ISSN 1512-5173 (štampano izdanje)

ISSN 2637-1510 (online izdanje)

ČASOPIS ZA MAŠINSKO INŽENJERSTVO

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GODINA /VOLUME/ 17 | BROJ /NUMBER/ 1-2 | JANUAR - JUNI /JANUARY - JUNE/ 2020.
ISSN 1512-5173

http://www.mf.unze.ba/masinstvo
 ISSN 1512-5173 (štampano izdanje)
ISSN 2637-1510 (online izdanje)
http://www.mf.unze.ba/masinstvo

MAŠINSTVO
ČASOPIS ZA MAŠINSKO INŽENJERSTVO
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GODINA (VOLUME) 17, BROJ (NUMBER) 1-2, ZENICA, JANUAR - JUNI ( JANUARY - JUNE) 2020.

Osnivač i izvršni izdavač (Founder and Executive Recenzentski odbor (Review Committee):
Publisher): dr. sc. Malik Čabaravdić, dr. sc. Ibrahim Plančić, dr.
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici / Faculty of sc. Nedeljko Vukojević, dr. sc. Amra Talić-Čikmiš, dr.
Mechanical Engineering of University of Zenica sc. Safet Isić, dr. sc. Fuad Hadžikadunić, dr. sc. Mus-
Fakultetska 1, 72000 Zenica tafa Imamović, dr. sc. Mustafa Hadžalić, dr. sc. Fuad
Bosna i Hercegovina / Bosnia and Herzegovina Klisura, dr. sc. Kasim Bajramović, dr. sc. Sabahudin
Tel.: + 387 32 449 134; 32 449 128 Jašarević
Fax: + 387 32 246 612
E-adrese: [email protected] Časopis izlazi tromjesečno. (The journal is published
[email protected] quarterly).

Glavni i odgovorni urednik (Editor-in-Chief): Lektura (Copy-editing and Proofreading):

dr. sc. Fuad Hadžikadunić Lamija Subašić

Urednički odbor (Editorial Board): Tehnički urednici (Technical Editors):

dr. sc. Malik Čabaravdić (B&H), dr. sc. Sabahudin mr. Emir Đulić, Emir Čaplja
Jašarević (B&H), dr. sc. Safet Brdarević (B&H), dr. sc.
Jože Duhovnik (Slovenija / Slovenia), dr. sc. Vidosav Štampa (Print):
Majstorović (Srbija / Serbia), dr. sc. Milan Jurković (Hr- Štamparija Fojnica d.o.o. Fojnica
vatska / Croatia), dr. sc. Sabahudin Ekinović (B&H),
dr. sc. Nedeljko Vukojević (B&H), dr. sc. Ibrahim Uređenje zaključeno (Preparation ended on):
Plančić (B&H), dr. sc. Gheorge I. Gheorge (Rumunija 30. 06. 2020.
/ Romania), dr. sc. Alojz Ivanković (Irska / Ireland),
dr. sc. Joan Vivancos (Španija / Spain), dr. sc. Ivo Čala
(Hrvatska / Croatia), dr. sc. Slavko Arsovski (Srbija /
Serbia), dr. sc. Albert Weckenmann (Njemačka / Ger-
many), dr. sc. Ibrahim Pašić (Francuska / France), dr.
sc. Zdravko Krivokapić (Crna Gora / Montenegro),
dr. sc. Rainer Lotzien (Njemačka / Germany).

Časopis je evidentiran u evidenciji javnih glasila pri Mi- The journal is registered in the list of public journals at
nistarstvu nauke, obrazovanja, kulture i sporta Fede- the Ministry of Science, Education, Culture and Sport of
racije Bosne i Hercegovine pod brojem 651. the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina under No. 651.
Časopis u pretežnom iznosu finansira osnivač i izda- The journal is mostly financed by its founder and pub-
vač. Časopis MAŠINSTVO u pravilu izlazi u četiri broja lisher. The journal MAŠINSTVO is generally published
godišnje. Rukopisi se ne vraćaju. four times a year. Manuscripts are not returned.

Časopis objavljuje naučne i stručne radove i informaci- The journal publishes scientific and professional pa-
je od interesa za stručnu i privrednu javnost iz oblasti pers and information of interest to the professionals
mašinstva i srodnih grana vezanih za područje primje- and industry subjects in the field of mechanical engi-
ne i izučavanja mašinstva. neering and branches related to the field of applica-
tion and study of mechanical engineering.
Posebno se obrađuju sljedeće tematike:
> tehnologija prerade metala, plastike i gume, The following topics are treated in particular:
> projektovanje i konstruiranje mašina i postrojenja, > metal, plastic and rubber processing technology,
> projektovanje proizvodnih sistema, > design and construction of machines and facili-
> energija, ties,
> održavanje sredstava za rad, > design of production systems,
> kvalitet, efikasnost sistema i upravljanje proizvod- > energy,
nim i poslovnim sistemima, > maintenance of means for working,
> informacije o novim knjigama, > quality, system efficiency and management of
> informacije o naučnim skupovima i production and business systems,
> informacije s Univerziteta. > information on new books,
> information on scientific conferences and
> information from the University.

1
RIJEČ UREDNIKA INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Poštovane kolegice i kolege, Dear colleagues,

nema nimalo sumnje da ćemo tekuću 2020. godinu pam- there is no doubt we will remember the current year 2020
titi po stanju svjetskih razmjera, a to je borba za očuvanje in regard to the global scale situation, which is the fight to
javnog zdravlja kroz preventivno i druge oblike djelovanja preserve public health through preventive and other forms
u suzbijanju širenja koronavirusa (COVID-19), ali također, of action to stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), but
rad i djelovanje u okvirima koje je umnogome promijenilo also work and action done within the framework which has
oblik poslovanja, obrazovanja, školovanja, odnosno privat- greatly changed the form of business, education, school-
ni i društveni način života u cjelini. S posebnim respektom ing, and private and social life in general. It is necessary
potrebno je cijeniti izuzetan trud i doprinos institucija, or- to appreciate with special respect the exceptional effort
ganizacija, timova i pojedinaca iz: zdravstvenog sektora, and contribution of institutions, organizations, teams and
kriznih štabova, inspekcijskih i policijskih organa, civilne individuals from: the health sector, crisis headquarters, in-
zaštite, obrazovnih, ali i svih drugih sektora javnog života i spection and police forces, civil protection organizations,
djelovanja, u borbi za očuvanje javnog zdravlja. education, but also all other sectors of public life and ac-
U ‘novim uslovima’ djelovanja i rada, koji su imali utjecaja tivity, in the fight to preserve public health.
i na provođenje svih naših pripremnih aktivnosti, u ovom In the ‘new conditions’ of operation and work, which had
broju časopisa MAŠINSTVO nudimo Vam šest radova iz ra- an impact on the implementation of all our preparatory
zličitih tematskih oblasti: energija i gibanje fluida, tehnička activities, in this issue of the journal MAŠINSTVO we offer
dijagnostika i zaštita životne sredine, standardizacija, re- six papers from different topics: energy and fluid motion,
verzibilno inženjerstvo korištenjem CMM i CAD tehnologi- technical diagnostics and environmental protection, stan-
ja, transport u rudarskoj industriji i mašinske konstrukcije. dardization, reversible engineering using CMM and CAD
U cilju predstavljanja naučno-istraživačkih i stručnih kapa- technologies, transportation in the mining industry and
citeta časopis MAŠINSTVO slijedi nove trendove i prakse u machine construction. In order to present scientific-re-
multidisciplinarnim područjima. search and professional capacities, the journal MAŠINST-
U sklopu informacija nalazi se Prvi poziv za prijavu radova VO follows new trends and practices in multidisciplinary
za 6. konferenciju ODRŽAVANJE 2020, koji toplo preporu- areas.
čujemo. Witihin the provided information, there is The First Call for
U posebnim odjeljcima nastavlja se tradicija prezentacija The 6th Conference ‘MAINTENANCE 2020’ and we warmly
naučno-istraživačkih i privrednih kapaciteta iz okruženja. recommend it.
The special sections continue the tradition of presenting
S poštovanjem, scientific-research and economic capacities from the sur-
Fuad Hadžikadunić, glavni i odgovorni urednik roundings.

