflow at the surfaces.

Figure 3. Surface spring

 When a pervious layer is sandwiched between two impervious layers.

29
 Figure 4. Artesian spring
B. Infiltration Galleries
It is underground tunnel, which have holes on its sides and used for tapping underground
water near to the river, lakes or streams.

Figure 5. Infiltration galleries

C. Infiltration wells
These are shallow wells constructed under the sandy river bed.

Figure 6. Infiltration well

30
 D.Wells
It is an artificial holes make into the ground for extracting the underground water.
The well may be of two types. These are
i. Open well
It is constructed by digging the earth and it draws water from the topmost pervious layer. The
diameter of this well varies from 1m to 2m and the depth varies from 20m to 30m depending
upon the nature of soil & the water table.
ii. Tube well
It is constructed by sinking Galvanized iron pipes and it draws water from the deeper most
pervious layer. The diameter and the depth of this well varying from 37mm to 150 mm and
100m to 200m respectively, depending upon the nature of soil and suitable water bearing
strata.
4.4. Quality and quantity of ground water
Generally speaking the amount of ground water from any source is limited and cannot
company with surface supplies. At the same time it is of a much better quantity and should
always be preferred for small populations and moderate water supplies .They do not require
costly and exhaustive purification needed for surface water.
4.5. Advantage of ground water for water supply
It is true that when pumping head is large, energy costs may be significantly high.
However, if one considers relatively high investment required for hydraulic structure
such as dam, weir, canons and pipes, the overall economic pictures will show a clear
advantage of ground water.
Climatic fluctuations in ground water levels are usually small relative to the thickness
of aquifer, so that large volume of water stored in the aquifer may serve as aquifer
and supply water during dry season.
Ground water can be supplied to the consumers with little treatment.

31
 4.6. Hydraulics of wells
Water well is a hole or shaft, in most cases, vertical excavated in the earth, or sunk in to the
ground intercepting one or more water bearing strata, for bringing ground water to the
surface.
The objective of water well is:-
To provide water with good quality
To provide sufficient quantity of water
To provide water for long time
To provide water at low cost
4.7. Well site Location
The well site should be easily accessible by drilling rigs and, if rotary methods of drilling are
to be used, the well site may need to be large enough to excavate a large pit to handle drilling
fluid. If possible, a new well should be at a distance away from the nearest well to minimize
overlap of the pumping depressions once the new well is in operation.
4.8. Basic considerations in locating of wells
Each such well shall be located at a relatively high point on the premises consistent with the
general layout and surroundings; be protected against surface wash; be as far removed from
any known or probable source of pollution as the general layout of the premises and the
surroundings will permit; and, so far as possible, be in a direction away from ground water
flow from any existing or probable source of pollution.
No such well shall be located nearby a system for disposal of sewage or other source of
pollution for example drain carrying surface water or of a foundation drain, high water mark
of any surface water body. Greater separating distances shall be required for certain industrial
wastes or certain rock formations.
4.9. Water Well Development
Water well development is a process whereby the mud cake or compacted borehole wall,
resulting from drilling activity, is broken down; the mud cake liquefied and drawn with other
fines into the well.
The main objectives of well development are:-

32
 To correct any damage to or clogging of the water bearing formation; i.e., to remove
mud or clay particles which may have blocked the water movement from the aquifer
into the well.
To increase the porosity and improve the permeability of the water bearing formation
in the vicinity of the well.
To stabilize the sand formation (gravel pack) around a screened well and the
formation immediately
To reduce drawdown in the well during production or pumping.
Well development is the most important for the wells where the formation material has been
disturbed during the construction processes and highly affected by the drilling activity.
The advantage of well development
Sand pumping during well operation will be eliminated to a greater extent
The life of the well will be prolonged
Operation and maintenance costs will be reduced.
The specific capacity of the well will be improved (maximum yield at available
minimum drawdown)
Remove the filter cake or drill in fluid film that coats the borehole, and remove much
or all of the drilling fluid and natural formation solid that have invaded the formation.
Reduce the compaction and intermixing of grain size during drilling by removing fine
material from the pore space.
4.10. Methods of well development
In case of rocks the capacity of well can be increased by explosions in the wells which will
increase the cracks and passage through which water in the wells. In the case of sandy
stratum the yield can be increased by packing gravel around the well. In the beginning when
new well is constructed the water which is drawn contains large quantity of sand. These sand
particles will stick on the mesh of strainer pipe and will decrease the capacity of the well.
Different well development methods have evolved in different areas, because of the
difference of the physical characteristics of aquifer and the type of drilling methods used.

33
 4.10.1. Back washing or back blowing
In this method water is forced in the reverse direction by means of compressed air pressure.
All the sand, clay material which is stickled around the strainer pipe and chocked it is
agitated and removed. These are then removed by means of pumping and bailing.
4.10.2. Surging
It is used to loosen sand and fine materials in the screen and filter zone. The surging action is
created by lifting the water near to the surface by injecting air in to the well and then shut off
the air to allow the water to flow back through the well and formation.
Pumping water with air lift can be used for cleaning a well from sand and fine materials.
Using the air lift means no water, as would be the case if a submersible or turbine pump is
used to clean the well.
4.10.3. Over pumping
Loose sand materials are removed by pumping the well at a higher rate than the well will be
pumped when put in to service. It has advantage that much of the fine material brought into
the borehole is pumped out immediately.
4.10.4. Water jetting
A maximum development efficiently is developed if water jetting is combined with
simultaneous pumping with air lift, as the loosened material is not allowed to settle again.
Well development work must be done in a manner that does not cause under settlement and
disturbance of the strata above the water bearing formation, not disturb the seal affected
around the well casing and thereby reducing the sanitary protection otherwise afforded by
such a seal.
4.11. Well field
There are three springs that serves the community of Bidire town, borehole two that located
at Ela Bidire rural kebele which yields 6l/s and 4.5l/s and borehole three that located at Aba
Sirba rural kebele which yields 3l/s.
4.12. Water well design
Well design is the process of specifying the physical material and dimension for a well. This
includes the selection of a suitable material diameter and thickness of pipe.

34
The size of the well should be properly chosen since it is significantly affects the cost of well
construction. It must be large enough to accommodate the pump that is expected to be
required for the head and discharge (yield) with proper clearance. The diameter must also be
chosen to give the desired %age of open area in the screen so that the entrance velocities near
the screen do not exceed certain values so as to reduce the well losses and hence the draw
down.
The principal objective of good design should ensure:-
The highest yield with minimum draw down consistent and aquifer capability.
Durability of the well so as to coincide with design period.
Reduction of operation and maintenances cost to a certain extent.
Good quality of water with proper protection.
As it is maintained above standard well design procedure involves choosing the casing
diameter and material estimating the well depth, selecting the height, diameter and material
of screen.
i. Well Depth
The depth of a tube well depends up on the locations of water bearing formations, desired
yields of the well and economical considerations. It is determined from the litho logical log
of the area and confirmed from the electrical resistively and drilling time lags. The well is
usually drilled up to the bottom of the aquifer so that aquifer thickness is available,
permitting greater well yield.
In most cases well should be completed to the bottom of the aquifer because:-
More of the aquifer thickness can be utilized as the intake portion of well resulting in
higher specific capacity.
Sufficient space for draw down is available to maintain well yield during dry seasons
or over pumping.
ii. Casing diameter
The size of casing diameter should be properly chosen since it significantly affects the cost of
the construction. The diameter of the casing is chosen to satisfy three requirements:-
The diameter of the casing must be sufficient to accommodate the required discharge
from the
35
 The casing must be large enough for installation and efficient operation of the pump
with enough clearance.
The diameter of the casing must be sufficient to assure that the up holes velocity is
1.5m/s or less

Table 34. Recommended well diameter with various yields

Anticipated well Nominal size of Size well casing (cm)
yield L/min pump bowl (cm)
Minimum Optimum
<400 10 12.5 15
400-600 12.5 15 20
600-1400 15 20 25
1400-2200 20 25 30
2200-3000 25 30 35
3300-4550 30 35 40
4500-6000 35 40 50
6000-10000 40 50 60
Source: Ground water hydrology by David Keith TODD
From the given test data the proposed site for development of well is 6L/s, 4.5l/s and 3l/s.
From the given well yield and casing diameter relationship (table) the recommended
optimum size of casing diameter is 10cm.
iii. Design of well screen
The well screen is the intake portion of the well. The yield of a well depends greatly on the
design and location of the screen. Wells can be screened continuously along the bore or at
specific depth intervals. This depends on the depths and thickness of aquifer layers
encountered. Well screen has openings or slots through which water from the aquifer flows
in to the well. The proper design of the well screen, and the way it is set in the bore hole,
govern a large part of the hydraulic efficiency and the useful life of the well.
In the selection of a well screen, the following basic factors should be considered:
Sufficient structural strength to withstand the pressure of the ground formations
around it,

36
 Adequate open area to allow unimpeded flow of water through it, from the aquifer in
to the well,
Openings or slots so sized that well can operate sand – free.
Resistant to corrosion
Cost
The design of the well screen consists of:
The length of the screen
Its location
Percentage of open area
Size & shape of slots
The selection of screen material
A. Design of length and size of screen
The total length of the screen to be provided for a tube well shall be primarily controlled by
the available thickness of the aquifers. A water well screen is usually a pipe with slots or
openings along its wall. Well screen serves as the intake component of a well and support
and stabilizes the aquifer. In case of confined homogeneous aquifers about 80 to 90% of
central portion of the aquifer is selected for screening. Based on the above information the
length of screen shall be taken as 85% of the main aquifer depth. The main aquifer depth is
20m and consider as confined aquifer.
Screen Length= 85/100*b Where, b is aquifer thickness
= 85/100*15= 13m
The diameter of the screen is selected to satisfy the essential basic requirement that sufficient
open area be provided in the screen.
Guiding values of the screen diameter for different discharges suggested by USBR (Ahrens,
1970).

37
Table 35. Recommended Values of screen Diameter
Discharge in (l/min) Recommended screen dia. In cm
0 to 475 10
475 to 1125 15
1125 to 3000 25
3000 to 5250 30
5250 to 9500 35
9500 to 13300 40
Source: Ground water hydrology by David Keith TODD
From these recommended values the value of screen diameter will be 10cm.
B. Screen material
Provisions of a suitable well screen are the most important part of well design. Well screens
may be of iron, fiber glass, stainless steel, and PVC.
The selection of the material type is depending on:-
Strength to withstand stresses, resistance to corrosion,
Ease of cutting slot sizes and percentage of open area.
Presently the most widely used employed pipe material is stainless steel. For gravel
pack in the well, stainless steel with a slot size of 2.0mm shall be used.
C. Slot size
The size of the slot opening is determined by the size of gravel pack or aquifer material
which the screen has to retain. Oversized slots will cause the pumping of fine materials
indefinitely and clear water will be difficult to obtain. While the under sized slots will
provide more resistance to the flow of ground water, resulting in more head loss and
corrosion. Fine slots are also blocked by small sand and silt particles that are carried up to the
well screen as suspension. Therefore, choosing the right type of the slot of a well screen is
one of the important steps in well design.
D. Entrance Velocity

38
Field experience and laboratory tests show that, the average entrance velocity of water
moving in to the screen should not exceed 3cm /see and less than 2cm / sec. At this velocity,
the friction losses in the screen openings will be negligible & the rates of Incrustation and
corrosion will be minimum. The average entrance velocity is calculated by dividing well
yield by the total area of the screen opening. If the velocities greater than 3cm /sec, the
screen length and or diameter should be increased to provide enough open area so that the
entrance velocity is 3cm / sec or less
Ao*Ve where, Ao = area of openings
Ve – entrance velocity
For kebele 1, Q1 = well yield = 6l/s
For kebele 2, Q2 = well yield = 4.5l/s
For kebele 3, Q3 = well yield = 3l/s
Ao =k* *Ds*Ls
Where, k - percentage of opening
Ds – Diameter of screen =10cm=0.1m
Ls- Length of screen = 13m, which is already calculated.
k = 15% (Assumed)
Ao = 0.15*3.14 * 0.1 * 13
Ao = 0.6123m2
Then, Ve1= Q/A = (6*10-3 m3/s)/ (0.612m2)
Ve1 = 0.98cm/sec much less than the permissible value.
Ve2 = Q/A = (4.5*10-3 m3/s)/ (0.612m2)
Ve2 = 0.73cm /sec much less than the permissible value.
Ve3 = Q/A = (3*10-3 m3/s)/ (0.612m2)
Ve3 = 0.49cm/sec much less than the permissible value.
Therefore, decreasing the length of the screen and or also decreasing the diameter of screen.
So decrease the length of the screen.
With the same fashion the value is obtained by trial and error until reach permissible entrance
Velocity (2cm/sec – 3cm/sec) as shown in the table below

39
Table 36. Permissible Entrance velocity of the well screen.
Q1 Q2 Q3 L Dia K A Ve1 Ve2 Ve3
(m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) (m2) (cm/s) (cm/s) (cm/s)
0.006 0.0045 0.003 13 0.1 0.15 0.612 0.98 0.73 0.49
0.006 0.0045 0.003 12 0.1 0.15 0.565 1.02 0.82 0.57
0.006 0.0045 0.003 11 0.1 0.15 0.518 1.15 0.93 0.68
0.006 0.0045 0.003 10 0.1 0.15 0.471 1.26 1.04 0.79
0.006 0.0045 0.003 9 0.1 0.15 0.424 1.57 1.25 1.01
0.006 0.0045 0.003 8 0.1 0.15 0.377 1.68 1.46 1.25
0.006 0.0045 0.003 7 0.1 0.15 0.33 1.89 1.67 1.46
0.006 0.0045 0.003 6 0.1 0.15 0.283 2.09 1.92 1.77
0.006 0.0045 0.003 5 0.1 0.15 0.236 2.35 2.25 1.99
0.006 0.0045 0.003 4 0.1 0.15 0.188 2.67 2.55 2.05
Therefore, the length of screen is 4m with 15 % opening area and diameter of 10cm with
entrance velocity of 2.67 for kebele one, 2.55 for kebele two and 2.05cm/sec for three.
iv. Design of gravel pack
Placing gravel around a well screen for gravel treatment or gravel packing is necessary in
well design. The gravel pack is recommended in design for:
Stabilizing the fine grained aquifers.
Permitting the use of large slot openings and obtain higher well efficiency in the fine
grained aquifers.
Permitting the single slot-size screen and eliminating the screen-positioning problem
in formations of alternating zones of coarse and fine materials.
Criteria that should be considered in gravel packing:
The gravel pack material should be clean.
Grains of gravel pack material should be smooth and round.
The gravel pack material should be free from suspense material like shale and
gypsum.
It should be uniform.

