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LHR and Improper Integrals

This document provides an overview of indeterminate forms, L'Hopital's rule, improper integrals, and improper integrals with infinite limits of integration. It defines indeterminate forms as limits that result in 0/0 or infinity/infinity. L'Hopital's rule is then introduced as a way to evaluate indeterminate limits by taking derivatives. Improper integrals are defined as integrals with infinite or discontinuous bounds, and conditions for their convergence are given. Examples of applying these concepts are also provided.

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Loraine Ruth Lumen
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143 views22 pages

LHR and Improper Integrals

This document provides an overview of indeterminate forms, L'Hopital's rule, improper integrals, and improper integrals with infinite limits of integration. It defines indeterminate forms as limits that result in 0/0 or infinity/infinity. L'Hopital's rule is then introduced as a way to evaluate indeterminate limits by taking derivatives. Improper integrals are defined as integrals with infinite or discontinuous bounds, and conditions for their convergence are given. Examples of applying these concepts are also provided.

Uploaded by

Loraine Ruth Lumen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indeterminate Forms and L’Hopital’s

Rule

Math 27
Analytic Geometry and Calculus II

Kimberly Hazel B. Camino, MSc


Department of Mathematics, Physics,
and Computer Science

Math 27
Outline

1 Indeterminate Forms

2 L’Hopital’s Rule

3 Improper Integrals

4 Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration


Forms of Limits

f (x)
lim
x→a g(x)

lim f (x)g(x)
x→a

lim (f (x) − g(x))


x→a

lim f (x)g(x)
x→a

Math 27
Forms of Limits

Examples
x2 − 9
1 lim
x→3 x − 3

 
1 1
2 lim −
x→0 sin x x

3 lim x ln x
x→0+

1
4 lim (1 + 3 tan x) x
x→0

Math 27
Indeterminate Forms

0
Indeterminate Form
0
If f and g are two functions such that

lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0,


x→a x→a

f (x) 0
then has the indeterminate form at a.
g(x) 0

Math 27
Outline

1 Indeterminate Forms

2 L’Hopital’s Rule

3 Improper Integrals

4 Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration


L’Hopital’s Rule

Let f and g be functions differentiable on an interval I, except


possibly at the number a ∈ I. Suppose that ∀x ∈ I, x 6= a,
g 0 (x) = 0. If

lim f (x) = 0;
x→a
lim g(x) = 0; and
x→a
f 0 (x)
lim =L
x→a g 0 (x)

then
f (x)
lim = L.
x→a g(x)

Math 27
L’Hopital’s Rule

Let f and g be functions differentiable on an interval I, except


possibly at the number a ∈ I. Suppose that ∀x ∈ I, x 6= a,
g 0 (x) = 0. If

lim f (x) = ∞ or − ∞;
x→a
lim g(x) = ∞ or − ∞; and
x→a
f 0 (x)
lim =L
x→a g 0 (x)

then
f (x)
lim = L.
x→a g(x)

Math 27
L’Hopital’s Rule

Remark
L’Hopital’s Rule applies to any of the following indeterminate
forms:
0 ∞
0 −∞
∞ −∞
∞ ∞
−∞
−∞

Math 27
L’Hopital’s Rule

Other Indeterminate Forms


0·∞ (−∞)0
∞−∞
1∞
00
∞0 1−∞

Math 27
L’Hopital’s Rule

Examples
x − sin x
1) lim
x→0 x3
3z 2 + 7z
2) lim
z→∞ 2z 2 − 5
 
1 1
3) lim −
x→0 sin x x
√ √ 
4) lim x + ln x − x
x→∞
5) lim v ln v
v→0+
 π
6) lim x − tan x
x→π/2 2
7) lim xsin x
x→0+

Math 27
Outline

1 Indeterminate Forms

2 L’Hopital’s Rule

3 Improper Integrals

4 Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration


Definite Integrals

Up to now, definite integrals have been required to have two


properties:
The domain of integration [a, b] has finite bounds.
The integral is defined on [a, b].

Math 27
Math 27
Improper Integrals

If f (x) is continuous on (a, b] and is discontinuous at a, then


Z b Z b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
a t→a+ t

If f (x) is continuous on [a, b) and is discontinuous at b, then


Z b Z t
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
a t→b− a

If f (x) is discontinuous at c, where a < c < b, and is continuous


on [a, c) ∪ (c, b], then
Z b Z t Z b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx + lim f (x) dx
a t→c− a s→c+ s

Math 27
Improper Integrals

Convergent Improper Integrals


If the limit exists, the improper integral is said to be convergent.
If the limit does not exist, the improper integral is divergent.

Math 27
Improper Integrals

Examples
Determine whether the improper integral is convergent or
divergent.
Z 1
dx
1 √
0 x
Z −3
y dy
2 p
−5 y2 − 9
Z 3
dz
3
0 1−z

Math 27
Outline

1 Indeterminate Forms

2 L’Hopital’s Rule

3 Improper Integrals

4 Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration


Improper Integrals

Improper Integral with Infinite Upper Limit


If f is continuous for all x ≥ a, then
Z ∞ Z b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
a b→∞ a

if this limit exists.

Improper Integral with Infinite Lower Limit


If f is continuous for all x ≤ b, then
Z b Z b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
−∞ a→−∞ a

if this limit exists.

Math 27
Improper Integrals

Limits of integration are both infinite


If f is continuous for all values of x, and c ∈ R, then
Z ∞ Z c Z d
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx + lim f (x) dx
−∞ a→−∞ a d→∞ c

if both these limits exist.

Math 27
Improper Integrals

Examples
Determine whether the improper integral is convergent or
divergent.
Z ∞
ln x
1 dx
1 x2
Z ∞
3
2 u2 e−u du
−∞
Word Problem: The cross-sections of the solid horn in the
figure below perpendicular to the x-axis are circular disks with
diameters reaching from the x-axis to the curve y = ex ,
−∞ < x ≤ ln 2. Find the volume of the horn.

Math 27
Improper Integrals

Math 27

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