Sincerely,
Fuad Hadžikadunić, Editor-in-Chief

SADRŽAJ CONTENTS
1. OPĆA RAZMATRANJA GIBANJA PODZEMNE VODE 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUNDWATER
Mešić, H. … 3 MOVEMENT
Mešić, H. … 3
2. ANALIZA I KONTROLA UTICAJA BUKE U
SAOBRAĆAJU NA OBJEKTE KOJI SE NALAZE UZ 2. ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE
DIONICU GLAVNE GRADSKE MAGISTRALE GGM IMPACT ON THE OBJECTS ALONG THE MAIN CITY
ZENICA HIGHWAY (GGM) ZENICA
Turčinović, N. … 15 Turčinović, N. … 15
3. ANALIZA PRVIH ISKUSTAVA U IMPLEMENTACIJI 3. ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST EXPERIENCES IN THE
FSCTM STANDARDIZACIJE U ZENIČKO-DOBOJSKOM IMPLEMENTATION OF FSCTM STANDARDIZATION IN
KANTONU THE ZENICA-DOBOJ CANTON
Zahirović, E.; Osmanović, M.; Đulić, E. … 29 Zahirović, E.; Osmanović, M.; Đulić, E. … 29
4. PRIMJER PRIMJENE CMM-a I CAD-a U 4. AN EXAMPLE OF CMM AND CAD APPLICATION
REVERZIBILNOM INŽENJERSTVU IN REVERSE ENGINEERING
Baručija, A.; Kačmarčik, J.; Lemeš, S.; Unkić, F. … 35 Baručija, A.; Kačmarčik, J.; Lemeš, S.; Unkić, F. … 35
5. PRORAČUN TRANSPORTA OTKRIVKE DO 5. OVERBURDEN TRANSPORT CALCULATION TO
ODLAGALIŠTA „BIJELE VODE“ DAMPERIMA BELAZ LANDFILL „BIJELE VODE“ WITH DUMP TRUCKS
75135 BELAZ 75135
Bajramović, K.; Bajramović, H. … 45 Bajramović, K.; Bajramović, H. … 45
6. NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU 6. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE
SOFTVERA SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS OF SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE
Bajtarević, A.; Jeleč, A. … 63 Bajtarević, A.; Jeleč, A. … 63

INFORMACIJE … 73 INFORMATION … 73
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS … 75
UPUTSTVO ZA AUTORE … 75

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 3 – 13, (2020) H. Mešić: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUNDWATER …

OPĆA RAZMATRANJA GIBANJA PODZEMNE VODE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT

Haris Mešić Stručni rad

REZIME
Gibanje podzemne vode je specifičan slučaj gibanja fluida u poroznoj sredini i
JP "Vodovod i zove se filtracija. Takvo gibanje se susreće u najrazličitijim područjima
kanalizacija" d.o.o tehnike: u hidrotehnici i melioracijama, u vodosnabdijevanju i kanalizaciji, u
Zenica eksploataciji nafte, u livnicama (filtracija plinova kroz materijal kalupa) i sl.
Filtracija ima posebnu važnu ulogu u hidrotehničkim građevinama.
Poznavanje gibanja podzemnih tokova omogućuje rješavanje takvih pitanja
Ključne riječi:
kao što su, na primjer, stabilnost zemljanih, betonskih i drugih pregrada
podzemna voda, gibanje, (brana), filtracija iz kanala, položaj podzemnih voda nakon izgradnje kanala,
filtracija navodnjavanje i odvodnjavanje tla pomoću otvorenih kanala, drenaža,
doticanje u arteške i obične bunare itd. U radu je prikazan hidraulički pristup
Keywords: razmatranja bez hidrogeološkog osvrta na ovu problematiku.
groundwater, movement,
filtration Professional paper
SUMMARY
Paper received: Groundwater motion is a specific case of fluid motion in a porous medium and
15.05.2020. is called filtration. Such movement is encountered in the most diverse fields of
Paper accepted: technology: in hydrotechnics and land reclamation, in water supply and
23.06.2020. sewerage, in the exploitation of oil, in foundries (gas filtration through mold
material) and the like. Filtration plays a particularly important role in
hydraulic structures. Knowledge of the movement of subsurface flows makes it
possible to address such issues as, for example, stability of soil, concrete and
other barriers (dams), filtration from canals, groundwater position after canal
construction, irrigation and drainage of soil by open channels, drainage, inflow
into artesian and ordinary wells etc. The paper presents the hydraulic approach
of consideration without hydrogeological consideration of this problem.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
Istraživanje tipskih i za praksu važnih gibanja The study of typical and important groundwater
podzemnih voda, utvrđivanje općih zakona i movements, the establishment of general laws
metoda za proračun takvog gibanja, spada u and methods for calculating such movements, is
posebnu granu hidraulike – teoriju gibanja a special branch of hydraulics - groundwater
podzemnih voda (teorija filtracije). Osnovne motion theory (filtration theory). The basic
jednačine prve teorije dao je N. E. Žukovski equations of the first theory were given by N. E.
1889. godine. Nakon toga, on je dao još niz Zhukovsky in 1889. Subsequently, he gave a
radova, na temelju kojih su N. N. Pavlovskij i L. number of papers, based on which N. N.
S. Lejbenzon izgradili teoriju savremenog Pavlovsky и L.S. Leibenzon built a theory of the
pristupa problemu filtracije, koja i danas modern approach to the problem of filtration,
zauzima vodeći položaj u toj oblasti nauke. U which still holds a leading position in the field of
hidrotehničkoj praksi se često susrećemo s science. In hydrotechnical practice, we often
problemima vezanim za tok podzemne vode. encounter problems related to groundwater flow.
Najčešće je potrebno odrediti nivo ili gibanje Most often it is necessary to determine the level
podzemne vode. Veličina prostora u kojem se or movement of groundwater.
promatra gibanje podzemne vode može varirati The size of the area, in which groundwater
od regionalnog mjerila (čija veličina se izražava movement is observed, can vary from a regional
u kilometrima), u kojem se promatra bilans scale (its size is expressed in kilometres), in
podzemne vode te promjene smjera gibanja u which the groundwater balance is observed, and
vodonosnicima do prostora veličine molekula. changes in the direction of movement in aquifers
to the size of the molecule.

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 3 – 13, (2020) H. Mešić: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUNDWATER …

2. PODZEMNA VODA I OBLICI 2. GROUNDWATER AND FORMS OF ITS

NJENOG GIBANJA MOVEMENT
U običnom tlu i u poroznim vodopropusnim In ordinary soil and in porous water-permeable
slojevima u brdu voda se može nalaziti u layers in the hill, water may be found in different
različitim stanjima. states.
1. Pri najmanjoj vlažnosti voda je upijena u 1. At the lowest humidity, water is
zrnca tla i može se odstraniti samo zagrijavanjem absorbed into the soil grains and can only be
tla do 100°C. Pri takvoj vlažnosti, koja se zove removed by heating the soil to 100°C. With such
higroskopska, gibanje vode u tlu nije moguće. humidity, called hygroscopic, no movement of
2. Pri povećanju vlažnosti voda u obliku water in the soil is possible.
filma omotava zrnca tla i može se gibati samo 2. In increasing humidity, water in the form
pod djelovanjem sila uzajamnog molekularnog of a film wraps the soil grains and can only move
djelovanja između čestica vode i tla; u tom under the influence of forces of mutual
slučaju je to tzv. filmska voda. molecular action between the water and soil
3. Pri daljnjem povećanju vlažnosti voda particles; in this case, it is so called film water.
zapunjuje najuže pore i može se gibati samo pod 3. As the humidity increases further, the
djelovanjem sila kapilarnog pritiska; to je water fills the narrowest pores and can only
kapilarna voda. U ova tri stanja, molekularne sile move under the action of capillary forces; it is
toliko su važne da se u poređenju s njima sila capillary water. In these three states, molecular
teže zanemaruje. forces are so important that compared to them
4. Pri daljem povećanju sadržine vode u the force of gravity is ignored.
tlu, ona zapunjuje sve pore u tlu i postaje 4. Finally, as the water content of the soil
sposobna za gibanje pod djelovanjem sile teže, increases, it fills up all the pores in the soil and
pa se zbog toga zove gravitaciona voda. becomes capable of moving under the influence
U daljem izlaganju će se posmatrati gibanje of gravity, which is why it is called gravitational
samo gravitacione vode i samo ta voda će se water. In the following exposition, only gravity
zvati podzemna voda. water will be observed and only that water will
Područje u kojem se voda procjeđuje kroz pore be called groundwater. The area where water
tla i stiže u podzemni tok zove se područje flows through the pores of the soil and reaches
infiltracije. U području infiltracije, tok the underground stream is called the infiltration
podzemne vode se mijenja uzduž toka na račun area. In the area of infiltration, groundwater flow
pridolaska novih količina vode u podzemni changes along the flow due to the arrival of new
vodotok na svakoj jedinici dužine njegovog quantities of water into the groundwater at each
gibanja. Izvan područja infiltracije (koje se može unit of its length. Outside the infiltration area
nalaziti i neograničeno daleko od promatranog (which may be located infinitely far from the
presjeka podzemnog toka) podzemni tok observed cross-section of the underground
nastavlja gibanje stalnim protokom uzduž watercourse), the underground watercourse
nepropusnog sloja. continues to move with a constant flow along the
Ako se posmatrani proces ne mijenja u toku impermeable layer. If the observed process does
vremena, onda nastaje stacionarno gibanje not change over time, then a steady groundwater
podzemne vode koje će se dalje promatrati. movement is created which will be observed
Ako se iznad podzemnog vodotoka u poroznoj further. If there is also a porous medium above
sredini nalazi također porozna sredina s the groundwater in a porous medium with
atmosferskim pritiskom u njenim porama, onda atmospheric pressure in its pores, then the
se podzemni tok zove gravitacioni ili tok sa underground flow is called gravity or free flow.
slobodnom površinom. Gravitacioni tok će biti, The gravitational flow will be, for example,
na primjer, pri filtraciji kroz tijelo zemljanog when filtered through the body of an earth
nasipa. Kada podzemni tok ulazi u vodopropusni embankment. When an underground stream
sloj, koji je ograničen nepropusnim slojem enters a water-permeable layer bounded by an
odozdo i odozgo i pri tome ispunjuje sve pore impermeable layer from below and below and
propusnog sloja, stvara se pritisak veći od thus fills all pores of the permeable layer, a
atmosferskog i nastaje gibanje podzemne vode pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is
pod pritiskom. created and groundwater is pressurized.