40
 It should be free oily materials.
In designing a gravel pack, the grading of a gravel pack has to be correctly chosen in reaction
to the particle size distribution of the water bearing formations. It is the relationship between
the grain size of the gravel pack and the grain size of the formations that determines the
proper selection.
a. Thickness of filter pack
From a practical view pint filter pack are usually about 10 to 20 cm thick. Generally, the
thinner the filter, the better it is. However, the thickness of gravel pack should not ordinarily
be less than 7.5 cm. The length of the gravel packing should be provided in the screened
portion of the well for safety, 25% of the length of the screen is additionally used.
Length of gravel packing = length of screen + ¼ length of the screen
Length of gravel pack (Lg) = 13 + ¼ (13) = 16.25cm
There are two types gravel packing, which are uniform gravel size and graded grain size
pack, the former is widely accepted because the size of opening of screen can be controlled.
The practice in EWWCA is packing of wells with uniform grain size gravel.
To find the thickness of the gravel pack, it is better to follow the following procedure
Table 37. Recommendation minimum diameter of surface casing are in given table below
(after USBR)
Well yield Nominal pump Well Grovel packed Nominal
screen
(m3/d) chamber closing dial Neutral Wells
die (cm)
(cm) Developed
<270 15 25 45 5
270-680 20.3 30.5 50 10
680-1900 25 35 45 55
1900-4400 30 40 60 20
4400-7600 35 45 65 25
7600-1400 40 50 70 30
1400-1900 50 60 90 35

Table 38. Volume of filter pack require (m3/m)

Borehole Outside diameter of well screen (mm)
41
(mm) 102 152 102 254 305 406 457 508
203 0.03 0.01
254 0.04 0.01 0.02
305 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.02
406 0.12 0.01 0.1 0.08 0.06
508 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.07 0.04
610 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.16 0.16 0.09
762 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.33 0.33 0.26
In the development site, the yield of the well one 6 l/s, well two 4.5l/s and well three 3l/s.
That is changed l/s to m3/day in the calculation below.
Q1 = 6l/s * 24*3600s/d
= 518400 l/day
= 518.4m3/day
Q2 = 4.5l/s * 24*3600s/d
= 388800l/day
= 388.8m3/day
Q3 = 3l/s *24 * 3600s/day
= 259200l/day
= 259.2m3/day
From table 38(According the recommended diameters) the yield of well three is less than
270m3, but the yield of well one and well two are lies b/n 270 and 680m 3/d. so the diameter
of the well is 305 mm and the nominal screen diameter is 102 mm
Taking these values we find that 0.07m3/m volume of filter packed.
Db = Diameter of bore hole
Ds = Diameter of screen
DG = diameter of gravel packed surface
DG2−Db 2
V =π ; where V =volume of thickness per meter
4
DG2−0.305 2
0.07=3.14 , DG=426 mm , which is near ¿ 450 mm
4
0.450−0.305
Therefore , gravel thickness= =0.0725 m
2
Thickness = 7.25 cm < 7.5 cm (the minimum recommended thickness of gravel)

42
Therefore, the gravel thickness is taken to be 7.5 cm.
b. Length of gravel packing
The gravel packing is specifically required around the screen pipes, but since the material is
poured from the ground level into the bore hole, the pack shall be installed in the entire depth
of the well.
v. Diameter of the well pipe (d)
The diameter of the well pipe (or well tube) depends up on the discharge and permissible
velocity of flow through the perforation or slots of screen. The permissible velocity is usually
limited b/n 1.5 to 4.5 cm / sec, based on the gross cross sectional area of the pipe.
The cross-sectional area of the pipe can be determined from the relation:
A= Q/v where Q-yield of the well
V-permissible velocity
Q1=6l/sec, Q2 = 4.5l/s and Q3 = 3l/sec and take
V1=2.67cm/sec,V2=2.55cm/se and V3 = 2.05cm/sec (safe limit)
A1 = 6*10-3 m3/s/2.67cm/s
=0.225m2
But, A1= πd2/4
⇒ d1= 54cm
A2 = 4.5*10-3 m3/s/2.55cm/s
=0.176m2
But, A= πd2/4
⇒ d2= 47cm
A3 = 3 *10-3m3/s/2.05cm/s
= 0.146m2
But A= πd2/4
⇒d3 = 43cm
vi. Diameter of Bore Hole
The diameter of the bore hole is kept at least 5cm greater than the diameter of the well pipe,
so that the pipe can be easily lowered into the bore hole and gravel packing can be done.

43
Diameter of the Bore Hole=Diameter of the well pipe + Allowance of 5cm + thickness of
gravel packing.
D1 = 54cm + 5cm + 7.5cm
= 66.5cm, taking 70cm
D2 = 47cm + 5cm + 7.5cm
= 59.5cm, taking 65cm
D3 = 43cm + 5cm + 7.5cm
= 55.5cm, taking 60cm
Therefore, the diameter of the bore hole will be B1 = 70cm, B2 = 65cm and B3 = 60cm

CHAPTER FIVE
5. Pumps
5.1. General
The primary function of a pump is to add hydraulic energy to certain volume of fluid. This is
accomplished when the mechanical energy imparted to the pump from a power source is
transfer to the fluid, there by becoming hydraulic energy. Pumps are installed in water wells
to lift the water to the ground surface and deliver it to the point of use. Many types and sizes
44
of pumps are available, ranging in power from a fraction of one horse power to the several
thousand horse power.
The water works engineer is concerned with several factors when deciding up on the
equipment required to pump water. There are the reliability of the service that will be given,
the first cost of the equipment, and the operating cost.
In water works pumps are required under the following circumstances:
At the source of water to lift the raw water from rivers, streams, wells etc. and to
pump it
to the treatment works,
At the treatment plant to lift the water at various units so that it may flow in them due
to its gravitational force only during the treatment of the water,
For the back washing of filters and increasing their efficiency,
For filling the elevated distribution reservoirs or overhead tanks,
To increase the pressure in the pipe lines by boosting up the pressure,
For pumping the treated water directly in the water mains for distribution.
5.2. Selection criteria of pumps
Before the selection of a particular pump, there are various factors which must be kept in
view.
The following are the main factors which should be considered while doing selection of a
pump for a particular scheme.
Capacity: it should be capable of pumping the required quantity of water.
Reliability: it should be reliable and should not fail suddenly and cause trouble.
Cost: It should be cheap in initial.
Power: The power which is used for running pumps should be available easily at low
cost.
Maintenance: The maintenance cost of running pumps should be as small as
possible.
Efficiency: Pumps should have high efficiency.
Depreciation: It should have long life and small deprecation cost.
Cost of labors: It should be low.
45
 Number of pumping units required.
Total lift of the water required.
Quality of water to be pumped.
Out of all types of pumps, centrifugal pumps are the most popular for tapping water from
deep tube wells in many water supply projects. The two mostly used types of centrifugal
pumps are;
Vertical turbine pump
Submersible pump.
Vertical turbine pumps are expensive in the first cost and take a considerable time and skill to
dismantle and re- erect when repairs are necessary. Their capital cost may be double that of
submersible pump of the same capacity. But they are reliable, being robust and designed to
meet continuous heavy duty running. With variable speed motors they can cope efficiently
with varying water levels and out puts. Many remain in active service, especially overseas,
but many have been replaced by submersible pumps. Commonly vertical turbine pumps tend
to be installed when large, varying out puts are required against varying heads.
Submersible pumps are quickly and easily installed and they can be of small diameter. Also
the rising main is free of any spindle and slaving as with the vertical turbine pump. They
need not be installed d truly vertical are in fact being used horizontally as booster pumps in
distribution mains. Their reliability in non-corrosive waters has been proven over the years,
and even in corrosive water they have the distinct advantage that, when they need attention,
they can easily be withdrawn and replaced in a boring. They are cheaper than vertical spindle
pumps don’t need any housing over them, but they are generally less efficient because of the
special design of the motor.
Due to the above mentioned selection criteria and their listed characteristics of the pumps, we
selected submersible pump to withdrawn water from the well and to pump it to collection
chamber.
5.3. Size of Raising Main
For pumping a particular fixed discharge of water, it can be pumped through bigger diameter
pipe at low velocity, or through lesser diameter pipe at very high velocity. But if the diameter
of the pipes is increased, it will lead to the higher cost of the pipe line. On the other hand if
46
the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the increased velocity will lead to higher friction head
loss and will require more horse power for the required pumping ; there increasing a cost of
pumping. As a result of these the design of economical pumping main diameter
5.4. Economical pumping main diameter
Determination of economical diameter of pumping main involves optimization of hydraulic
design, cost and economics of main. The costs of pumping main are investment and running
cost. The investment cost includes pumping cost (material and installation) and pipe cost
(material and installation) whereas running cost involves operation and maintenance cost. To
make an overall decision of the most economical diameter of pumping main, the optimum
economical will be selected using optimization technique. In absence of all the above
information an alternatively the empirical formula given by Lea’s can be adopted.
5.5. Pump Selection
By using the above criteria and based on the type of water source tube well is the best one

and hence submersible pump is also selected.

5.6. Design and selection of electro-Mechanical Equipment’s
Input data for borehole 1 (Ela rural kebele for B1)
 Reservoir elevation = 1620 masl
 Wellhead elevation = 1617masl
 Static water level = 15m
 Draw down = 32m
 Dynamic Water level = 47m
 Recommended pump position = 123m(assume)
 Recommended design discharge =6l/s = 518.4m3/day
 Casing diameter = 10’’(254mm)
 Borehole depth = 76m
Data of feed pipeline:
 Riser pipe GSP DN 150mm, L = 120m(assume)
 Head work pipe GSP DN 150mm, L =2.3m (Assume)
Transmission main: from BH head to junction point, PVC DN 200mm, L =615m (Assume)

47
 5.7. Hydraulic design
Hydraulic design is based on safe yield, Q = 6l/sec, 4.5l/sec and 3l/sec to irrigate 40ha, 30ha
and 25ha of land during peak water requirement of crops. Hence pump diameter, total pump
head, etc. are determined as follows.
 Diameter & Velocity Determination
The well is already drilled with a size having 254mm (10'') casing diameter. In principle, the
diameter of the well casing should be at least 5cm larger than the nominal diameter of the
pump to accommodate the pump with proper clearance for installation and efficient
operation. Therefore, the nominal size of pump bowls should be 304mm (12'') and diameter
of riser pipe can be taken as 150mm (6'').
i. Velocity of water in riser main can be calculated as: V=Q/A
Q
V= π∗D 2
4
V=0.34m/sec
ii. Total submersible pump head
H T = H S +H L

Where, H T = Total submersible pump head

H S = Static head
H L = Head loss

iii. Static head

It is the sum of static discharge head and delivery head

H S = H sd +H d

Static discharge head ( H sd )

It is the vertical distance between the dynamic water level and pump head level Hsd=47m

iv. Delivery head

It is the head above the well level to deliver water to head control and hydro cyclone.