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 3 – 13, (2020) H. Mešić: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUNDWATER …

Kao primjer gibanja podzemne vode pod As an example of groundwater movement under
pritiskom može se uzeti gibanje arteških voda pressure can serve the movement of artesian
između nepropusnih geoloških slojeva i filtracija waters between impermeable geological layers
vode ispod betonske pregrade odnosno brane. and the filtration of water under the concrete
Kako kod betonske tako i kod zemljane brane, u barrier or dam. For both concrete and earthen
početku će filtracija biti nestacionarnog dams, initially the filtration will be of a non-
karaktera i samo nakon nekog vremena postat će stationary character and only after a while it will
stacionarno gibanje s nekim povremenim become a stationary motion with some
okolnostima (na primjer kod velike vode). Kroz occasional circumstances (for example, in large
pore takvog tla voda se procjeđuje veoma sporo, water). Through the pores of such soils the water
s malim Reynoldsovim brojevima, pa je zbog is drained very slowly, in other words, with
toga strujanje podzemne vode laminarno small Reynolds numbers, and therefore the flow
(laminarna filtracija). of groundwater is laminar (laminar filtration).
Pri filtraciji kroz krupnozrno tlo (šljunak), kroz When filtered through coarse-grained soil
raspucane naslage ili nabačen kamen brzina (gravel), through cracked deposits, or folded
strujanja može postati znatno veća od brzine u rock, the flow velocity can become much higher
sitnozrnom tlu, te režim strujanja podzemne than the velocity in fine-grained soil, and the
vode postaje turbulentan. Turbulentna filtracija u groundwater flow regime becomes turbulent.
ovome radu se ne razmatra. Turbulent filtration is not considered here.

3. FIZIČKA KARAKTERISTIKA TLA I 3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

NJEGOVA KLASIFIKACIJA PREMA SOIL AND ITS CLASSIFICATION BY
NEPROPUSNOSTI IMPERMEABILITY
Svako prirodno tlo sastoji se od elementarnih Each natural soil is composed of elemental
čestica koje su nastale kao produkt raspadanja particles that have been created as a product of
osnovnih brdskih masa (stijena) djelovanjem decomposition of basic mountain masses (rocks)
vode, leda, vjetra i temperature, ili raslinskih by the action of water, ice, wind and
ostataka (na primjer, tresetno tlo). U zavisnosti temperature, or saline debris (for example, peat
od oblika i dimenzije tih čestica, prirodna tla soil). Depending on the shape and size of these
imaju različita filtraciona svojstva. Zbog toga je particles, natural soils have different filtration
veoma važno poznavati sastav tla u kojem se properties. Therefore, it is very important to
zbiva tečenje vode. know the composition of the soil in which water
Zbog nepotpunog nalijeganja u tlu jedne čestice flows. Due to incomplete settling in the soil of
na drugu između njih ostaju praznine (pore), one particle to another, gaps (pores) remain
koje sačinjavaju veoma sitne vijugave prolaze between them, consisting of very small
(porne cijevi), kroz te pore se giba podzemna meandering passages (pore tubes); groundwater
voda. Neka je 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 volumen tla, a 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 volumen pora flows through these pores. Let 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 be the volume
u tome volumenu tla. Odnos volumena pora of soil and 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 the volume of pore in that volume
prema ukupnom volumenu tla: of soil. Ratio of pore volume to total soil volume:
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = (1) 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = (1)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

zove se koeficijent volumenske poroznosti ili called the volume porosity coefficient or
poroznost, koja bitno utječe na gibanje porosity, which significantly affects
podzemne vode. groundwater movement.
Kad bi tlo bilo sastavljeno od čestica u obliku If the soil were composed of particles in the
kuglica istog pomjera, njegov koeficijent shape of beads of the same displacement, its
poroznosti zavisio bi samo od relativnog porosity coefficient would depend only on the
položaja (rasporeda) tih kuglica, a ne i od relative position (arrangement) of these beads
njihovog promjera, pa bi se mijenjao u and not on their diameter, and would vary in the
granicama od 0,259 do 0,466. Takvo tlo se zove range from 0.259 to 0.466.
fiktivno.

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 3 – 13, (2020) H. Mešić: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUNDWATER …

Stvarno tlo sastavlja se od čestica raznolikih Such soil is called fictitious. Real soil is made up
oblika i dimenzija, pa može imati i mnogo veći of particles of various shapes and dimensions, so
koeficijent poroznosti. it can have a much higher porosity ratio.

Tabela 1. Orijentacioni podaci o veličini Table 1 Orientation data on the magnitude of the
koeficijenta poroznosti 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 za neke vrste tla. [3] porosity coefficient 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 for some soils. [3]
Naziv tla 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 The name of the soil 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
Šljunak (2 ˂ d ˂ 20mm) 0,30 - 0,40 Gravel (2 ˂ d ˂ 20mm) 0,30 - 0,40
Pijesak (0,06 ˂ d ˂ 2 mm) 0,30 - 0,45 Sand (0,06 ˂ d ˂ 2 mm) 0,30 - 0,45
Pijesak (sa 12-3% glinenih Sand (with 12-3% clay
0,35 - 0,45 0,35 - 0,45
frakcija) fractions)
Glina (sa 33-12% glinenih Clay (with 33-12-% clay
0,35 - 0,50 0,35 - 0,50
frakcija) fractions)
Glinovito tlo 0,40 - 0,50 Clay soil 0,40 - 0,50
Tresetno tlo 0,60 – 0,80 Peat soil 0,60 – 0,80

Osim po koeficijentu 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 , filtraciona svojstva In addition to the 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 coefficient, soil filtration
tla se mogu klasificirati i na temelju razmatranja properties can also be classified based on
osobina tla po njegovom poprečnom presjeku. consideration of soil properties by its cross-
Neka je Ω neka ravna površina u promatranom section. Let Ω be some flat surface in the
tlu, a 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 ukupna površina pora u granicama observed soil, and ω be the total pore area within
promatrane ravne površine Ω. Što je veći odnos: the boundaries of the observed flat surface Ω.
The higher the ratio:
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = <1 (2) 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
Ω 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = <1 (2)
Ω
koji se zove koeficijent površinske poroznosti, to called the surface porosity coefficient, the higher
je veća filtraciona sposobnost promatranog tla. the filtration capacity of the observed soil.
Volumenska poroznost i površinska poroznost
Volume porosity and surface porosity of soil are
tla određuju se eksperimentalno [1].
determined experimentally [1]. If the filtration
Ako su filtraciona svojstva tla ista u svim
properties of the soil are the same at all its points,
njegovim tačkama, tlo se zove homogeno, u
the soil is called homogeneous, otherwise the
protivnom je tlo nehomogeno.
soil is inhomogeneous. For homogeneous soil,
Kod homogenog tla koeficijent volumetrijske
the volumetric porosity coefficient 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 and the
poroznosti 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 i koeficijent površinske
surface porosity coefficient 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 are numerically
poroznosti 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 su brojčano jednaki. Ako
equal. If the filtration properties of the soil do
filtraciona svojstva tla ne zavise od smjera not depend on the direction of movement of the
gibanja podzemne vode, tlo se zove izotropno; u groundwater, the soil is called isotropic;
protivnom je anizotropno. otherwise it is anisotropic. Thus, for example, a
Tako je na primjer fiktivno tlo sastavljeno od fictitious soil made up of balls of the same
kuglica istog promjera homogeno izotropnog tla. diameter is a homogeneous isotropic soil. If the
Ako bi se tlo sastavilo od paralelopipeda istih soil were composed of parallelopipeds of the
dimenzija i iste orijentacije, takvo bi tlo bilo same dimensions and orientation, such soil
homogeno, ali i anizotropno. Osim toga, u would be homogeneous but also anisotropic. In
prirodi se susreću slojevite vrste tla, koje se addition, layered soil types are encountered in
sastoje od niza slojeva s različitim filtracionim nature, consisting of a series of layers with
svojstvima u svakom sloju. different filtration properties in each layer. In
Uporedo s navedenim vrstama vodopropusnog addition to these types of waterproofing soil,
tla postoje i druge vrste, koje su there are other types of waterproofing. Further,
vodonepropusne. U nastavku rada pretpostavka it will be assumed that the filtration takes place
je da se filtracija zbiva u homogenom in a homogeneous isotropic soil lying on a flat
izotropnom tlu koje leži na ravnom watertight layer.
vodonepropusnom sloju.

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4. BRZINA FILTRACIJE, ZAKON 4. FILTRATION VELOCITY, LAMINAR

LAMINARNE FILTRACIJE FILTRATION LAW

U laminarnom režimu gubici pada na jedinicu In laminar mode, the losses fall on the unit of
dužine (hidraulički pad 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ ) proporcionalni su length (hydraulic fall 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ ) are proportional to the
prvoj potenciji srednje brzine strujanja. Brzina first potency of the mean velocity of the streams.
strujanja u pojedinoj pornoj cijevi sa živim The velocity of flow in a single pore tube with a
presjekom 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 bit će: live cross-section 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 will be:

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = χ𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ (3) 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = χ𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ (3)

a protok kroz “pornu cijev” bit će: and the flow through the "pore tube" is:

∆𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = χ𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ ∆𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 (4) ∆𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = χ𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ ∆𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 (4)

gdje je 𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒 koeficijent proporcionalnosti, kojim se where χ is a coefficient of proportionality, which

uzimaju u obzir svojstva promatranog tla. takes into account the properties of the observed
Da bi se odredio ukupni protok podzemnog toka soil.
kroz neki poprečni presjek s ukupnom To determine the total flow of an underground
površinom filtera: stream through a cross section with the total
filter area:
Ω = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (5)
Ω = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (5)
trebalo bi izračunati i zbrojiti elementarne
protoke kroz sve porne cjevčice, koje idu kroz elemental flows through all pore tubes, which
svu površinu filtera. Takav postupak praktično pass through the entire filter surface, should be
nije izvodiv, pa se zbog toga koristi drugi calculated and summed. Such a procedure is
postupak. practically not feasible and therefore a different
Sva površina filtera Ω se dijeli na elementarne procedure will be used.
površine ∆Ω, u koje su uključeni živi presjeci All filter surface Ω is subdivided into elementary
pora 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 i površine skeleta koje otpadaju na njih. surfaces ∆Ω, which include living pore sections
Dijeljenjem izraza (4) sa ∆Ω i uzimanjem u obzir 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 and skeletal surfaces that fall on them. By
relacije (2) dobije se: dividing expression (4) by ∆Ω and considering
relation (2), we obtain:
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 ∆𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥Ω
= 𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ ∆Ω
= 𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 (6)
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 ∆𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥Ω
= 𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ ∆Ω
= 𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 (6)
Lijevi dio dobivenog izraza ima dimenziju
brzine koja će se zvati brzina filtracije 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 . The left-hand side of the resulting expression has
Koeficijent 𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒 i 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 u (6) izražavaju osobitost a velocity dimension, which will be called the
promatranog tla, pa se zbog toga mogu sažeti u filtration rate 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 . The coefficient 𝜒𝜒𝜒𝜒 and 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 in
jedan koeficijent filtracije k, koji će biti različit (6) expressing the characteristics of the observed
za različita tla. Tako će se dobiti: soil, and therefore can be summarized in one
filtration coefficient k, which will be different for
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ (7) different soils. So you will get:

gdje se 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 može smatrati (smanjujući površinu 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼ℎ (7)

𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄) lokalnom brzinom filtracije u posmatranoj
tački. where 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 can be considered (by reducing the
Iz priloženog se vidi da je brzina filtracije 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 surface ΔQ) the local filtration rate at the
manja od stvarne brzine procjeđivanja kroz pore observed point. From the above stated, it can be
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 i u stvari je neki apstraktan pojam. Brzina seen that the filtration rate is 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 lower than the
filtracije je zamišljena brzina, koju bi imale actual velocity of sifting through the pores 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
čestice tekućine kad bi se ona procjeđivala ne and is, actually, an abstract term.
samo kroz pore već kroz svu

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površinu filtera, kao kroz neku fiktivnu Filtration rate is the imaginary rate that fluid
neprekidnu sredinu. particles would have if they were leaking not just
No za praksu je veoma bitno da proizvod brzine through the pores, but through the entire surface
filtracije (7) i površine filtera Ω daje stvarni of the filter, as through some fictitious
protok 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥. Kod veoma malih brzina, svojstvenih continuous medium.
laminarnoj filtraciji, veličina brzinske visine se But for practice, it is very important that the
može zanemariti, a hidrodinamički pritisak 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 product of the filtration rate (7) and the filter
(specifičnu energiju) predstaviti sa: surface Ω give the actual flow 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥. At very low
velocities inherent in laminar filtration, the
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 magnitude of the velocity elevation can be
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + (8)
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 neglected and the hydrodynamic pressure H
(specific energy) represented by:
dok se hidraulički pad 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 može uzeti da je jednak
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
pijezometarskom padu 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼. Zbog toga će se dalje 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + (8)
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
primjenjivati (7) (ispuštajući indeks ℎ) u obliku:
while the hydraulic drop 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 can be taken to be
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧) (9) equal to the piezometer drop 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼. Therefore, (7)
(dropping index ℎ) in the form will be further
odnosno: applied:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧) (9)
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (10)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
respectively:
gdje je 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 pad pritiska na dužini 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (negativna
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
veličina). Ako se uzme linearna zavisnost 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 (10)
gubitaka pritiska po dužini, onda će 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
pijezometarski pad biti: where 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 is the pressure drop over the length dl
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2
(negative size). If one takes the linear
(𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 +
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
) − (𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧2 +
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻1 − 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻2 dependence of pressure losses along the length,
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = = . (11) then the piezometric drop will be:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2
Formulu (11) prvi je predložio Darcy (1855) na (𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧1 + ) − (𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧2 + ) 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻1 − 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻2
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
temelju preciznih ispitivanja laminarne filtracije 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = = . (11)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
i zbog toga se ona zove Darcyjeva formula [1].
Formula (11) was first proposed by Darcy (1855)
5. KOEFICIJENT FILTRACIJE on the basis of precise laminar filtration tests and
Kako se iz (9) i (10) vidi, koeficijent filtracije ima that is why it's called Darcy's formula [1].
dimenziju brzine i prikazuje brzinu filtracije pri
hidrauličkom padu jednakom jedinici. 5. FILTRATION COEFFICIENT
Određivanje brojčane vrijednosti koeficijenta As can be seen from (9) and (10), the filtration
filtracije provodi se nizom postupaka, koji se coefficient has a dimension of velocity and shows
obično opisuju u specijalnim slučajevima [2,3]. the filtration rate at a hydraulic fall equal to one.
Ovdje će se razmotriti jedan od postupaka The numerical value of the filtration coefficient
određivanja koeficijenta 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, uz pomoć posebnog is determined by a series of procedures, which
Darcyjeva uređaja, shematski prikazanog na slici are usually described in special cases [2,3]. Here
1. To je vertikalan, odozgo otvoren cilindar 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, will be considered one of the methods for
površine poprečnog presjeka 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔, koji ima otvore determining the coefficient 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, using the special
za priključivanje pijezometara 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃. Voda dolazi Darcy device shown schematically in Figure 1.
odozgo kroz cijev 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎; preljevna cijev 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 održava It is a vertical, cylindrical opening 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, of cross-
stalan nivo vode u cilindru. sectional area 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔, which has openings for
connecting piezometers 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃. Water comes from
above through pipe 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎; overflow pipe 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 maintains
a constant water level in the cylinder.