HD = Reservoir elevation – Wellhead elevation

48
 1620m -1617m = 3m
Hs=47m+3m=50m
v. Head Loss
A. Riser pipe and head work pipe loss (h311) DN150, L=122.3m, Q = 6l/s
Using Hazen William’s formula
H3 = 10.7 (Q/C) 1.85 * L / (D) 4.87
Where, C = coefficient of Roughness for GS pipe (130)
D = Pipe diameter (0.15m)
Q = Flow Rate 0.006m3/sec
H = pipe friction loss
L = Riser pipe and head work pipe length = 122.3m
H311 = 10.7 (0.006/130)1.85 x 122.3/ (0.15)4.87
H311 = 0.13m
B. Dynamic Head Loss of Fittings (h312) at wellhead
Table 39. Total dynamic head loss of fitting of BH-1 at wellhead
Dy.
Descriptio Size Vel. Coeff
Unit Qty. Material Formula loss
n (mm) (m/s) (k)
(m)
900 bends PCs 3 GS DN 150 0.17 1.5 n*k* v2 / 2g 0.027
Check
PCs 1 GS DN 150 0.17 1.9 n*n * v2 / 2g
valve 0.011
Gate valve PCs 1 GS DN 150 0.17 0.4 n*k * v2/2g 0.002
flanged 150 0.17 0.005
PCs 1 DCI DN 0.8 n*k(v12-v22)/2g
Enlarger 200 &1.59
Flow meter PCs 1 Gs DN150 0.24bars 0.24
Total dynamic head loss of fittings (h312) at wellhead 0.285
Where, K – coefficient of friction loss
V – Velocity of water
g – Acceleration due to gravity
Total head Losses of riser pipe and head work pipe and fittings (h31)
H31 = h311 + h312 = 0.13m + 0.285m=0.415m
C. Transmission main head losses (h321)

 Straight pipe head loss from wellhead to reservoir inlet (h321)

49
 PVC DN 200mm, L=615 m, Q = 6 l/s

Using Hazen Williams’s formula

H321 = 10.7 (Q/C) 1.85 x L / (D) 4.87

Where, C = coefficient of Roughness for PVC pipe (150)

D = Pipe diameter (0.2m)

Q = Flow Rate 0.006 m3/sec

H32 = pipe friction loss

L = Straight pipe length= 615 m

H32l = 10.7 (0.006/150)1.85 x 615/ (0.2)4.87

H32l = 0.122m
D. Dynamic Head Loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline (h322)
Table 40. Dynamic Head loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline of BH-1
Qty Size Vel. Coeff. Dy.
Description Unit Material Formula
. (mm) (m/s) (k) loss (m)
DN20
900 bends PCs 2 DCI 1.59 1.5 K* v2/2g 0.193
0
Dynamic Head loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline (h122) 0.193
Total head Losses of transmission main pipe and fittings (hl2)
h32 =h321 + h322
0.122m + 0.193m = 0.315m
E. Total Head Losses (hl =HD)
Total Dynamic head loss consist fitting losses + pipe friction losses
HD = hl = h31 + h32
HD = 0.415m + 0.315 m = 0.73m

vi. Total submersible pump Head (HT)

H T = H S +H L
HT=0.73m+50m=50.73m≈ 51m

50
 Therefore, the pump duty Point is selected to be:
Duty Point: 6 l/s at 51m head
vii. Determination of submersible Pump Power (PP)

Taking the above calculated duty point of the pump:

Q = 6 l/s
HT = 51 m
ηP = pump efficiency = 75 %
The required pump power can be calculated from:
PP = (Q * HT) / (102 * ηP)
Where, Q = discharge [l/s]
HT = total head [mts]
η =overall efficiency (assumed 75%)
PP = (6 * 51) / (102 * 0.75)
PP = 3.53kw
viii. Determination of submersible motor power
By assuming 10-20 % for Electric motor overload, the pump motor will be:
Pm = PP x (1 + 0.2), kW
Where, Pp = pump power
Pm = motor power
Pm = 3.537x (1 + 0.2) = 4.236kw ≈ 4kw
Hence, 4.236kw ≈ 4kw motor shall be selected from the available motor rating standards

Input data for borehole-2(Ela rural kebele B2)

 Reservoir elevation = 1629masl
 Wellhead elevation = 1625 masl
 Static water level = 13m
 Draw down = 30.2m
 Dynamic Water level = 43m
51
  Recommended pump position = 127m
 Recommended design discharge = 4.5l/s = 388.8
 Casing diameter = 10” (254mm)
 Borehole depth = 280m
Data of feed pipeline: -
 Riser pipe GSP DN 150mm, L = 122.5m
 Head work pipe GSP DN 150mm, L = 2.4m
Transmission main: from BH-3 head to junction point, PVC DN 200mm, L = 620m

i. Velocity of water in riser main can be calculated as:

V=Q/A
Q
V= π∗D 2
4
V=0.255m/s
ii. Total submersible pump head
H T = H S +H L

Where, H T = Total submersible pump head

H S = Static head
H L = Head loss

iii. Static head

It is the sum of static discharge head and delivery head

H S = H sd +H d

Static discharge head ( H sd )

It is the vertical distance between the dynamic water level and pump head level.H s d = 4 3 m

iv. Delivery head

It is the head above the well level to deliver water to head control and hydro cyclone.

52
 HD = Reservoir elevation – Wellhead elevation
1629m -1625m = 4m
Hs=43m+4m=47m
v. Head Loss
A. Riser pipe and head work pipe loss (h311)
DN 150, L=124.9m, Q = 4.5 l/s
Using Hazen William’s formula
H31 = 10.7 (Q/C) 1.85 x L / (D) 4.87
Where C = coefficient of Roughness for GS pipe (130)
D = Pipe diameter (0.15m)
Q = Flow Rate 0.0045m3/sec
H3 = pipe friction loss
L = Riser pipe and head work pipe length L = 124.9m
H3 = 10.7 (0.0045/130)1.85 x 124.9/ (0.15)4.87
H311 = 0.077 m

B. Dynamic Head Loss of Fittings (h312) at wellhead

Table 41. Total dynamic head loss of fitting of BH-2 at wellhead
Description Unit Qty. Material Size Vel. Coeff. Formula Dy.

53
 loss
(mm) (m/s) (k)
(m)
900 bends PCs 3 GS DN 150 0.17 1.5 n*k* v2 / 2g
0.015
Check valve PCs 1 GS DN 150 0.17 1.9 n*n * v2 / 2g 0.0063
2
Gate valve PCs 1 GS DN 150 0.17 0.4 n*k * v /2g 0.0013
flanged 150 0.17
PCs 1 DCI DN 0.8 n*k(v12-v22)/2g 0.100
Enlarger 200 &1.59
0.24
Flow meter PCs 1 Gs DN150
Bars 0.24
Total dynamic head loss of fittings (h312) at wellhead 0.363
Where, K – coefficient of friction loss
V – Velocity of water
g – Acceleration due to gravity
Total head Losses of riser pipe and head work pipe and fittings (h31)
H31 = h311 + h312 = 0.77m + 0.363m= 1.133m
C. Transmission main head losses (h321)
Straight pipe head loss from wellhead to reservoir inlet (h321)
PVC DN 200mm, L=620 m, Q = 4.5 l/s
Using Hazen Williams’s formula
H321 = 10.7 (Q/C) 1.85 x L / (D) 4.87
Where, C = coefficient of Roughness for PVC pipe (150)
D Pipe diameter (0.2m)
Q = Flow Rate 0.0045 m3/sec
H32 = pipe friction loss
L = Straight pipe length= 620 m
H32l = 10.7 (0.0045/150)1.85 x 620/ (0.2)4.87, H32l = 0.073m
D. Dynamic Head Loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline (h322)
Table 42. Dynamic Head loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline of BH-3
Dy.
Descriptio Size Vel. Coeff.
Unit Qty. Material Formula Loss
n (mm) (m/s) (k)
(m)
54
 DN20
900 bends PCs 2 DCI 1.59 1.5 K* v2/2g 0.193
0
Dynamic Head loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline (h122) 0.193
Total head Losses of transmission main pipe and fittings (hl2)
h32 =h321 + h322
0.073m + 0.193m = 0.266m
E. Total Head Losses (hl)
Total Dynamic head loss consist fitting losses + pipe friction losses
HD = hl = h31 + h32
HD = 1.133m + 0.266 m = 1.399m

vi. Total submersible pump Head (HT)

H T = H S +H L
47+1.399=48.399 ≈49
Therefore, the pump duty Point is selected to be:
Duty Point: 4.5l/s at 49m head
vii. Determination of submersible Pump Power (PP)

Taking the above calculated duty point of the pump:

Q = 4.5l/s
HT = 49 m
ηP = pump efficiency = 75 %
The required pump power can be calculated from:
PP = (Q * HT) / (102 * ηP)
Where, Q = discharge [l/s]
HT = total head [mts]
η =overall efficiency (assumed 75%)
PP = (4.5 * 49) / (102 * 0.75)
PP = 2.88 kW
viii. Determination of submersible motor power
By assuming 10-20 % for Electric motor overload, the pump motor will be:
Pm = PP x (1 + 0.2), kW
55
 Where, Pp = pump power
Pm = motor power
Pm = 2.88x (1 + 0.2) = 3.456kw
Hence, 3.456kw ≈ 3kw motor shall be selected from the available motor rating standards
Input data for borehole 2 (Aba Sirba rural kebele B2)
 Reservoir elevation = 1560.5 masl
 Wellhead elevation = 1556 masl
 Static water level = 11.20m
 Draw down = 28.40m
 Dynamic Water level = 39.6m
 Recommended pump position = 120m (Assume)
 Recommended design discharge = 3l/s = 259.2m3/day
 Casing diameter = 5’’(254mm) Assume
 Borehole depth = 41m
Data of feed pipeline:
 Riser pipe GSP DN 150mm, L = 125m (assume)
 Head work pipe GSP DN 150mm, L = 2.5m(Assume)
Transmission main:
From BH head to junction point, PVC DN 200mm, L = 625m (Assume
i. Velocity of water in riser main can be calculated as: V=Q/A
Q
V= π∗D 2
4
V=0.17m/s
ii. Total submersible pump head
H T = H S +H L

Where, H T = Total submersible pump head

H S = Static head
H L = Head loss

56
 iii. Static head
It is the sum of static discharge head and delivery head

H S = H sd +H d

Static discharge head ( H sd )

It is the vertical distance between the dynamic water level and pump head

level.H s d = 3 9 . 6 m

iv. Delivery head

It is the head above the well level to deliver water to head control and hydro cyclone.

HD = Reservoir elevation – Wellhead elevation

1560.5m -1556m = 4.5m
Hs=39.6m+4.5m=44.1m
v. Head Loss
A. Riser pipe and head work pipe loss (h311)
DN150, L=127.5m, Q = 3 l/s
Using Hazen William’s formula
H311 = 10.7 (Q/C) 1.85 x L / (D) 4.87
Where, C = coefficient of Roughness for GS pipe (130)
D = Pipe diameter (0.15m)
Q = Flow Rate 0.003m3/sec
H31 = pipe friction loss
L = Riser pipe and head work pipe length = 127.5m
H311 = 10.7 (0.003/130)1.85 x 127.5/ (0.15)4.87
H311 = 0.037 m

B. Dynamic Head Loss of Fittings (h312) at wellhead

Table 43.total dynamic head loss of fitting of BH-3 at wellhead

57
 Dy. Dy.
Size Vel. Coeff.
Description loss Qty. Material Formula loss
(mm) (m/s) (k)
(m) (m)
900 bends 3 GS DN 150 0.17 1.5 n*k*v2/2g
0.007 0.015
Check
1 GS DN 150 0.17 1.9 n*k*v2/2g
valve 0.003 0.0063
2
Gate valve 0.0006 1 GS DN 150 0.17 0.4 n*k * v /2g 0.0013
flanged 150 0.17
0.0012 1 DCI DN 0.8 n*k(v12v22)/2g 0.100
Enlarger 200 &1.59
0.24
Flow meter 1 Gs DN150
0.24 Bars 0.24
Total dynamic head loss of fittings (h312) at wellhead 0.252
Where, K – coefficient of friction loss
V – Velocity of water
g – Acceleration due to gravity
Total head Losses of riser pipe and head work pipe and fittings (h31)
H31 = h311 + h312 = 0.037m + 0.252m= 0.289m
C. Transmission main head losses (h321)
Straight pipe head loss from wellhead to reservoir inlet (h321)
PVC DN 200mm, L=625m, Q = 3 l/s
Using Hazen Williams’s formula
H321 = 10.7 (Q/C) 1.85 *L / (D) 4.87
Where, C = coefficient of Roughness for PVC pipe (150)
D = Pipe diameter (0.2m)
Q = Flow Rate 0.003 m3/sec
H32 = pipe friction loss
L = Straight pipe length= 625 m
H32l = 10.7 (0.003/150)1.85 x 625/ (0.2)4.87
H32l = 0.034m
D. Dynamic Head Loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline (h322)
Table 44.dynamic head loss of fitting at transmission main pipeline of BH-3

58
Descriptio Size Velocity Coefficient, Dynamic
Unit Qty. Material Formula
n (mm) (m/s) (k) Loss (m)
0
90 bends PCs 2 DCI DN200 1.59 1.5 K* v2/2g 0.193
Dynamic Head loss of Fittings at transmission main Pipeline (h122) 0.193
Total head Losses of transmission main pipe and fittings (hl2)
h32 =h321 + h322
=0.034m + 0.193m = 0.227m
E. Total Head Losses (hl)
Total Dynamic head loss consist fitting losses + pipe friction losses
HD = hl = h31 + h32
HD = 0.289m + 0.227 m = 0.516m

vi. Total submersible pump Head (HT)

H T = H S +H L
44.1+0.516=44.61m ≈45m
Therefore, the pump duty Point is selected to be:
Duty Point: 3 l/s at 45m head
vii. Determination of submersible Pump Power (PP)

Taking the above calculated duty point of the pump:

Q = 3l/s
HT = 45 m
ηP = pump efficiency = 75 %
The required pump power can be calculated from:
PP = (Q * HT) / (102 * ηP)
Where, Q = discharge [l/s]
HT = total head [mts]
η =overall efficiency (assumed 75%)
PP = (3* 45) / (102 * 0.75)
PP = 1.765 kW
viii. Determination of submersible motor power
By assuming 10-20 % for Electric motor overload, the pump motor will be:

59
 Pm = PP x (1 + 0.2), kW
Where, Pp = pump power
Pm = motor power
Pm = 1.765x (1 + 0.2) = 2.118kw ≈2kw
Hence, 2.118kw ≈ 2kw motor shall be selected from the available motor rating standards.