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Slika 1. Shema Darcyeva uređaja [1,7]

Figure 1 Scheme of Darcy's device [1,7]

U dnu cilindra je mreža što pridržava tlo koje se At the bottom of the cylinder is a grid that holds
istražuje, dolje ispod mreže je cijev 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 s ventilom the examined ground, down below the grid is a
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 za ispuštanje filtrirane vode u posudu 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵. pipe C with a valve K to drain the filtered water
Pri eksperimentu treba postići stacionarno into the vessel B.
gibanje vode kroz tlo, odrediti sekundarni protok In the experiment, stationary water movement
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 i fiksirati podatke pijezometra. Tada se može through the soil should be achieved, the
odrediti brzina filtracije. secondary flow Q should be determined and the
piezometer data fixed. The filtration rate can
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 then be determined.
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = (12)
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = (12)
i hidraulički pad: 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 and hydraulic fall:

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = (13)
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = (13)
Gdje je ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 nivo dva međusobno povezana 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
pijezometra koji su priključeni na međusobnoj
udaljenosti 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙. Where ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 is the level of two interconnected
Upotrebom formula (9) i (10) nalazi se veličina piezometers connected at a distance 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙.
koeficijenta filtracije 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. Using formulas (9) and (10), the magnitude of
U tabeli 2. navedene su orijentacione vrijednosti the filtration coefficient 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 is determined.
koeficijenta filtracije za različite vrste tla [5,6]. Table 2 lists the orientation values of the
filtration coefficient for different soil types [5,6].

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Tabela 2. Orijentacioni podaci o veličini Table 2 Orientation data on the magnitude of the
koeficijenta filtracije. [1] filtration coefficient. [1]
Srednja vrijednost Name and quality Mean filtration
Naziv i kvalitet tla
filtracije 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 of soil value 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Glina (1÷6)10−6 Clay (1÷6)10−6
Glinovito tlo (1÷6)10−5 Clay soil (1÷6)10−5
Pješčano gusto tlo (1÷6)10−4 Sandy dense soil (1÷6)10−4
Pješčano rahlo tlo (1÷6)10−3 Sandy light soil (1÷6)10−3
Sitnozrnasti pijesak (1÷6)10−3 Fine grained sand (1÷6)10−3
Krupnozrnasti pijesak (1÷6)10−2 Coarse-grained sand (1÷6)10−2

Iz tabele 2. se vidi da se veličina koeficijenta Table 2 shows that the magnitude of the filtration
filtracije za isto tlo mijenja u širokim granicama. coefficient for the same soil varies widely. It
Treba imati u vidu da je koeficijent filtracije should be kept in mind that the filtration
veličina koja se mijenja u vremenu zbog coefficient is a variable which changes over time
promjene temperature, sastava tla, disperznosti i due to changes in temperature, soil composition,
drugih faktora. dispersion and other factors.

6. SPECIFIČNOST POSTEPENOG I 6. SPECIFICITY OF GRADUAL AND

NAGLO PROMJENJIVOG GIBANJA FAST CHANGING MOVEMENT OF
PODZEMNE VODE GROUNDWATER
U općem gibanju podzemne vode, hidraulički In the general groundwater movement, the
pad 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 je neprekidna funkcija koordinata prostora, hydraulic drop 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 is a continuous function of the
koji zauzima promatrani tok vode. coordinates of the space occupied by the
U pojedinim slučajevima hidraulički pad postaje observed water flow. In some cases, the
stalan za određenu skupinu tačaka prostora, pa hydraulic fall becomes constant for a certain
čak i za sve tačke toka u cjelini. Takvo group of points of space and even for all points
izravnavanje hidrauličkog pada nastaje pri of flow as a whole. Such leveling of hydraulic
postepeno promjenjivom podzemnom toku fall occurs at a gradually changing underground
[1,3]. flow [1,3].

Slika 2. Prikaz dva presjeka toka vode na maloj udaljenosti [3]

Figure 2 Two cross sections of water flow at a short distance [3]

U postepeno promjenjivom toku (slika 2.) In a gradually varying flow (Fig. 2), two live
promatraju se dva živa presjeka na međusobno sections are observed at a short distance 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. With
maloj udaljenosti 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. Pri postepeno a gradually varying flow, it can be assumed that
promjenjivom toku može se uzeti da su živi the live sections are straight and that the pressure
presjeci ravni i da se pritisak u

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ravnini živog presjeka raspoređuje po live section will have the same height of
hidrostatičkom zakonu. Sve tačke živog presjeka pressure:
imat će jednu te istu visinu pritiska:
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 2 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 2
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + + = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + . (14)
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + + = 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + . (14) 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
Therefore, the pressure drop at each flow line
Zbog toga će pad pritiska na svakoj liniji toka between two adjacent live sections (going in the
između dva susjedna živa presjeka (idući u filtration direction) will be the one and same -
smjeru filtracije) biti jedan te isti −𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. dH.
in the plane of the live section is distributed
according to the hydrostatic law. All points in the

Slika 3. Strujne linije procjeđivanja ispod pregrade (brana, talpi) [1]

Figure 3 Straining current lines below the barrier [1]

S druge strane, zbog postepene promjenjivosti On the other hand, due to the gradual variability
gibanja toka može se uzeti da će udaljenost 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 of the flow, it can be assumed that the distance
između dva veoma bliska presjeka, mjerena 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 between two very close sections, measured
uzduž svake linije toka, biti opet ista. along each flow line, will again be the same.
Na temelju toga može se stvoriti veoma važan A very important conclusion can be drawn from
zaključak: pri postepeno promjenjivom gibanju this: in the case of gradually changing
podzemnog toka hidraulički pad za čitav živi subsurface flow, the hydraulic fall for the whole
presjek je konstantna veličina, pa su prema tome live section is a constant magnitude, so that the
lokalne brzine u homogenom tlu u svim tačkama local velocities in the homogeneous soil at all
jednog živog presjeka jednake: points of one live section are equal:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 . (15) 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 . (15)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Dijagram raspodjele brzine u živom presjeku The velocity distribution diagram in a live
podzemnog toka, za razliku od otvorenih tokova, section of an underground stream, unlike open
oblikom je pravougaonik. Zbog toga je srednja streams, is a rectangle. Therefore, the mean
brzina filtracije 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 u živom presjeku postepeno filtration rate v in a live cross section of a
promjenjivog podzemnog toka jednaka brzini 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢: gradually changing subsurface flow is equal to
the velocity u:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. (16) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. (16)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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gdje je 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 pad slobodne površine, koji se mijenja where 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 is the free surface drop, which changes
samo uzduž toka. Jednačina (16) je specijalan only along the flow. Equation (16) is a special
slučaj Darcyjeve formule, nju je dao Dupuit case of Darcy's formula, given by Dupuit (1863),
(1863), pa se ona i zove njegovim imenom. and so it is called by his name. The mean
Srednju brzina filtracije u Dupuitovoj formuli filtration rate in Dupuit formula (16) should be
(16) treba shvatiti kao neku zamišljenu brzinu, understood as some imaginary rate at which the
kod koje kroz poprečni presjek čitavog filtera actual flow 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 passes through the entire filter
prolazi stvarni protok 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄. Umjesto realnog cross-section. Instead of the real motion of a
gibanja određenog protoka 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 podzemne vode certain flow Q of groundwater through the
kroz sumarnu površinu pora filtera promatra se summarized surface of the filter pores, an
apstraktno gibanje s istim protokom nekog abstract motion with the same flow of a
kontinuuma koji zauzima čitav prostor pora i continuum, which occupies the entire pore space
skeleta toga tla [2,4]. and skeleton of that soil, is observed [2,4].
Temelj proračuna za srednju brzinu filtracije pri Therefore, the equation (16) for the mean
postepeno promjenjivoj laminarnoj filtraciji je filtration rate is taken as the basis of calculation
jednačina (16). for gradually changing laminar filtration.
Pri jednolikom gibanju, kao specijalnom slučaju In the case of uniform motion, as a special case
postepeno promjenjivog gibanja, hidraulički pad of gradually varying motion, the hydraulic fall
bit će stalna veličina ne samo u granicama nekog will be a constant magnitude not only within the
živog presjeka već po čitavoj dužini toka, jer pri limits of a live cross section, but over the entire
jednolikom gibanju sve su linije toka paralelene length of the flow, because in a uniform motion
dnu, pa je zbog toga pad slobodne površine 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 na all the flow lines are parallel to the bottom and,
čitavoj dužini toka jednak padu nepropusnog therefore, the free surface drop 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼, over the entire
sloja 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. Formula (16) u tom slučaju poprima oblik flow length equals to the drop of the
: impermeable layer 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. Formula (16) in this case
takes the form:
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣0 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. (17)
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣0 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. (17)
Proračun gibanja podzemnog laminarnog
postepeno promjenjivog toka po formuli (17) je The calculation of the motion of an underground
veoma jednostavan zbog međusobne jednakosti laminar gradually varying flow by the formula
brzina u svim tačkama živog presjeka. (17) is very simple because of the mutual
equality of speeds at all points of the live section.
7. ZAKLJUČAK
U svim slučajevima koji ne odgovaraju uslovima 7. CONCLUSION
postepene promjenjivosti gibanja, na primjer In all cases that do not correspond to the
kod filtracije pod pritiskom, ispod građevina, conditions of gradual variability of motion, for
procjeđivanja ispod brana (slika 3.), linije toka example, filtration under pressure, under
imaju određenu zakrivljenost, udaljenost između buildings, draining under dams (Figure 3), the
susjednih živih presjeka uzduž različitih linija flow lines have a certain curvature, the distance
tokova više nisu jednake. Zbog toga veličina between adjacent live sections along different
hidrauličkog pada više nije konstantna u flow lines is no longer equal. As a result, the
granicama živog presjeka, a živi presjek prestaje magnitude of the hydraulic fall is no longer
biti ravan. constant within the limits of the live cross
Hidraulički pad, a zajedno s njim i lokalne brzine section, and the live cross section ceases to be
filtracije po formuli (16), bit će različite u straight.
različitim tačkama prostora koji zauzima The hydraulic drop, and with it the local
podzemni tok. filtration rates by formula (16), will be different
U vezi s tim moraju se promatrati hidrauličke at different points in the space occupied by the
karakteristike stacionarnog podzemnog toka kao underground flow.
neke neprekidne funkcije koordinata, tj. moraju In this regard, the hydraulic characteristics of a
se koristiti opće jednačine hidromehanike, a to u stationary underground flow must be considered
velikoj mjeri komplikuje tehniku proračuna u as some continuous
poređenju sa gore navedenim

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specijalnim slučajem postepeno promjenjivog functions of coordinates, ie. must be used the
gibanja. general equations of hydromechanics, what
greatly complicates the calculation technique
compared to the above mentioned special case of
gradually variable motion.

8. REFERENCES - LITERATURA
[1] I. I. Agroskin, G. T. Dmitrijev, F. I. Pikalov:
Hidraulika, Tehnička knjiga, Zagreb, 1969.
[2] B. Batinić: Hidraulika, Građevinski
fakultet, Beograd, 1994.
[3] M. V. Ivanov: Metode istraživanja tla,
Gosstrojzdat, 1933.
[4] F. P. Savarenskij: Hidrologija, 1935.
[5] S. V. Izbaš: O filtraciji u krupnoznastom
materijalu, Izvjestija NIIT, t.I, 1931.
[6] H. Raus, Tehnička hidraulika, Građevinska
knjiga, Beograd, 1969.
[7] N. P. Puzirevskij: O primjeni filtracionih
nasipa umjesto malih otvora, Izvjestija
Državni geološki Institut 1930, N0 27-27,
Filtracioni nasipi, Gosstrojzdat, 1934.

Corresponding author:
Haris Mešić
JP "Vodovod i kanalizacija" d.o.o Zenica
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +387 62 980 156

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 14, (2020) …

NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA

SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE OF

SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE

Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad

Ajdin Jeleč2 REZIME
Danas, numerička analiza uz pomoć softvera CAD/CAE predstavlja
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
Faculty of Mechanical provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
Ansys. Osim osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica, geometrije za simulaciju u oba softvera.
B&H
2
University of Zenica
Polytechnic Faculty,
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
B&H Professional paper
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Ansys, SolidWorks, analysis is accomplished by two pieces of commercial software. So,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used. In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
Ansys, SolidWorks,
pipe

Paper received:
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća je zastupljena masovna decades, the massive use of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE i CAD (Computer Aided Design) pieces of
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, are: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisi od numerical analysis usually depends on a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, number of factors, such as the limitations of
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 15 – 28, (2020) N. Turčinović: ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE….

ANALIZA I KONTROLA UTICAJA BUKE U SAOBRAĆAJU NA

OBJEKTE KOJI SE NALAZE UZ DIONICU GLAVNE GRADSKE
MAGISTRALE GGM ZENICA

ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE IMPACT ON THE

OBJECTS ALONG THE MAIN CITY HIGHWAY (GGM) ZENICA

Nejra Turčinović Stručni rad

REZIME
University of Zenica, Buka je jedan od najvećih faktora koji utiču na ugrožavanje životne
Polytechnic Faculty sredine. Saobraćajna buka najviše ugrožava stanovništvo koje nije u
neposrednom kontaktu s izvorima buke i kao takva predstavlja ozbiljan
društveni problem. Ovaj rad prezentuje mjerenje nivoa buke na
Ključne riječi:
lokacijama Glavne gradske magistrale Zenica. Pored ostalog, izvršena je
buka, saobraćajna buka,
i analiza izmjerenih vrijednosti, te kontrola i usporedba s dopuštenim
zaštita od buke
vrijednostima koje su definirane zakonskim odredbama. Na osnovu
rezultata mjerenja, propisa i standarda za zaštitu od buke, te analize
Keywords:
rješenja iz prakse, izvršen je i izbor mogućih mjera za smanjenje uticaja
noise, traffic noise, noise
buke od saobraćaja na datoj lokaciji.
protection
Professional paper
Paper received: SUMMARY
16.05.2020. Noise is one of the greatest factors that has an affect on damaging our
Paper accepted: environment. Traffic noise affects mostly the population that has no direct
26.06.2020. contact with noise sources, and as such, traffic noise presents a very
serious social problem. This paper presents traffic noise measurements on
locations of the Main City Highway in Zenica. Among other things, an
analysis of the measured values was performed, as well as control and
comparison with the permitted values defined by legal provisions. Based
on the results of measurement, regulations and standards for noise
protection, and analysis of solutions from practice, a selection of possible
measures to reduce the impact of traffic noise at a given location was
made.
1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
Na pitanje „Šta je buka?“ moguće je dati veoma It is possible to give a very simple but correct
jednostavan, ali tačan odgovor: buka je answer to the question "What is the noise?", - the
neželjeni zvuk. No, hoće li zvuk uvijek biti noise is an unwanted sound. But will the sound
neželjen? Hoće li biti neželjen za svakoga? Ne. always be unwanted? Will it be unwanted for
Svaka osoba ima svoje individualno tumačenje everyone? No. Each person has his/her own
zvuka na koje može utjecati, kao i na vrijeme individual interpretation of the sound that he/she
kada ga čuju. Ako se subjektivnost pojma buke can influence, as well as the time when he/she
za različite ljude uzme u obzir, trebao bi se hears it. If the subjectivity of the notion of noise
koristiti drugačiji pristup. Dakle, bukom se for different people is taken into account, a
označava zvuk koji negativno utiče na ljudsko different approach should be used. Thus, noise
zdravlje kao što to trenutno definira Svjetska will be called a sound that negatively affects
zdravstvena organizacija (SZO): „Zdravlje je human health as currently defined by the World
stanje potpunog fizičkog, mentalnog i Health Organization (WHO): "Health is a state
društvenog blagostanja, a ne samo odsutnosti of complete physical, mental and social well-
bolesti ili slabosti.“ Koristeći ovu definiciju being and not merely the absence of disease or
SZO-a i znajući da su glavni faktori koji utiču infirmity." Using WHO definition and knowing
na opasnost po zdravlje ljudi intenzitet zvuka i that the main factors affecting human health
trajanje njegovoj izloženosti, moguće je imati hazards are sound intensity and duration of
pragmatičniji pristup problemu kako bi se exposure, it is possible to have a more pragmatic
razvile politike i mjere učinkovite za rješavanje approach to the problem in order to develop
ove teme [7]. policies and measures effective to

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 15 – 28, (2020) N. Turčinović: ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE….