CHAPTER SIX
6. Service reservoir
Service reservoir requires storing the treated water for supplying water to the users. The
reservoir balances the hourly fluctuation in the water demand. To store and supply purified
water and to treat the residual effluents, well build structures are required. It is important to
restrain cracking so that cracking must minimum (or do not take place). The design is
generally governed by the requirements of the serviceability. Service state, but stability
considerations are important and design must take careful account of the construction
methods to be used.
60
 6.1. Service Reservoir Necessity
Water is stored for several purposes and the following functions are fulfilled by storage or
service reservoirs.
To equalize supply and demand oven a long period of high supply.
To furnish water for such emergencies as firefighting or accidental break down.
It reduces the size of purification facilities and the number of wells required.
It reduces the necessary capacity of high rate pumping equipment’s.
It reduces the site of the transmission mains.
It makes uniform pumping rate possible.
It reduces friction head losses
It reduces operating cost by operating pumps at the rate for maximum efficiency.
Water already pumped it to the elevated tank is more certain of availability that water
at the lower level.
6.2. Design capacity and location
Reservoir capacity is determined on the following basis
1. Balancing storage: - is required to equalize between the fluctuations of demand rate
with constant rate of pumping.
2. Fire reserve- is the storage required for fighting a fire out break for Bidire town, the
fire demand is considered as 10% of the reservoir capacity.
3. Break dawn storage: - This is the amount of storage down during the failure of power
supply or break down of pumps. The period against which it is stored is difficult to
ascertain and storing cannot be done for a long period, as that will make the reservoir
capacity uneconomically large.
As maintained at the feasibility study, the elevation range of town is from 1200 to 1700
a.m.s.l. The average elevation of the town is about 1450 above mean sea level and the
existing reservoirs are located near to the municipality office at the elevation of 1700m. So,
we adopt the area near by municipality office for our service reservoir location.
6.3. Reservoir type
The operational processes within the water and other industries dealing with fluids often
require circular structures to ensure their systems of work carried out efficiently and
61
economically. Hence circular tank/reservoir is our chosen for the design of Bidire town water
supply.
The primary stresses setup with in the structure are usually a result of the ring tension
generated by the contained liquid and the main reinforcement, therefore, consists of bond of
circular steel hoops. The ability of the cylinder to increase in diameter is resisted; however at
the base cohere restraints occur. If out ward movement is prevented by a fixed joint the ring
tension will be zero and vertical bending movement and shear force will occurred.
Out of three types of base conditions, i.e. free sliding , pined and fixed base, fixed base is the
most effective due to the above reasons i.e. the ring tension will be zero and only vertical
bending moment and shear force will occur. Therefore, due to its effectiveness, fixed base
type is selected for the design of the circular reservoir.
6.4. Accessories of Service Reservoirs
The service reservoirs are to be provided with the following accessories.
1. Storage tank: - is the most important component. The site and shape of which depend
on the design requirements.
2. In let pipe: - for enter of water
3. Man holes: - for providing entry to the inside of reservoir for inspection and cleaning.
4. Out let Pipe: - for the exit of water above full supply level
5. Wash out pipe :- ( Drain off pipe) – for removing water after cleaning of the
reservoir. This is fitted at the lowest possible water level in the reservoir.
6. Float Games: - This is a float arrangement fitted with a graduated scale, which
indicates the water level in the tank at any time.
7. Over flow pipe: - For some reason or other if the water raises above the full designed
level of the tank it goes out of the tank through the over flow pipe.
8. Ladders: - They give facilities of climbing the top of the reservoir form tank roof.
9. Air Vent: - This will allow fresh air to enter the reservoir which helps keeping the
stored water under better condition.

62
 6.5. Depth of reservoirs
There is an economic depth of service reservoir for any given sites for a given quantity of
water either a shallow reservoir having long walls and a large area may be constructed or
alternatively a deep reservoir constructed with high retaining walls and a smaller floor area.
Depth of a given storage is governed by:-
Depth at which suitable foundation conditions are encountered.
Depth at which outlet main must be laid.
Slope of ground water and type of backfill.
Shape and size of land available.
Table 45. Recommended height of reservoir
Site (m3) Depth of water (m)
Up to 300 2.5 to 3.5
300 to 1500 3.5 to 5
Over 1500 5 to 7
Depending on these factors, for the reservoir the volume is 50m3 we take the depth 2.8m are
practically acceptable.
6.6. Methodologies to determine reservoir capacity
The most appropriate and economical approach to determine storage volume of reservoirs is
to carry out 24-hours supply and demand simulation and then produce the corresponding
mass curve this methodology requires adequate and reliable recorded historical data of hourly
water demand fluctuation of the distribution area.
The other alternative approach (methodology) which is practiced in many water supply
projects is to take a certain percentage of maximum day demand which gives enough storage
for both balancing and breakdown reserve.
6.7. Reservoirs capacity determination
The capacity can be analytically determined by finding out maximum cumulative surplus
during the stage when pumping rate is higher than water consumption rate and adding to this
maximum cumulative deficit which occurs during the period when the pumping rate is lower
than the demand rate of water.
Reservoir volume
MDD = 37.7 + 37.8 + 32.2

63
 =107.7lm3day
1
Volume ( V )= MDD
3rd
1
Volume ( V )= rd
107.7 m 3 /day
3
Volume (V) = 35.9m3
By considering for fire demand = 10% of domestic demand
Volume (v) = 35.9 + 35.9 * (0.1)
= 39.49m3
For safety provide a reservoir with a capacity 50m3
6.8. Design criteria of water tanks
Analysis and design of water tanks are based on two criteria:
1. Strength
Assumes a cracked section, low allowable stress of concrete & steel are specified in the code
in order to limit the width of cracks and thus reduce the chance of leakage and corrosion of
reinforcement.

1. Resistance to cracking

64
Assumes a limiting tensile stress of the concrete, design is based on un-cracked section. The
governing factor have is the allowable tensile stress in concrete and compatibility of strains
across the section shown in figure below.

Figure 7. Resistance to cracking

The following flexural stress formula are used to determine the stresses in the concrete and
steel.
M −X
fcc=
Ice
M∗( D−X )
fct= ≤ fct , Allow
Ice
n .m . Ice
And fs=
d−x
ES
Where, n – modular ratio of steel to concrete n=
EC
Ice – moment of area of equivalent concrete section
b . x3
Ice= +b . ¿ ¿
3

65
Stresses in concrete and steel are determined using (if subjected to direct tension):
T
fs= ≤ fct , Allow
Ace
And
n .T
fs=n . fct
Ace
Where Ace – equivalent concrete area (Ace = Ac + (n −1).As)

Figure 8. Checked concrete section

a. Allowable stresses in concrete
i. For resistance to cracking
The allowable tensile stress in concrete that control crack should be taken as in table given
below.
Table 46. Allowable tensile stress in concrete
Concrete grade fct ,allow (N/mm2)
Direct tension Due to bending
C-25 1.31 1.84
C- 30 1.44 2.02
ii. For strength calculations (elastic design method)
The allowable compressive stress in concrete shall be taken as given the table below. The
modular ratio “n” may be taken as 15.
Table 47. Allowable compressive stress in concrete.
66
Concrete grade fct ,allow (N/mm2)
Direct tension Due to bending
C-25 6.95 9.15
C-30 8.37 11.0
b. Allow able stresses in steel
i. For resistance to cracking
The tensile stress in steel will be limited by the avoidance of crack or limitation of crack
width and it is related to the allowable tensile stress of concrete.
ii. For strength calculations (EDM)
The allowable tensile stresses in steel shall be taken as given in table below
Table 48.Allowable tensile stress in steel
Condition of Class of exposure fct, allow (N/mm2) fs, allow (N/mm2)
Exposure
Direct tension Alternate wetting and drying 85 125
Flexural tension Continuous liquid contact 115 130
Compression Both 125 140
c. Reinforcement details
Reinforcement should normally be placed near the surface of the concrete but the minimum
cover should not be less than 40mm. The minimum steel areas in each of the two directions
at the right angles are 0.3% of the concrete area (0.15% near each faces) for deformed bars or
0.5% of the concrete area (0.25% near each faces) for plain bars
i. In members up to 200mm thick, minimum reinforcement should be placed in one
layer.
ii. In members over 200mm thick, minimum reinforcement should be equally
divided so that there is a layer in each face.
iii. In members greater than 500mm thick, the thickness should be taken as 500mm
for determining minimum reinforcement.
iv. Maximum spacing of rain for cement should not exceed

{thicness300of mm
… section
6.9. Structural design of reservoir
The design method of water retaining structures is carried out by:-
a. Limit state design method
67
 b. An elastic design method
Since elastic design method is more traditional method it can be rejected. According to the
code provision (BS-8007), for the design of water tank use of limit state design method is
preferable.
Limit state design method is based on;-
Ultimate limit state
Serviceability limit state
Ultimate limit state; - the procedure is the same as any reinforced concrete structure.
Serviceability limit state; - design will involve classification of each member according to its
crack with category. It will be required to consider three specific cases. Flexural tension in
mature concrete (resulted from both dead and imposed load)
Direct tension in mature concrete (resulted from hydrostatic loading)
Direct tension in immature concrete (caused by restraint and thermal shrinkage)
Capacity of reservoirs: the capacity of reservoir that is need for those town are = 60m3
Depth of water (h) = let 2.8m
Free board = 0.2m
π D2 h
Volume( V )=
4
By considering the highest reservoir volume:
π ¿ D2∗2.8
220=
4
D = 10m
Parameters
Adopt C-35 grade concrete f cu =35Mpa
f cu 35
f ck = = =28 Mpa
γ c 1.15
0.85 f ck 0.85∗28
f cd = = =15.87 Mpa
1.5 1.5
f yk 460
S=460 Mpa=f yk → f yd = = =400 Mpa
γ c 1.15
ES=2∗105 Mpa , Ec =13333.3 Mpa❑
68
 ES 2∗105
= =15
E c 13333.3
Minimum cover =50mm
Maximum crack width 0.2mm
Using P.C.A table 45
h+t 2.8+0.225
LV = = =2.9125 m
2 2
D D 2.8 0.225
r= + = + =2.6125 m
2 2 2 2
LV 2 2.91252
= =7.22
2∗r∗t 2∗2.6125m∗0.225

Table 49. Tension in the circular rings

69
 Maximum tension at depth of 0.6Lv (Ft) =coefficient*r*Lv*g
Where the value of coefficient = 0.5506
r=load or pressure (KN/m2) =9.81
Ft=0.5506*9.81*2.9125*2.6125=41.1KN

Table 50. Moment in the circular wall

70
 Max positive moment at depth 0.7Lv (+Mmax) = coefficient*r*Lv3
From table (27) coefficient = 0.00431
+Mmax=0.00431*9.81*2.91253=1.045KNm
Maximum negative moment (-Mmax) =coefficient*r*Lv3
From table27, coefficient = -0.0162 at 1.0H by interpolation
-Mmax =-0.0162*9.81*2.91253=-3.93KNm
Table 51. Shear at the base of concrete wall
71
 Shear (V) coeff*r*Lv2
From table 28 for triangular load, fixed base, coefficient =0.183
V=0.183*9.81*2.91252 = 44.35KN
Ultimate force
Direct tension (Ft) = 41.1*1.44 = 59.2KN
Moment (M) =3.93*1.44 =5.66 K/Nm
Shear (V) = 44.35*1.44 = 63.86 K/Nm
Thickness of wall, t = 225mm
⇒d = t-cover-/2
= 225-50-10/2 = 170mm (taking  =10mm)
For the design of reinforced concrete, the following components are considered
72
For design of reinforced concrete, per unit width (1m)
1. Horizontal hoop reinforcement
2. Vertical reinforcement
3. Cover (top) slab
4. Base (floor) slab
1. Horizontal hoop/ring reinforcement
i. As min in mature concrete
Outer zone = t/2*min*b = (225*0.35*10^3) / (2*100) = 394mm2
Inner zone = as outer zone = 394mm2 (min for mature concrete = 0.35% according to
BS8110)
ii. Asmin for pure tension
Asmin = min *t/2*b
(min for pure tension = 0.45% according to BS 8110)
Asmin = (0.45*225*1000)/ (100*2) =506.25mm2 each face
iii. Deemed to satisfy maximum service stress
Asmin = Ft/fs allow, But Ft = 41.1KN, fs allow = 130 (from table)
Asmin = 41.1*103/130 = 316.2mm2
use10mm @ 245mm c/c
π∗102 2
as= =78.5 mm
4
b∗as
spacing(S )= =248.5 mm ≈ 245 mm
Asmin
S=245mm > Smin = 25mm
< Smax = 300mm, ok
Service load condition
Check crack width for direct tension (max)
Try 10mm @ 200mm c/c each face
Number of bar b/s=1000/200=5 each face
A ¯¿ b π∗10 2∗1000
as= = =392.5 for single face
spacing 4∗200

73
 2As = 2*392.5 = 785mm2 for both face
ft 41100
fs= = =52.36 N /mm2
2 As 785
fs 52.36
ε 1= = =0.000262
ES 2∗105
2∗b t∗t 2∗1000∗225
ε 2=stiffiningeffect = = =0.000955
3∗ES∗As 3∗200000∗785
ε m=ε 1−¿ ε =0 .000955−0.000262=0.000694 ¿
2

10
10+ +50=65
2
C max=3∗a cr∗ε m but acr =√ 1002+ 652−5=95.32 mm2

Assume 10 mm vertical and 10mm bars max

C =3*95.32*0.000694 = 0.198<0.2mm ok!

Check crack width for moment (max)

Elastic theory equation
K=¿
Try main bending reinforcement of 12mm c/c 250mm
π∗10 2∗1000 2 ∅ 10
As= =348.89 mm /m, d =t−cover− =225−50− =170 mm
225 2 2
As 348.89
ρ= = =0.00205
bd 170∗1000

74
 K=¿

Z=d 1 ( k3 )=170 (1 0.219

3 )
=157.57 mm

X =k∗d=0.129∗170=37.17 mm
Where Z = lever arm
X = depth to neutral axis
M 3.93∗106
stress∈steel ( σ s ) = = =71.48 Mpa
As∗z 348.89∗157.57
σ s 71.48
ε sb = = =0.00036
Es 71.48
t−x
ε 1 ¿ ε sb ( d−x )=0.00036 ( 225−37.272
170−37.272 )
=0.000506( stiffness effec t of concrete on bending)

( t−x )−( a−x )∗b

strain reduction ε 2= ( 3∗ES∗As( d−x) )
, butfor slabs a=t∧b=1000

strain reduction ε 2=¿

ε m=0.00127−0.000506=0.000763
a cr= √¿ ¿

3∗acr∗ε m 3∗120.225∗0.000763
C w=
( 1+2(a cr −Cmin
t−x
=
) )(
1+2
120.225−50
(
225−37.27 ) )
=0.157 mm<0.2 … . ok !