U posljednjim desetljećima društvo je postalo address this topic [7]. In recent decades, society
svjesnije nedostataka koje je moderni razvoj has become more aware of the shortcomings
donio svakodnevnim životima građana. Jedan od that modern development has brought to the
njih je i buka, koja predstavlja sekundarnu daily lives of citizens. One of them is noise,
posljedicu važnog porasta populacije u našim which is a secondary consequence of the
gradovima i komunikacije između građana. Radi important increase in the population in our
poznatih važnih učinaka na populaciju, i uzevši u cities and communication between citizens.
obzir da zagađenost bukom utiče na veliki dio Because of the known important effects on the
svjetske populacije, buka predstavlja rizik po population, and having in mind that noise
naše zdravlje i kvalitet života. Prema tome, buka pollution affects a large part of the world’s
se mora izučiti i opisati kako bi se nadležnima population, noise poses a risk to our health and
pomoglo da zaštite građane. Dostupne su razne quality of life. Therefore, noise must be studied
opcije za ublažavanje saobraćajne buke. and described to help the authorities protect
U posljednje vrijeme, najveća smanjenja u buci citizens. Various options are available to
koju proizvode automobili rezultat su mitigate traffic noise. Recently, the largest
poboljšanja tehnologije koja se koristi za motore. reductions in noise produced by cars are the
Najučinkovitije površine ceste za smanjenje result of improvements in the technology used
zagađenja saobraćajnom bukom je porozni tanki for engines. The most effective road surface for
sloj asfalta. U Holandiji, gdje se takvi materijali reducing traffic noise pollution is a porous thin
koriste na najmanje 60% puteva, istraživanja su layer of asphalt. In the Netherlands, where such
pokazala da porozni asfalt može smanjiti buku materials are used on at least 60% of roads,
putničkih vozila za 3 dB. Dalji rezultati projekta research has shown that porous asphalt can
EU SILENCE pokazuju da jedan sloj poroznih reduce passenger vehicle noise by 3 dB. Further
površina puteva može umanjiti buku na glavnim results of the EU SILENCE project show that
putevima za 4 dB (u poređenju sa tradicionalnim one layer of porous road surfaces can reduce
gustim asfaltnim betonom), umanjenja buke za 6 noise on main roads by 4 dB (compared to
dB mogu se postići koristeći otvoreno poroznije i traditional dense asphalt concrete), noise
najupijajuće površine, koje zahtijevaju čišćenje reduction by 6 dB can be achieved by using
dva puta godišnje. openly more porous and absorbent surfaces,
Nedavno istraživanje vršilo je procjenu uticaja which require cleaning of two times a year. A
priliva električnih vozila u urbani saobraćaj u recent study assessed the impact of the influx of
Španiji i opisalo očekivane uticaje na zvučnoj electric vehicles into urban traffic in Spain and
mapi. Rezultati su pokazali da su dobrobiti described the expected impacts on the sound
električnih vozila pri većoj brzini (iznad 50 map. The results showed that the benefits of
km/h) minimalne radi prevladavajuće buke radi electric vehicles at higher speeds (above 50 km
kotrljanja. Ipak, kada se posmatrao rad / h) are minimal due to the prevailing rolling
električnih vozila pri brzini od 30 km/h, autori noise. However, when observing the operation
su primijetili da je došlo do smanjenja nivoa of electric vehicles at a speed of 30 km/h, the
buke za 2 dB. Simulirana zvučna mapa je authors noticed that there was a reduction in
pokazala da bi zamjena vozila sa motorom s noise levels by 2 dB. The simulated sound map
unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem električnim showed that replacing vehicles with internal
vozilima mogla poboljšati zvučnu okolinu za combustion engines with electric vehicles could
10% građana [9]. improve the sound environment for 10% of
Važna studija u Dablinu (Irska) je predstavila citizens, [9]. An important study in Dublin
područje u centru grada gdje je dozvoljen samo (Ireland) presented an area in the city center
javni prijevoz (taxi i autobus), dok je privatnim where only public transport (taxi and bus) is
vozilima pristup bio zabranjen za vrijeme allowed, while access to private vehicles was
najveće saobraćajne gužve. Tokom 24-satnog prohibited during the busiest traffic. During the
perioda, nivoi buke u gradskom centru nisu bili 24-hour period, noise levels in the city center
značajno umanjeni. Međutim, bilo je sugerirano were not significantly reduced. However, it has
da bi učinkovitost zabrane bila veća kada bi se been suggested that the effectiveness of the ban
plan proširio i dozvoljavao samo tihim would be greater if the plan were extended to
autobusima vožnju u gradu, a da bi se dobrobiti allow only quiet buses to run in the city, and
ove zabrane više osjetile u područjima koja se that the benefits of this ban would be more felt
nisu smatrala dijelom plana. in areas not considered as part of the plan.

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Hamburg, Helsinki, Madrid i Oslo su nedavno Hamburg, Helsinki, Madrid and Oslo recently
najavili plan da bar djelomično postanu gradovi announced a plan to at least partially become
bez privatnih automobile [9]. cities without private cars [9]. Research has
Istraživanja su pokazala da drveće i grmlje mogu shown that trees and shrubs can have a
značajno uticati na umanjenje buke. Huddartov significant effect on noise reduction. The
izvještaj pokazuje da se u nekim slučajevima Huddart report shows that in some cases the
buka može smanjiti za 6 dB na daljini od 30 m noise can be reduced by 6 dB at a distance of 30
na mjestima guste sadnje. Leonard i Parr (1970) i m in densely planted sites. Leonard and Parr
Reethof su dokazali da gust pojas drveća i grmlja (1970) and Reethof proved that a dense line of
širine između 15 i 30 m može smanjiti nivoe trees and shrubs between 15 and 30 m wide can
zvuka za nevjerovatnih 6 do 10 dB. Cook i Van reduce sound levels for an incredible 6 to 10
Haverbeke (1972) su također dokazali smanjenja dB. Cook and Van Haverbeke (1972) also
u nivoima buke od 5 do 10 dB za pojase drveća demonstrated reductions in noise levels of 5 to
širine između 15 i 30 m [3]. 10 dB for tree lines between 15 and 30 m wide,
Postoji pet osnovnih razloga za mjerenje [3]. There are five basic reasons for traffic noise
saobraćajne buke: measuring:
- određivanje postojećih nivoa pozadinske buke - determination of existing levels of
i buke ambijenta, background noise and ambient noise,
- podešavanje modela za predviđanje buke, - adjustment of the noise prediction model,
- praćenje nivoa buke tokom izgradnje radi - monitoring of noise levels during construction
usklađivanja sa standardima i lokalnim in order to comply with standards and local
propisima, regulations,
- procjena učinkovitosti mjera ublažavanja kao - assessment of the effectiveness of mitigation
što su zvučne barijere i measures such as sound barriers, and
- provođenje posebnih istraživanja i studija [9]. - conducting special research and studies [9].
Cilj istraživanja je da se ustanove nivoi buke u The aim of the research is to establish traffic
saobraćaju na dionici Glavne gradske noise levels on the section of GGM and, based
magistrale te na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, on the obtained results, according to previous
prema dosadašnjim iskustvima i realnim experiences and the real situation in the
stanjem u državi, predlože mjere zaštite ako je country, propose protection measures if
to potrebno. Mjerenja su izvršena na datim necessary. Measurements were performed at the
lokacijama Glavne gradske magistrale, a given locations of GGM, and the results were
rezultati su uspoređeni s onim iz Zakona [10]. compared with those from the law [10].
Izmjerene vrijednosti i predložena rješenja su Measured values and proposed solutions are
pokazatelji i osnov za buduća istraživanja i indicators and basis for future research and
elaborate koji uključuju dizajn, definiranje i studies that include the design, definition and
izgradnju rješenja za zaštitu od buke. construction of noise protection solutions.

2. TROŠKOVI MJERA ZA SMANJENJE 2. COSTS OF NOISE REDUCTION

BUKE MEASURES
Isplativost pristupa umanjenju buke i The cost-effective approach to noise reduction
mogućnost umanjenja zagađenja bukom je and their ability to reduce noise pollution is a
ključna tačka za one koji donose odluke, a koji key point for decision makers, who often work
često rade s niskim budžetom. Važne stavke on a low budget. Important items include
uključuju troškove implementacije kao i implementation and maintenance costs,
održavanja, dostupnost sredstava i važne sheme availability of funds, and important funding
finansiranja. Bitan alat za pomoć pri schemes. An essential decision aid tool is a
odlučivanju jeste analiza troškova i koristi, koja cost-benefit analysis that can help prioritize the
može pomoći u određivanju prioriteta različitih various noise reduction options and ensure that
opcija za smanjenje buke i osigurati da se funds are spent in the best possible way [9].
sredstva utroše na najbolje mogući način [9]. Costs vary among local noise mitigation
Troškovi variraju među lokalnim mjerama measures. Sound barriers cost on average € 300
ublažavanja buke. Zvučne barijere u prosjeku /m2, and cost variations depend on location
koštaju 300 €/m2, a varijacije troškova ovise o characteristics such as population density and
karakteristikama lokacije poput gustoće type of barrier.