Provide horizontal reinforcement bar 10mm c/c 200mm.

2. Vertical Reinforcement
Asmin = rmin*t/2*b
According to BS 8007 (which is preferable for water retaining structure)
min = 0.35%
Asmin = (0.35*225*1000)/ (100*2) = 394mm2/m
Using 10 mm bars, as =*102/4=78.5mm2
Spacing S= (b*as)/ (Asmin) =1000*78.5/394 =199mm >Smin = 25mm, <Smax =300mm
Provide 10mm vertical reinforcement @ 190mm c/c

75
 Figure 9. Vertical reinforcement

3. Cover slab
Cover slab of circular reservoir is treated as area of slab, which is carrying load for
maintenance and service in addition of its own weight
clear diameter D=5m
clear radius r=2.5
wall thickness t=0.225m
center diameter D`=D+ t = 5+0.225 = 5.225m
center radius r`= D`/2 = 5.225/2 = 2.6125m
76
 According to EBCS
live load (LL) =0.5KN/m2
thickness of minimum cover slab =15cm
unit weight of concrete g concrete =24KN/m3
Assume cover slab as freely supported as edges and loaded uniformly
Use Ultimate strength Limit state
Adopt the design parameters as stated above i.e. fcu = 35Mpa, fck = 28Mpa,
fcd = 15.87Mpa S= fyk = 460Mpa , fyd = 400Mpa
Load on slab per m2
Dead load DL= 0.15*24KN/m3 =1.152KN/m3
Live load LL = 0.5 KN/m2
Then design load on slab WD = 1.3DL+1.6LL
WD= 1.3*1.152+1.6*0.5= 2.2976KN/mL
Design moment for simply supported slab under uniform load
i. At center (r=0)
Mr = Mo =3/16*wd*a2=3/16*2.2976*2.52 =2.6925KNm/m
Where wd = design load on slab
r =a=clear radius
Mr = radial bending moment
Mo = circumferential bending moment
At edge of slab support r=a, mr=0
Mo=WD*a2/8 =2.2976*2.52/8 = 1.795KNm/m
ii. At edge of slab Vr (max) =wd*a/2 = 2.2976*2.5/2 =2.872KN
Therefore for the absolute maximum moment Mmax =2.6925KNm/m
Check the thickness for single reinforcement
M max
Effective slab depth , d req =
√ μmax∗f cd∗b
Maximum design constants of single reinforcement section ACI code for S-460Mpa,
max = 0.382 and max = 0.309

77
 M max 2.6925∗106
d req =
√ μ max∗f cd∗b √
=d req =
0.309∗15.87∗103
23.432mm

Assuming 10mm bar and 15mm cover slab

Thickness of slab (t) =dreq + cover +/2
t=23.432+15+10/2 = 43.43<48mm (assumed) ok!
Therefore Md = 2.6925 KNm, t= 48mm, b =1000mm, d = 48-15-10/2 = 28mm
A. At center of slab
Md 2.6925∗106
μ= = =0.2164 ≤ 0.309
f cd∗b∗d 2 15.87∗105∗822
The section is designed for the single reinforcement
d 28
Z= ( 1+ √1−2∗μ )= ( 1+ √ 1−2∗0.2164 ) =24.54 mm
2 2
Required tension at the bottom
Md 2.6925∗106 2
As= = =274.255 mm
f yd∗Z 400∗24.54
0.6∗b∗d 0.6∗1000∗28
274.255 mm2 ≥ = =42mm 2
f yd 400

π∗102 2
spacingof ∅ 10 mm bars , as= =78.5 mm
4
as∗b 78.5∗103 2
S= = =286.23 mm < Smax =300 mm> S min=25 mm
As 274.255
Provide ∅ 10@ 280mm c/ c at the bottom in the form of mesh
B. At the edge of slab (circumferential reinforcement ring slab)
Md = Mo=1.795 KNm
d=48-15-10/2 = 28mm
Md 1.795∗106
μ= = =0.1443<0.309
f cd∗b∗d 2 15.87∗103∗282
d 28
Z= ( 1+ √1−2∗μ )= ( 1+ √ 1−2∗0.14430 )=25.8 1 mm
2 2
Md 1.795∗106 2 0.6∗b∗d 2
As= = =173.875 mm ≥ =42 mm
f yd∗Z 400∗25.81 f yd

78
 as∗b π∗82∗1000
S= = =289 mm<S max =300 mm
As 4∗4173.875
Provide ∅ 8 @280mm c/ c
C. Development length of 14mm bars
Development length is the length of bars that sufficiently anchor bars in concrete, prevents
the slippage of the bars and maintaining integrity of the system.
Anchorage length of bar under direct tension also applied to bar subjected to tension due to
flexure .Therefore codes give expression of development length of bars as;
∅∗f yd 0.35∗ √ f cu
ld= , f bd =2 f ctd ∧f ctd = (ESCP 2183)
4∗f bd 1.15
Where ld =development length
fyd= Yield strength of steel = 0.87fy
fbd = 2fctd for deformed bars (EBCS -2195)
0.35∗√ 35
f ctd= =1.3804
1.5
10∗400
ld = =362.21mm ≈ 370 mm
4∗2∗1.3804
ld 370
number of ringbars= = + 1=1.32+1=2.32 ≈ 3 bars
S 280
Provide 3ring bars of ∅ 100mm @280mm c/c placed at bottom of slab just above mesh
reinforcement.
Check thickness of slab for shear
Design shear strength of concrete (ESCP 2183) limit state method
At edge of slab Vmax = WD*r/2= 2.2976*2.5/2 = 2.87KN
Design shear strength of slab = Vc = 0.4fctd (1+50ρ) b*d
As π∗102
but ρ= ≤ 0.01→ =0.0028≤ 0.01 … … … … ok !
b∗d 4∗103∗28
Vc = 0.4*1.3804(1+50*0.0028)*103*28 = 17.625KN
Vc = 17.625KN³Vmax = 2.87 KN…………… ok!
Therefore, the thickness is sufficient for shear

79
 Figure 10. Roof slab
5. Design of Base slab
Design of base slab is similar to design of circular slab subjected to the weight of water
depending on the supported slab
i. Stress checking against limit
Assume thickness of base slab tbase= 150mm
Unit weight of concrete c = 24KN/m3
Load of water w =w*h*A = 9.81*2.8*52/4 = 539.06KN
Load of cover slab =c*t*A = 24*0.15*52/4 = 70.65 KN
Load of circular wall = c*t*hp = 24*0.225*5.225*3.5
= 310.083 KN
Load of base slab = c*tb*Ab = 24*0.15*52/4 = 77.15 KN

80
 Total load = 997KN
From equilibrium condition
Stress P (pressure) = total load /area = (4*997)/ (52) = 50.8KN/m2
P=50.8KN/m2 as =100KN/m2 …………… ok!
Whereas = assumed allowable bearing pressure for moderate soil
h=height of water
h = height of wall including free board
Since the pressure obtained is within safe limit, therefore the diameter of foundation slab
may be equal to the diameter of the external wall of reservoir.
Take diameter of foundation =5m
ii. Limit state design for empty reservoir condition
Total load excluding load of water = 997-539.06KN = 458KN
From equilibrium total load = AP = 458
⇒P = (458 x 4)/ (x 52) = 23.33 KN/m2 a = 100KN/m2 …………ok!
Mmax =3/16 x Wd x a2 = (3 x 2.2976 x 2.52)/16 = 2.7KNm
M max 2.7∗106
Check depth for flexured req =
√ μ max∗f cd∗b √
=d req =
0.309∗15.87∗103
23.43mm

Assume ∅ 10 mm ¯¿ cover of 50 mm
∅
d=d req + cover + =23.43+50+5=78.43< 300(assume thickness )
2
∅
depth effevtive , d eff =t slab−cover− =150−50−5=95 mm
2
d eff
Z= ( 1+ √ 1−2∗μ )= 95 ( 1+ √1−2∗0.309 ) =77 mm
2 2
M max 2.7∗106 2
As= = =87.5 mm
f yd∗Z 400∗77
as∗b π∗102∗1000
S= = =224.35 mm
As 4∗87.5
Provide ∅ 10mm bar @220mm c/c placed at the top of the slab
iii. Minimal and thermal reinforcement
Minimum tension reinforcement
81
 As = x t x b where = 0.0013 for high yield steel fctd
AS = 0.0013 x 150 x 1000 = 195mm2 (wall to support each on one face, water on the other)
ρmin∗t∗b 0.35∗150∗1000 2
minimum horizontal steel= = =262.51 mm externan force
2 2∗100
Provide ∅ 10mm bars and R=0.5,  =0.000012/oC
T1+T2 = 35oC and max = 0.2mm, max = Smax x R x T x 
f ct∗∅ f ct∗∅∗R∗α∗T 1∗100
Smin = , ρ %= =0.56 %
f b∗2∗ω f b∗2∗ω
ρ %∗t∗b 0.56∗150∗1000
As= = =420 mm 2
2 2∗100
as∗b 78.5∗1000
spacing(S )= = =187 mm
As 420
Provide ∅ 10mm bar @180mm c/c placed at the top of the slab

Figure 11. Base slab

6.10. Reservoir Appurtenances
1. Inlet Line

82
The size of the inlet line is determined by the supply and demand requirements. The inlet line
on all reservoirs must have a shut-off valve located adjacent to the reservoir.
2. Outlet or Discharge Line
Like the inlet line, the size of the outlet line is determined by the supply and demand
requirements. The upstream-end of the outlet pipe is usually installed at least 5 cm, above the
floor of the reservoir to create a dead volume of water. This dead volume of water at the
bottom of the reservoir acts as settling zone, where particles are allowed to settle and kept
from entering the water distribution line. These dead volumes of water are drained via a
drainage pipe. The outlet line must also have a shut-off valve located adjacent to the
reservoir. In floating-on-the-line reservoirs, there is only one inlet and outlet line.
3. Drain Line
This is provided for draining and cleaning the reservoir. Draining could be done through the
inlet–outlet line by shutting off the valve controlling the flow in the main line and opening
the drain valve. To facilitate cleaning, the floor of the reservoir is sloped towards the drain.
4. Ventilation facilities
These are provided in reservoirs to allow the air to escape fast enough to prevent pressure
from building up inside the reservoir during filling, and to prevent a vacuum from forming
when water is being drawn out. The ventilation facilities should be designed to keep rain and
surface water from entering, and they should be screened to keep out insects. Overflow and
drainage pipes should be designed with a valve chamber to prevent rodents from entering the
reservoir.
5. Overflow Line
Reservoirs should be provided with an overflow line large enough to allow the maximum
anticipated overflow (pump or spring capacity) and should be properly screened and covered
like an air vent.
6. Manholes and Covers
These are installed in reservoirs to serve as entrance during repair, cleaning and maintenance.
To prevent the entry of surface water which may contain pollutants, manholes should be
installed slightly raised above the roof level and must be equipped with an overlaying cover.
The cover is also necessary to prevent the sun’s rays from promoting algae growth.
83
 7. Water Level Indicators
These are used to indicate the water level inside the reservoir. Depth gauges using a float and
wires are usually used.
8. Control Valves:
The use of reservoir control valves will depend on the type of controls and means of
operation to be employed for the system. The flow into the reservoir may be stopped
manually or automatically by a float valve, pressure switch or equivalent device. Water meter
will be provided on outlet pipe to record the total flow of water to the distribution network.
The reading should be recorded daily, so that the data could be utilized for future study in
estimating the actual water demand of the area and loss in the distribution system.
CHAPTER SEVEN
7. Water treatment
The raw water which is found in various sources cannot be directly used by the public for the
various purposes, before removing the impurities. For palatability the water should be from
unpleasant tastes, odors and must have sparkling appearance. The water must be free from
pathogenic organisms and toxic substances such as heavily metals causing health hazards.
Therefore, the purpose of water treatment is to convert the water taken from a source (ran
water), in to a drinking water suitable for domestic use.
The amount and type of treatment process mill depend on the quality of raw water and the
standards of quality to be required after treatment.
7.1. Objects of treatment
The main object of the treatment processes is to remove the impurities of raw water and bring
the quality of water to the required standards.
The objects may be summarized as follows:-
To remove the dissolved gases, murkiness and color of water
To remove the unpleasant and objectionable tastes & colors from the water.
To kill all pathogenic organisms which are harmful to the human health.
To make water fit for domestic use as cooking and washing and various industrial
purposes as dyeing, brewing, steam generation etc.

84
 To eliminate the tuber collating and corrosive properties of water this affects the
conduits and pipes.
The degree and quality of treatment is directly depending up on the impurities present in
water and the standards of water required for public use. Accordingly, for the Bidire town
Water Supply Project the result of water analysis made on the Sample reveals that, the water
contains pathogenic bacteria which are more than the limit forwarded by WHO. Therefore,
the treatment required to remove or minimize the number of these bacteria is disinfection.
7.2. Disinfection
It is the process of killing the pathogenic bacteria from water and making it safe to the public
use. It doesn’t mean that destruction of all living things in the water, because total destruction
is only by sterilization. The main object of disinfection is to prevent contamination of water.
Before the water is supplied to the public it is at most necessary to kill all the disease causing
bacteria.
7.3. Methods of Disinfection
A. By boiling the water: - The water can be disinfected by boiling for 15 to 20 minutes.
All the pathogenic bacteria’s can be killed by this method. This is very costly method
and cannot be used for water works, but it can be used in emergency by individuals
during the break up of epidemics in the locality.
B. By using ozone: - Ozone is very efficient disinfectant. It is used in gaseous form. This
method can be used only if electricity is easily and cheaply available at water works.
C. By using excess lime:-Lime is usually used for reducing hardness of water. It has been
noted practically that if some additional quantity of lime is added than what it actually
requires for removal of hardness, it will also disinfect the water while removing the
hardness. The addition of excess lime increases the PH value of the water which may be
harmful to human health.
D. By using ultra-violet rays: - Ultra-violet rays are invisible light rays having wave
lengths 1000 to 4000mμ. These rays are very effective disinfectant and kill all the
disease producing. But this process is costly and requires technical skill and costly
equipment, this method is mainly used for disinfection of water in swimming Pool.

85
E. By potassium Permanganate: - Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is the most
common disinfectant and used in the villages for disinfection of dug well water, pond
water or private source of water. In addition to the killing of bacterial, it also reduces the
organic matters by oxidizing them. Since the efficiency of killing bacterial is 98% and
not 100% and the color of the water becomes light pink, it is not being used.
F. By using iodine & Bromine: - All the pathogenic bacteria can be killed within 5
minutes contact period by adding Iodine and Bromine in water but their quantity should
not exceed 8ppm. These disinfectants are easily available in the form of pills and also
handy. Due to the high cost, they are not used in water works of public water supplies
but they are used in individual dwellings.
G. By using chlorine: - when chlorine is added to water it produces nascent oxygen which
kills the bacteria. This method is cheap and most reliable.
Therefore, in the case of Bidire water supply system this method of disinfection is selected.
7.4. Disinfection by Chlorination
When chlorine is added to water, it produces nascent oxygen which kills the bacteria. The
method is cheap and most reliable.
The following are the types of chlorination depending up on the amount of chlorine added or
the stage of treatment or the result of chlorination.
A. Plain Chlorination: - The plain chlorination is the process of chlorination in plain or raw
water in the tanks or reservoirs by this method bacteria is removed from water and the
growth or algae is controlled. This method also helps in removing color and organic
matter from water. The amount of chlorine required is o.5 ppm.
B. Pre chlorination: - when chlorine is added to raw water before any treatment i.e. before
sedimentations this type of chlorination is known as pre-chlorination .The dose of
chlorine applied should be such that at least 0.2 to 0.5 ppm of residual chlorine comes to
the filter plant. Pre-chlorination improves coagulation reducing the amount of coagulants
and reduce the lead on filters there by increasing their efficiency.
C. Post chlorination: - The addition of chlorine after all the treatment being applied to
water is called post chlorination. This is done before the water enters the distribution

86
 system. The amount of chlorine added should be such that residual chlorine of about
0.22pm appears in water after a contact period of 20minutes.
D. Double chlorination :- If chlorine is added to water at more than one point the process is
called double chlorination Both pre-chlorination and post chlorination are done when the
water contains large number of bacteria’s.
E. Supper Chlorination:-The amount of chlorine in excess of that necessary for adequate
bacterial purification of water. This is done under certain circumstances such as
epidemics of water born diseases. High dose of chlorine is added to water i.e. 2-3 ppm
beyond break-point for safety of public. It gives a strong odor and taste or chlorine in the
treated water which is later can be removed by dechlorination.
F. Break-point chlorination:-The chlorine when added in water removes the bacteria
(disinfection) and oxidizes the organic matter .During disinfection the amount of residual
chlorine will be less in beginning but will increase gradually as the demand for
disinfection is satisfied. After this the oxidation of organic matter starts and chlorine
again used and water contain less and less amount of residual chlorine as the process is
continued. When this demand of chlorine is satisfied the amount of residual chlorine
again increases. The stage at which both these demands are satisfied and residual chlorine
tends to increase is known as breakpoint. Any further dose of chlorine applied will
reappear as free chlorine. Application of chlorine up to the break-point is known as
break-point chlorination.
G. Dechlorination:-The process of partial or complete reduction of residual chlorine in
water by chemical or physical treatment of residual is known as dechlorination. In this
method some chemicals are added for the purpose of reducing the chlorine residual to a
desired value in water.
H. Chlorine demand: - chlorine demand is defined as the difference between the amount of
chlorine added to water and the amount of chlorine (free available, and combined
available) remaining at the end of a specified contact period.
The chlorine demand for a sample of water depends on:
Nature and concentration of chlorine consuming substances present in water
Time of contact
87
 PH- value of water
Temperature of water
Variable conditions in process of chlorination
7.5. Dosing Plant
For sizing the container and dosing equipment’s, a dosing rate of 0.5mg/l for post
chlorination is used.
A dosing unit has to be utilized for 24 hours.
The plant shall consist of a store, day tank, and dosing unit equipment’s with stirrers
and dosing pump, valves and pipes and the arrangement is based on one day
requirement.
The day tank which has sufficient capacity for one day requirement is sized based on
the year 2038 average day demand.
Design discharge = 60000l/day = 60m3/d
Chlorine dose required =0.5mg/liter (assumed)
Quantity of chlorine required =0.5*107.7*3600*24 = 8.08Kg/day
Since we have assumed bleaching powder (calcium hypo chlorite) contains 70% available
chlorine, the amount of bleaching powder =8.08*70/100=5.66kg/d.
Metric tank: - metric tank is a Container from which a solution is pumped. Its size is
normally in the range of 30-50% of the day tank requirement.
Agitator: - is an electric driven mixer that has to be mounted on the day tank one agitator is
used for post chlorination.
Dosing pump: -it shall be of the plumber or of diaphragm type and shall pump the solution
from the measuring tank to the inlet of the reservoir.

88
 CHAPTER EIGHT
8. Methods of water transmission and distribution
8.1. General
After the water has reached to the service reservoir, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a
number of houses, industries and public places by means of network of distribution system.
The distribution systems consist of pipes of various sizes, valves, meters, distribution
reservoirs, pumps, hydrants etc. the pipe lines carry water to each and every street and road.
Valves control the flow of water through the pipes. Meters are provided to measure the
quantity of water consumed by the individual as well as by the town. Hydrants are provided
to connect the water to the firefighting equipment during fine accident. Service connection is
done to connect the individual building with the water line passing through the streets.
Pumps are provided to pump the water to the elevated service reservoir or directly in the
water mains to obtain the required pressure in the pipe lines. The layout of the roads and the
elevation of the town also considered to select the layout of the distribution systems
respectively the following are the requirement of a good distribution system
It should convey the reacted water to the consumers with the same degree of purity.
The water should reach to every consumer with the required pressure head.
Sufficient quantity of reacted water should reach for the domestic and industrial use.
The distribution system should be economical and easy to maintain and operate.

89
 It should be able to transport sufficient quantity of water during emergency such as
firefighting.
During repair work, it should not cause obstruction to the traffic.
It should be safe against any future pollution. The pipe lines as much as possible
should not be laid below the sewer lines.
The quality of the pipe should be good and it should not burst.
It should be water-tight and the water losses during to leakage should be bare
minimum as much as possible.
For efficient distribution it is required that water should each to every consumers with
required rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipe lines is necessary which should force
the water to reach at every place.
8.2. Transmission system
The transmission system’s function is to transport water from source to the reservoir, if any,
and to the distribution point. Water conduits for the transmission system may be canals,
aqueducts or tunnels, free-flow pipelines, or pressure pipelines. The transmission of water
will either be under gravity or pumping. Pressure pipeline is generally the type of water
conduit used in the Bidire town water for water supply transmission systems.
8.3. Computing for Transmission Pipe Size
Normally, the sizing of the transmission main is dependent on the total storage capacity and
the way; the supply is transmitted to the distribution system. The main should have at least
the carrying capacity to supply water at a rate equivalent to the maximum day demand of the
system for a given design year.
However, when the feasibility of the storage facility is considered (that is, considering the
costs of the land and the structure at different storage capacities), different system schemes
have to be analyzed with corresponding designed carrying capacities for the transmission
main. For direct pumping to the distribution system with no reservoir, the transmission main
is designed for a maximum carrying capacity equivalent to the peak hour demand.
For systems with a storage reservoir; with an intermediate storage capacity (20 – 25% of
average day demand), the transmission main to the reservoir is designed at a carrying
capacity rate 1.3 times the average day demand.
90
Once the supply rate is determined and the plan and profile of the transmission pipeline route
are plotted, the pipe diameter(s) and HGL could be determined using the Hazen’s William
head loss formula.
As a rule of thumb, for transmission by pumping, it is advisable to assume a preliminary head
loss (HL) of about 5.0 m/km of pipeline. (As much as possible, head loss should be limited to
10.0 m/km of pipeline for transmission by pumping.) For a gravity system with a
considerably elevated source (e.g. highland springs), the transmission line could afford to
have higher head losses as long as the remaining pressure head at the downstream end is
sufficient for the distribution system’s needs. For a gravity system with source that is not
much higher than the distribution system, the head losses are lowered to attain sufficient
pressure head in the distribution system.
8.4. Methods of distribution
For efficient distribution it is required that water should reach to every consumer with
required rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipelines is necessary to force the water to
reach at every node. This can be done by one of the following methods, as local conditions or
other considerations may dictate
i. Gravity distribution system
This is possible when the source of the supply is at some elevation above the city so that
sufficient pressure can be maintained in the mains for domestic and fire service. This is the
most reliable method if the conduit leading from source to city is adequate in size and well
safe guarded against accidental breaks.
ii. Pumping system without storage
In this system water is directly pumped in mains. Since the pumps have to work at different
rates in a day, the maintenance cost increases. It is preferred to have number of pumps and
only the required numbers may work at various times to meet the varying demand, in place
of proving pump of variable speed. High lift pumps are required and their operations are
continuously watched.
If the power fails, the whole supply of town will be stopped. Therefore, it is better to have a
diesel pumps in addition to the electric pumps as standby. During fires, the water Dan be
pumped in the required quantity by the stand by units also.
91
 iii. Combined gravity and pumping system (dual system)
In this system the pump is connected to the mains as well as to an elevated reservoir. At the
beginning when the demand is small the water is stored in the elevated reservoir, when the
demand increases the flow in the distribution system comes from both the pumping station as
well as elevated reservoir. In this system water comes from two sources from reservoir and
for pumping station, which is called dual system this system is more reliable and economical
because it requires uniform rate of pumping but meets low as well as maximum demand, the
water stored in elevated reservoir meets the requirements of demand during breakdown of
pumps and for firefighting.
Following are the main advantages of this system:-
a. The balance reserve in the storage reservoir will be utilized during fire. In case of fire
demand is more and if required the water supply of few localities may be closed.
b. This system is the overall best system. It is economical efficient and reliable.
c. This system has the advantages that during power failure, the balance water stored in
the reservoir will be supplied to the town.
d. The pumps have to work at constant speed without any variation in their speed.
In Bidire town the water is distributed to the community by the gravity system because the
service reservoir is located at high elevation of the town. So the water reaches to every
consumer in sufficient quantity.
8.5. Layout of distribution system
Depending upon their layout direction of supply, they are classified as follows:-
Dead end or three systems: - it is suitable for irregular developed towns or cities. In
this system one man starts from service reservoir along the main road. Sub mains are
connected to the main in both the direction along other roads, which meet the roads
carrying sub-mains, branches and minor distributors are laid and are connected to sub
mains. From these branches service connections are made to individual houses. the
advantage of these system are cheap in initial cost and easy determination of pipe
diameter, value size etc. but the main disadvantage of this system is formation of dead
ends and if pipe breaks down or is closed for repair, the whole locality beyond the

92
 point grows without water. Since the water is reaching at each point from one side
only it cannot meet the fire demand.
Grid-iron system: - this system is most convenient for towns having rectangular
layout of roads. Actually, this system is an improvement over dead end system. All
the dead ends an interconnected with each other and water circulated freely
throughout the system. In this system mainline is laid along the main road. Sub-mains
are taken in both directions along other minor roads and streets. From these sub-
mains branches are taken out and are interconnected to each other and water
circulates freely throughout the system. This system removes all the disadvantages of
dead end system.

Following are main advantages of this system

As the water is supplied from both the sides to every point, very small area will be
affected during repair. Since the water reaches every point form more than one route,
the friction losses and the sizes of the pipes are reduced.
All the dad ends are completely eliminated, therefore the water remains in continuous
flow and there is no stagnation and chance of pollution is reduced to minimum.
In case of fire, more quantity of water can be diverted towards the affected area, by
closing the valves of nearby localities.
As this system has many advantages it also has some disadvantages:-
More number of valves and longer length of pipe is required in this system, thereby
increasing the overall cost.
If one section is to be repaired more number of valves are required to be closed.
The design is difficult and costlier.
Considering the above advantage and layout of roads of Bidire town this method is
adopted.
iv. Circular or ring system
This system is adopted only in well planned locality of cities. In this system each locality is
divided into square and the water main are laid around all the four sides of the square. All the

93
sub-mains and branches age taken off from the boundary mains and are inter connected. This
system is the best of the other system but it requires many valves and more pipe length. The
ring system is most suitable for towns and cities having well planned road.
v. Radial system
Actually this is the reverse of ring system and water flows towards outer periphery from one
point. The entire district is divided in to various zones and one reservoir is placed for each
zone which is placed at the center of the zone. The water lines are laid radically from it.
Among the above mentioned layout of distribution system, grid-iron system (loop network)
is adopted for Bidire town. Because of the town having rectangular layout of roads.
8.6. Distribution Network
Distribution pipes are used to deliver water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity,
and pressure. Water distribution network consist of a planar system of pipes or links (through
which the water flow), connected together at different elevation.
A Node usually has one of the two main functions; it either receives a supply for the system
or it delivers the demand required by consumers.
A good distribution system is required to fulfill that;
Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes
It should capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure
head.
The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during
the repair of any section of the system
It should be fairly water tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum.
In general, the pipes are sized in such a way that;
The velocity should not be too high causing high head loss or too low preventing the
free circulation of water i.e. causing stagnation of water which result in creating good
environment for bacterial growth (0.35 to 2 m/sec as per the design criteria taken
from guide lines)
The pressure should not be too low causing inconvenience to the consumers of the
water (8 m to 75m of water column at public fountains as per the design criteria taken
from guide lines)

94
 The diameters of the pipe should not be less than 50 mm.
Water from service reservoir will be distributed to Bidire town. The main follows the main
asphalt road and stretches to secondary and other roads in the town. The distribution network
will be designed for the peak Hourly demand.
Pressure adequacy
The pressure Head as well as friction losses within the distribution they are assessed using
the followings.
Gravity supply from the service reservoir at lowest water level conditions
Peak hourly demands.
Pipes of the minimum required diameter within the tolerance specified for each pipe
material
A Hazen William roughness coefficient of 150 for the proposed pipe work
Pipe lines in the distribution system shall with stand a maximum operation pressure
of 70m of water head
PVC type of pipe is selected for distribution pipes for hydraulic efficiency and cost reduction
purpose.
8.7. Design approach
Hydraulic design consideration
Hydraulic design primarily deals with pressure and hydraulic gradients and secondly flow
velocity and pressure.
The pressure is usually formulated as a minimum (minimum pressure required at the most
critical points in the system)
The required pressure depends up on the following;
 The height to which water is lifted
 Firefighting require
 Availability of fund
Pressure
The limit of the minimum pressure in the distribution network shall be 8m of water. The
maximum pressure in the distribution network shall be 75m of water.
Velocity
95
Minimum velocity of flow in the distribution network to be and the 0.35m/s maximum
velocity of flow in the distribution network to be 2m/s
Energy loss
When water flows through the piping system, some of the potential energy (head) is lost due
to other hydraulic resistance.
The energy loss is a function by;
 Friction between the water and pipe wall
 Due to sudden expansion and contractions of pipe cross-section
 Obstruction in the form of valves, elbows or other pipe fittings
 Curves and bends in pipe lines
 Entrance and exit losses
The energy loss is a function of many parameters such as velocity of flow, temperature of
water, inside wall roughness of the pipe and the size of the pipe diameter.
Head loss due to friction between the moving water and pipe material can be computed by
the following empirical formulae;
a. Darcy Zwieback Formula
flv 2 8 flQ 2
hf = +
2 gd g π 2 D 5

Where hf =head loss due to friction in meter

F = friction coefficient t
l = pipe length in meter
v = flow velocity (m/ s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Q= discharge (m3/s)
The friction factor varies from 0.075 for new smooth pipes to 0.02 for old rough pipes. But it
depends on Reynolds number,
V ∗D
ℜ=
V
Where, k/D = the relative roughness
K = effective roughness of the pipe wall

96
 D = size of pipe wall
If f is a function of both Re and K/ D it is calculated from the Colebrook white equation
1
=−2 log ⁡¿
√f
V∗D
where V = , V −kinematics vicosity
v
The parameter V depends on water temperature which is determined by
497∗10−6 Where Ti expressed by oC
v= ¿¿
b. Hazen William’s formula
This formula relates velocity of flow, hydraulic mean radius and hydraulic gradient
V =0.849CR 0.63 S 0.54
Where V = velocity of flow in pipe (m/s)
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = hydraulic radius
c =roughness coefficient
In terms of diameters of pipe, the above formula is reduced to
V =0.849CD 0.063 S 0.54
6. 843 L 1.852 (Q/C)1.852∗L
hf = ( V /C ) =10.7
D 1.167 D 4.87
c. Manning’s formula
R2 /3 S 1/ 2 d
V= for circular pipe R=
n 4
n2
∗LV 2
0.157
hf = 4
n is manni g' scoefficient
3
D
Among the above mentioned, Hazen-William formula is mostly used in the design of water
distribution system. So, this formula is adopted and value of Hazen-William coefficient,
C=150 is used for Bidire town water supply project. Because the formula is the most widely
used, relates the velocity of the flow, hydraulic mean radius and hydraulic gradient.

97
To make an overall decision of the most economical diameter of pumping main, the optimum
economical will be selected using water CAD as per the velocity limit (0.35m/s – 2m/s)
given taken from guide lines.
8.8. Network Analysis by Computer Software (water CAD)
There are a number of pipe network analysis software (also called network simulation
software, or hydraulic network modeling software) which mathematically solve hydraulic
equations for all interconnections, branches and loops of the pipe network.
With the advent of such powerful software, the conventional methods of water distribution
design have been mostly discarded. The computer software requires the designer to create a
water supply system model by inputting in the computer program information that includes
pipe lengths, junction or node elevations, connectivity of the pipes and nodes, demand in
each node, information on pumps, elevations of reservoirs, elevations and yield of sources.
For Bidire town water supply computer analysis method was used to analysis the distribution
of water in easy way. For details designs and other information, there is under Annex at the
end of this document.

98
 CHAPTER NINE
9. Environmental Impact and Assessment (EIA)
9.1. General
When we implement the water supply project, there are impacts that imposed on the
environment at the designing process of the project. We should consider the impacts during
construction and resulted from operation and maintenance of the system. Therefore, we have

99
tried to discuss the possible positive and negative impacts and their corresponding mitigation
process. The most common adverse impacts on the environment due to water resource
development projects are:
Water borne diseases
Land subsidence
Deforestation in the area of the project(storage area)
Sedimentation of reservoir(cause flooding)
Bird migration, wild life destruction
Displacement of people
9.2. Potential Impacts and Their mitigation measures
9.2.1. Impacts on public Health and Sanitation
Provision of safe and adequate potable water have an obvious positive impact on public
health and sanitation since it helps significantly reduce the spread of major infectious and
parasitic diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis, giardiasis, guinea worm
infection and schistose misaims, etc. Implementation of the proposed water supply project is
expected to enable the population of the project area to obtain safe and adequate water for
drinking and other domestic uses. These in turn will reduce the prevalence of water-borne
and water related diseases that are usually contracted by drinking water from unsafe sources
and/or bodily contact with contaminated water points.
With increased availability of good quality water, the health of the public will be further
improved since it will enable them to keep clean the kitchen and eating utensils and
individual personal hygiene. Better personal hygiene coupled with the elimination of the
highly congested waiting lines around the water points will further reduce the spread of
contagious diseases that are usually transmitted by bodily contacts.
Consistent promotion by educating the communities on personal hygiene and environmental
sanitation, water and sanitation, control and prevention mechanisms of disease, etc. will
further substantiate the wellbeing of the beneficiaries and sustainability of the proposed
scheme.

100
 9.2.2. Impacts on Women and Children
In addition to the backbreaking in-house undertakings, fetching water is one of the burdens
vested up on many women and their children, particularly of girls. One of the expected
benefits of providing piped water supply will be the significant reduction of time and energy
spent in fetching water. After implementation of the proposed water supply scheme, it is
expected that there will be smaller maximum distances between the consumer’s houses and
water points. This condition will allow women to spend more time for other important
activities and school age children, especially girls, will have time to attain schooling.
9.2.3. Impacts on Land use Patterns
Implementation of the proposed project will definitely involve acquisition of land for
installation of the various components of the water supply system such as pump station at the
source rising main, access road, distribution line, boosting station, storage reservoir and
others.
The rising and transmission mains may bring temporary loss of vegetation and grazing areas
that can easily be rehabilitated soon to its original state.
Careful sitting of the project components and installation of the pipelines following the
existing roads of the area will minimize the damage to properties.
In general, the impact of the project on land use patterns is believed to be insignificant.
9.2.4. Impacts on Vegetation Cover & Animal Life
There are natural vegetation on the routes of the rising and the transmission main. Hence, the
vegetation covers will be affected by the construction of the rising and the transmission
mains.
In general, Vegetation losses from these activities are assumed to be insignificant compared
to the benefit of the system.
The impact of the project on wild animal life is also insignificant, as very little part of the
wild life’s habitat is affected by the proposed project.
9.2.5. Risks of Soil Erosion
Excavation works for installation of the pipeline networks as well as for construction of
pump house, storage reservoirs and others will expose the soil to both water & wind erosion.

101
Soil erosion by wind is the most common type of erosion for arid and semi-arid climatic
regions like Bidire town. The project area is known by its arid zone climatic condition
usually dominated by low and erratic rainfall and windy weather conditions. Therefore, wind
erosion is more significant and hence natural vegetation at the site of construction should be
left unclear as much as possible. In addition to these, tree plantation within the impact zone
should be encouraged since it would serve as windbreaker and further it regulates the micro-
climatic conditions of the area.
The refilling and compacting of the excavated soil should be done as soon as possible in
order to minimize soil erosion by wind.
Moreover, soils may also be polluted by spills of fuels, oils and greases. Care has to be taken
to minimize these risks since they do have many adverse consequences.
9.2.6. Risk of Dislocation and Loss of Properties
Development of the water supply schemes is expected to cause very little or no displacement
to the local communities. This is because pipelines and other structures are usually located in
such a way that there will be no dislocation of families and loss of private or communal
properties due to installation and construction of the water supply system components.
Structures are usually located so that there will be no loss of properties and displacement
effects as much as possible.
9.2.7. Impacts on Infrastructure
One of the important infrastructures most affected by transmission mains and distribution
networks is the road infrastructures since excavation to install the pipeline networks will
damage the roads at the crossing points. Rehabilitation of the damages soon will mitigate the
impact.
9.2.8. Air Pollution and Nuisance Noises
Air Pollution and nuisance noises are the common phenomena associated with a given
development project although their magnitude and the accompanying negative effects is
dependent on the scale of the project.
During construction phase there would be some nuisance noise generated by operation of
construction equipment, movement of vehicles, and others. Dust pollution caused by frequent
movement of the construction vehicle coupled with the windy weather condition of the area
102
can also be a significant problem. Furthermore, exhaust fumes or emissions released by
diesel operating equipment may cause some localized air pollution.
Few of the many possible measures to minimize nuisance noises and air pollution include:
Excavated sites should be re-filled and compacted to minimize nuisance air pollution.
Locate noisy equipment as far as possible from the residence areas and limit the
operating hours if they are located otherwise.
Diesel engines of construction equipment should be subject to regular checking and
clearing of the injectors to minimize emissions of important air pollutants.
Maximum care has to be taken in order to avoid or at least minimize the spills of
fuels, oils and greases.

103
 CHAPTER TEN
10. Cost estimation
Planning of water supply projects based on reliable cost data. Such data are difficult to obtain
in developing countries. In such case, the following techniques are used.
Taking cost data from similar plants in other areas with similar characteristics.
Using general cost curves that are based on cost of variety of plants constructed
within the country.
By general productive cost equations developed for similar situation.
Using unit price of each type of work and its total quantity.
For project area, the cost estimation is based on unit price of each work and general
productive cost equations developed for similar situation. The cost summary is as in the table
below.
Table 52. Tables of cost estimation analysis

Item Description Unit Qty Unit price Total price

(ethio-birr) (ethio-birr)
Land acquisition - 1505093
sub total 1505093
I. Source Development
1 Drilling 76 m 1 12000 41500
Boreholes
Depth 41 m 1 9500
280 m 1 20000
2 Installation and development of m 3 11000 33000
boreholes
3 Testing and completion 2 22228 44456
4 Supply and installation of 2 213344 426688
pumps with electric motor 6l/s

5 Supply of spare parts pumps 2 189829 3799678

104
 with electric motor 4.5l/s
6 Supply of spare parts pumps 2 178726 35752
with electric motor 3l/s
7 Develop drainage around the 1 410749 410749
Fence
Sub total 4791823
III. Collection and transmission main
1 Type I trench excavation m 650 22 143000
supplying and spreading 0
bedding materials, backfilling
and disposal of surplus about
6km
2 Supply DN75 DCI pipe m 6000 130 780000

3 Supply, install and other 26000

accessories
4 Site handling and pipe 16250
laying(excluding excavation)
5 Type I trench excavation m 173 42 72870
supplying and spreading 5
bedding materials, backfilling
and disposal of surplus about
6km
6 Extra over depth not exceeding m 614 69 42366
2.5m
7 Extra over item in soft rock m3 608 85 51680
formation

8 Extra over item in hard rock m3 243 130 31590

formation

9 Supply of DN 75 DCI pipes m 2700 330 891000

10 Supply install of fitting and 178200

other accessories

105
11 Site handling and pipe 111375
laying(excluding excavation
Sub total 2344331

IV. Pumping Station

1 Borehole to pump station 1 99662.92 99662.92

2 Pump station to reservoir 1 826391.2 826391.2

3 Supply and installation of 165000

electromechanical and piping
accessories
4 Bidire pumping station Supply
and installation of pump with
electric motor Q2 = 6l/s and H
= 310m
Q1 = 4.5l/s and H = 320m
Q3 = 3/l/s and H = 330m 2 513747 1027494

5 Supply and installation of 330000

electro-mechanical and piping
accessories

Sub total 2448548.12

V. Storage: construction of reservoir cost including site clearing, excavation for

foundation, concrete works and installation of pipe work.

1 25 m3 1 587711 587711

2 50 m3 1 351601.35 351601.35

Sub total 939312.35

VI. Distribution system

1 Supplying and Distribution 2294478.01 2294478.01

mains and Distribution lines

106
 Sub total 2294478.01

VII. Power supply

1 High and low tension power line m 14000 65.1 911400

to all pumping station

Sub total 911400

VIII. Access Road

1 Construction road to all sites km 8 590000 4720000

Sub total 4720000

TOTAL 19954985.48

CHAPTER ELEVEN
11. Recommendation and Conclusion
11.1. Recommendation
However, three boreholes are intended to be implemented to satisfy the projected water
demand and additional borehole is not required, because the water supplied from exist the
borehole is sufficient completely.

107
As the town the population is constantly growing, it is advisable that the project should be
designed to satisfy the demand of the population living with in the town at the end of its
design period at 2038.
Ground water source (borehole) is preferred. As the surface sources are too costly to develop
for the reason that they are far from the demand area. In addition, water from boreholes needs
no treatment rather than chlorination. Thus, it is convenient for the project.
Service reservoirs are recommended to implement in one phases to satisfy the demand
projected depend on the number of population end years (2038). The total capacity of this
reservoir is 60m3 including for firefighting.
Treatment of water is not generally needed except chlorination. It is injected at frequent
intervals inside the reservoir, is recommended; because, the quality of the raw water fulfills
the requirements of potable water by WHO.
Submersible pumps with electric operated engine are recommended to draw the raw water
from the boreholes to service reservoir.

11.2. Conclusion
The projected water demand which is fully satisfied by those bore holes yield. The existing
water supply system for Bidire town is more or less functional even if it is executed on a
quite low technical standard and it also contains all the components that exist in a water
supply project such as a good source of water, transmission, service reservoir, distribution
network and soon.

108
The demand of the population is calculated based on one phases from 2018 to 2038. They are
used to identify the suitable sources for satisfying for 20 years and the designs scheme are to
make economical.
The quality of water source is within WHO Gide line treatment. Thus, chlorination is
provided to avoid contamination of water.

12.REFERNCES
1. Ground water and wells by Fletcher G. Driscoll; second edition
2. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering, By G. S Birdie, 1999
3. Water and Waste Water Engineering System, By D. Barnes, P.J. Bliss, B.W Gould
and H.R. Valentine, 1981
4. Water and Waste Water Technology, Mark. J. Hammer
5. Water Supply and Sewerage. By E. W. Steel and Terence J. MCGHEE, Fifth Edition
109
 6. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, By Dr. P. N. MODI and Dr. S. M. Seth. Twelfth
edition 1998
7. Elements of water supply and sanitary engineering by Bharat Singh
8. The federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, ministry of water resource, Urban Water
Supply Design Criteria, January 31, 2006
9. Reinforced Concrete Design Fourth edition by W.H. Mesely and J.H. Bungey
10. Ground water hydrology by David Keith TODD.

13.ANNEX
Distribution network of Bidire tow (nodes)

110
 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Distribution network of Bidire town

J -0 1 -0 2 1

J -0 1 -0 1 9
J -0 1 -0 2 2
J -0 1 -0 1 7

J -0 1 -0 2 0
J -0 1 -0 2 3
J -0 1 -0 1 8 J -0 1 -0 1 5
2 8 .7 5
2 7 .5
2 6 .2 5
J -0 1 -0 2 6 J -0 1 -0 1 6
J -0 1 -0 2 4 J - 0 1 - 0 1 3P - 4 5 J -0 1 -0 4 4

J -0 1 -0 2 5 J -0 1 -0 1 4
J -0 1 -0 1 1 J -0 1 -0 4 3
J -0 1 -0 2 8
2 5 .0

J -0 1 -0 1 2 J -0 1 -0 4 2
J -0 1 -0 0 9
J -0 1 -0 2 7
J -0 1 -0 3 0 J -0 1 -0 4 1
J -0 1 -0 1 0 J -0 1 -0 0 7

J -0 1 -0 2 9
J -0 1 -0 0 5
J -0 1 -0 3 2 J -0 1 -0 4 8 J -0 1 -0 0 8
P-32 J -0 1 -0 4 7
J - 0 1 - 0J 0- 01 1 - 0 0 2
J - 0 J1 J- -J0-0-01031-130- -05041590
J -0 1 -0 3 1 J -0 1 -0 0 3
J J- -001 1- -005 542 JJ -- 00 11 -- 00 00 46 T-1
J -0 1 -0 5 3
P-8

J -0 1 -0 3 6
J - J0 - 10 -10 - 30 45 5

PM P-1
J -0 1 -0 3 5
J -0 1 -0 3 8
R -1
J -0 1 -0 3 7 J -0 1 -0 4 0

J -0 1 -0 3 9
J -0 1 -0 4 5

J -0 1 -0 4 6

Junction report

Label Elevation Zone Type Base Pattern Demand Calculated Pressure

(m)
Flow (l/s) (Calculated) Hydraulic Grade (m H2O)
(l/s) (m)

J-01-052 1,592.79 Zone Demand 0.34 Fixed 0.34 1,611.00 18.17

i
 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Label Elevation Zone Type Base Pattern Demand Calculated Pressure

(m)
Flow (l/s) (Calculated) Hydraulic Grade (m H2O)
(l/s) (m)

J-01-017 1,583.55 Zone Demand 0.29 Fixed 0.29 1,611.00 27.40

J-01-002 1,603.00 Zone Demand 1.30 Fixed 1.30 1,611.00 7.98

J-01-033 1,591.95 Zone Demand 1.00 Fixed 1.00 1,611.00 19.02

J-01-012 1,588.81 Zone Demand 0.60 Fixed 0.60 1,611.00 22.14

J-01-048 1,591.81 Zone Demand 0.81 Fixed 0.81 1,611.00 19.15

J-01-006 1,599.76 Zone Demand 0.71 Fixed 0.71 1,611.00 11.22

J-01-051 1,591.98 Zone Demand 0.60 Fixed 0.60 1,611.00 18.98

J-01-027 1,587.79 Zone Demand 0.30 Fixed 0.30 1,611.00 23.16

J-01-040 1,600.07 Zone Demand 1.30 Fixed 1.30 1,611.00 10.90

J-01-042 1,594.21 Zone Demand 0.60 Fixed 0.60 1,611.00 16.76

J-01-035 1,596.48 Zone Demand 0.64 Fixed 0.64 1,611.00 14.50

J-01-009 1,592.44 Zone Demand 0.50 Fixed 0.50 1,611.00 18.52

J-01-004 1,599.99 Zone Demand 1.00 Fixed 1.00 1,611.00 10.99

J-01-045 1,595.71 Zone Demand 0.16 Fixed 0.16 1,611.00 15.26

J-01-050 1,592.82 Zone Demand 0.50 Fixed 0.50 1,611.00 18.15

J-01-016 1,582.53 Zone Demand 0.30 Fixed 0.30 1,611.00 28.42

J-01-034 1,593.21 Zone Demand 0.25 Fixed 0.25 1,611.00 17.76

J-01-036 1,594.99 Zone Demand 0.16 Fixed 0.16 1,611.00 15.98

J-01-011 1,589.12 Zone Demand 0.38 Fixed 0.38 1,611.00 21.83

J-01-055 1,593.24 Zone Demand 0.50 Fixed 0.50 1,611.00 17.73

J-01-029 1,587.02 Zone Demand 0.58 Fixed 0.58 1,611.00 23.93

J-01-003 1,600.34 Zone Demand 0.28 Fixed 0.28 1,611.00 10.63

ii
 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Label Elevation Zone Type Base Pattern Demand Calculated Pressure

(m)
Flow (l/s) (Calculated) Hydraulic Grade (m H2O)
(l/s) (m)

J-01-039 1,600.55 Zone Demand 1.30 Fixed 1.30 1,611.00 10.43

J-01-019 1,586.92 Zone Demand 0.54 Fixed 0.54 1,611.00 24.03

J-01-044 1,588.21 Zone Demand 0.34 Fixed 0.34 1,611.00 22.74

J-01-023 1,594.11 Zone Demand 0.48 Fixed 0.48 1,611.00 16.85

J-01-022 1,591.78 Zone Demand 0.30 Fixed 0.30 1,611.00 19.18

J-01-018 1,585.27 Zone Demand 0.48 Fixed 0.48 1,611.00 25.68

J-01-028 1,587.48 Zone Demand 0.32 Fixed 0.32 1,611.00 23.47

J-01-001 1,599.00 Zone Demand 1.30 Fixed 1.30 1,611.00 11.98

J-01-054 1,592.52 Zone Demand 0.45 Fixed 0.45 1,611.00 18.45

J-01-037 1,599.15 Zone Demand 0.29 Fixed 0.29 1,611.00 11.82

J-01-053 1,592.96 Zone Demand 0.63 Fixed 0.63 1,611.00 18.00

J-01-041 1,600.24 Zone Demand 0.28 Fixed 0.28 1,611.00 10.74

J-01-007 1,595.72 Zone Demand 1.10 Fixed 1.10 1,611.00 15.25

J-01-005 1,599.63 Zone Demand 1.30 Fixed 1.30 1,611.00 11.35

J-01-049 1,592.23 Zone Demand 0.64 Fixed 0.64 1,611.00 18.73

J-01-014 1,585.22 Zone Demand 0.43 Fixed 0.43 1,611.00 25.73

J-01-024 1,595.02 Zone Demand 0.50 Fixed 0.50 1,611.00 15.95

J-01-047 1,592.17 Zone Demand 0.50 Fixed 0.50 1,611.00 18.79

J-01-025 1,590.58 Zone Demand 0.58 Fixed 0.58 1,611.00 20.37

J-01-013 1,585.56 Zone Demand 0.35 Fixed 0.35 1,611.00 25.39

J-01-030 1,585.93 Zone Demand 0.26 Fixed 0.26 1,611.00 25.02

J-01-038 1,598.68 Zone Demand 0.57 Fixed 0.57 1,611.00 12.30

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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Label Elevation Zone Type Base Pattern Demand Calculated Pressure

(m)
Flow (l/s) (Calculated) Hydraulic Grade (m H2O)
(l/s) (m)

J-01-020 1,588.49 Zone Demand 0.50 Fixed 0.50 1,611.00 22.47

J-01-031 1,590.02 Zone Demand 0.22 Fixed 0.22 1,611.00 20.93

J-01-008 1,596.30 Zone Demand 0.45 Fixed 0.45 1,611.00 14.67

J-01-043 1,591.42 Zone Demand 0.64 Fixed 0.64 1,611.00 19.54

J-01-026 1,589.96 Zone Demand 0.20 Fixed 0.20 1,611.00 21.00

J-01-015 1,582.08 Zone Demand 0.60 Fixed 0.60 1,611.00 28.86

J-01-046 1,597.16 Zone Demand 0.44 Fixed 0.44 1,611.00 13.81

J-01-032 1,589.34 Zone Demand 0.00 Fixed 0.00 1,611.00 21.62

J-01-021 1,590.83 Zone Demand 0.48 Fixed 0.48 1,611.00 20.13

J-01-010 1,592.45 Zone Demand 0.50 Fixed 0.50 1,611.00 18.51

Pipe report

Label Length (m) Diameter Material Hazen- Control Status Discharge (l/s)
(mm) Williams (C)

P-1 39.01 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 32.93

P-2 51.82 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 32.93

P-3 72.54 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 30.08

P-4 26.21 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 17.05

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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Label Length (m) Diameter Material Hazen- Control Status Discharge (l/s)
(mm) Williams (C)

P-5 17.07 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 15.75

P-6 14.02 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 15.47

P-7 27.74 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 10.04

P-8 1.83 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 9.33

P-9 126.49 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 8.33

P-10 28.04 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 3.51

P-11 174.35 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 1.04

P-12 29.26 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 0.60

P-13 127.71 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 0.44

P-14 31.70 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 1.18

P-15 52.12 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 0.89

P-16 53.64 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 0.68

P-17 6.40 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 0.18

P-18 56.39 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -0.07

P-19 61.26 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -0.29

P-20 32.31 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -0.87

P-21 25.60 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 3.52

P-22 73.15 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 2.95

P-23 43.89 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 2.79

P-24 4.27 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 2.16

P-25 3.96 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 1.82

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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Label Length (m) Diameter Material Hazen- Control Status Discharge (l/s)
(mm) Williams (C)

P-26 17.98 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 1.37

P-27 10.67 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open 0.37

P-28 4.57 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -0.23

P-29 3.66 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -0.87

P-30 25.60 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -1.37

P-31 7.62 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -1.87

P-32 71.93 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -2.68

P-33 71.63 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -2.68

P-34 41.45 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -3.81

P-35 43.28 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.11

P-36 43.28 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.43

P-37 60.96 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.34

P-38 56.69 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.84

P-39 57.30 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -5.32

P-40 47.85 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -5.62

P-41 58.52 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -6.10

P-42 58.52 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -6.64

P-43 64.31 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -6.93

P-44 59.44 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -7.53

P-45 84.73 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -3.33

P-46 54.25 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -3.67

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 BIDIRE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Label Length (m) Diameter Material Hazen- Control Status Discharge (l/s)
(mm) Williams (C)

P-47 61.57 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.31

P-48 57.30 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.91

P-49 60.35 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -5.19

P-50 38.40 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -0.67

P-51 54.56 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -0.87

P-52 51.21 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -1.37

P-53 48.77 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -1.85

P-54 54.86 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -2.15

P-55 63.70 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -2.58

P-56 57.00 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -3.18

P-57 70.41 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -3.68

P-58 62.48 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.13

P-59 61.26 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.55

P-60 58.22 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -4.93

P-61 57.30 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -5.43

P-62 58.22 150.00 PVC 150.0 Open -6.53

vii