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naseljenosti i vrste barijere. Tuneli su Tunnels are the most expensive but also the
najskuplji, ali i najučinkovitiji oblik zvučne most effective form of sound barrier. Sound
barijere. Zvučne barijere se smatraju barriers are considered the least cost-effective
najneisplativijim pristupom, usprkos njihovoj approach, despite their effectiveness in noise
učinkovitosti pri ublažavanju buke [8]. mitigation [8].
Cijene fasadne izolacije općenito su više u Facade insulation prices are generally higher
poređenju sa drugim mjerama, ali i dosta niže compared to other measures, but also much
kada se primjenjuju u novim zgradama sa lower when applied in new buildings with high
visokim standardima toplotne izolacije. standards of thermal insulation. It is estimated
Procjenjuje se da je prosječna cijena izolacije po that the average price of insulation per
stanu oko 28.000 €. Fasadna izolacija je možda apartment is around 28.000 €. Facade insulation
isplativija od površina ceste koje ne ispuštaju may be more cost-effective than noise-free road
buku i koje u prosjeku koštaju oko 3,5 €/m2. surfaces, which cost around 3.5 €/m2 on
Njihova učinkovitost zavisi od toga koliko je average. Their effectiveness depends on how
gusto naseljeno područje (izolacija je efektivnija densely populated the area is (isolation is more
u područjima koja nisu gusto naseljena). effective in non-densely populated areas).
Gume koje proizvode niske nivoe buke smatraju Tires that produce low noise levels are
se posebno isplativim zbog značajnog umanjenja considered particularly cost-effective due to
buke, a minimalnih posljedica. Tihe gume mogu significant noise reduction and minimal
smanjiti buku za 4 dB bez dodatnih troškova. consequences. Quiet tires can reduce noise by 4
Mjere upravljanja saobraćajem su jedna od dB at no extra cost. Traffic management
najjeftinijih mjera. Statični znakovi koji pokazuju measures are one of the cheapest measures.
ograničenje brzine ili zabrane kretanja teškim Static signs that show a speed limit or a ban on
vozilima sa prehrambenim artiklima su relativno heavy vehicles with food items are relatively
jeftini, a jedan znak košta oko 300 € [9]. cheap, and one sign costs around 300 € [9].
Cijena kolovoznih konstrukcija koje proizvode The price of road structures that produce a low
nizak nivo buke, odnosno poroznih asfalta level of noise, i.e. porous asphalt varies from 29
varira od 29 €/m2 i 23 €/m2 ovisno radi li se o €/m2 and 23 €/m2, depending on whether it is a
duplom ili jednom sloju poroznog asfalta [10]. double or single layer of porous asphalt [10].
Općenito govoreći, najisplativiji pristup je često Generally speaking, the most cost-effective
kombinacija strategija. Poređenja troškova i approach is often a combination of strategies.
koristi mjera ublaženja saobraćajne buke Comparison of costs and benefits of traffic
pokazuje da su u svim slučajevima koristi veće noise mitigation measures show that in all cases
od samih troškova [9]. the benefits outweigh the costs [9].

3. ZAKONSKA REGULATIVA 3. LEGISLATION

Ocjena uticaja buke na okoliš i ljude vrši se na The assessment of the impact of noise on the
osnovu odredaba Zakona o zaštiti od buke environment and people is performed on the basis
(„Službene novine Federacije BiH“, broj: of the provisions of the Law on Noise Protection /
110/12) i Zakona o zaštiti od buke („Službene Zakon o zaštiti od buke ("Službene novine
novine ZDK“, broj: 1/14). Buka se također Federacije BiH", No. 110/12) and the Law on
tretira i propisima koji uređuju javni red i mir Noise Protection / Zakon o zaštiti od buke
na području ZDK, kao i posebnim općinskim ("Službene novine ZDK", No. 1/14). Noise is also
odlukama o javnom redu i miru [6]. treated by regulations governing public order in
Veličina koja se mjeri i na osnovu koje se vrši the Zenica-Doboj Canton, as well as special
procjena prema ovom Zakonu je ekvivalentni municipal decisions on public order [6]. The
nivo buke Laeq,T u dB(A), nivo buke L1 koji se quantity measured and on the basis of which the
pojavljuje 1% vremena mjerenja u dB(A), te assessment is made according to this law is the
LAmax. Mjerenje i vrednovanje nivoa buke vrši equivalent noise level Laeq,T in dB(A), the noise
se prema međunarodnim standardima ISO level L1 which occurs 1% of the measurement
1996/1, 1996/2 i 1996/3, BAS ISO 9612 i BAS time in dB(A), and LAmax. Measurement and
EN 60804 [10]. Najviši dozvoljeni nivoi buke, evaluation of noise levels is performed according
u smislu ovog Zakona, utvrđeni su u tabelama. to international standards ISO 1996/1, 1996/2 and
a prilikom izrade ovog rada poštovala se tabela 1996/3, BAS ISO 9612 and BAS EN 60804, [10].
sa The highest permissible noise

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dozvoljenim vrijednostima nivoa vanjske buke levels, in terms of this law, are determined in
za planiranje novih objekata ili izvora buke. the tables where during the preparation of this
paper the table with the allowed values of
external noise levels for planning new facilities
or noise sources was observed.

Tabela 1. Dozvoljeni nivoi vanjske buke za planiranje novih objekata ili izvora buke
Table 1 Permitted external noise levels for planning new facilities or noise sources
Najviši dozvoljeni nivoi (dBA)
Područje Highest allowed levels (dBA)
(zona) NAMJENA PODRUČJA Ekvivalentni nivoi Leq Vršni nivoi
Territory PURPOSE OF THE AREA Equivalent Leq levels Peak levels
(zone) Dan Noć
L1
Day Night
Bolničko – lječilišno
I 45 40 60
Hospital - health resort
Turističko, rekreacijsko, oporavilišno
II 50 40 65
Tourist, recreational, convalescent
Čisto stambeno, odgojno obrazovne i
zdravstvene institucije, javne zelene i
III rekreacione površine 55 45 70
Only residential, educational and health
institutions, public green and recreational areas
Trgovačko, poslovno, stambeno i stambeno uz
prometne koridore, skladišta bez teškog
transporta
IV 60 50 75
Commercial, business, residential and
residential along traffic corridors, warehouses
without heavy transport
Poslovno, upravno, trgovačko – obrtničko,
servisno (komunalni servis)
V 65 60 80
Business, administrative, trade and craft,
service (utility service)
Kombinovano – industrijsko, skladišno,
servisno i saobraćajno područje u naseljenom
VI mjestu 65 55 80
Combined - industrial, storage, service and
traffic area in a populated area
Industrijsko, skladišno, servisno i saobraćajno
područje bez stanovanja
VII 70 70 85
Industrial, storage, service and traffic area
without residential area

4. MJERENJE BUKE 4. NOISE MEASUREMENT

Mjerenje buke je izvršeno na gradskoj dionici Noise measurement was performed on the city
Glavne gradske magistrale Zenica na 6 lokacija, section of the GGM Zenica at 6 locations, i.e. in
tj. ispred 6 objekata. U slijedećoj tabeli front of 6 buildings. The following table
predstavljene su lokacije snimanja podataka na presents the locations of data recording on the
posmatranoj dionici: observed section:

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Tabela 2. Lokacije snimanja na dionici Glavne gradske magistrale

Table 2 Data recording locations on the section of the Main City Highway (GGM)
Mjerno mjesto Naziv objekta Naziv lokacije
Measuring point Object name Location name
1 Đački dom Street / ulica Sarajevska, Zenica
Student dormitory
2 Poliklinika Prima / Street / ulica Sarajevska, Zenica
Prima Polyclinic
3 Stambena zgrada Street / ulica Sarajevska, Zenica
Apartment building
4 Hrvatski kulturni dom Street / ulica Dr. Abdulaziza Aska Borića 20, Zenica
Croatian Cultural Center
5 Stambena zgrada Street / ulica Zmaja od Bosne, Zenica
Residential building
6 Industrijska škola Street / ulica Zmaja od Bosne, Zenica
Industrial school

Slika 1. Lokacije snimanja na području GGM-a (Google Earth Pro software)

Figure 1 Recording locations in the area of GGM (Google Earth Pro software)

Za izradu ovog rada i mjerenje buke korišten je Bruel&Kjær BZ5503 with the following
bukomjer Bruel&Kjær BZ5503 sa slijedećim components was used for noise measuring
komponentama: process and for this paper:

Slika 2. Komponente instrumenta, [1]

Figure 2 Instrument components [1]

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Bukomjer predstavlja instrument dizajniran za A noise level meter is an instrument designed to

mjerenje nivoa zvuka kroz standardizirani measure sound levels through a standardized
način. Sastoji se od mikrofona (1), mode. It consists of a microphone (1), a
preamplifikatora (2), glavnog procesora i preamplifier (2), a main processor and a reading
jedinice za očitavanje (slika 2.). Instrument unit (Figure 2). The instrument meets in every
zadovoljava u svakom smislu zahtjeve za sense the requirements for the accuracy of noise
tačnost mjerenja nivoa buke u standardu ANSI level measurements in the standard ANSI S1.4-
S1.4-1983 i ANSI S1.4N-1985 [1]. 1983 and ANSI S1.4N-1985 [1].
Mjerenje spomenutim instrumentom je izvršeno The measurement with the mentioned instrument
u dnevnim i noćnim periodima na 6 tačaka was performed in day and night periods at 6
saobraćajnice u intervalima mjerenja od po 15 points of the road in measurement intervals of 15
minuta, na visini od 1,20 m od površine terena i minutes each, at a height of 1.20 m from the
na udaljenosti od 3 m od objekta. terrain surface and at a distance of 3 m from the
U smislu zakona u zimskom periodu dan traje building. In terms of the law, in the winter the
od 06 do 22 sata, a noć od 22 do 06 sati, a u day lasts from 06 to 22 hours, and the night from
ljetnom periodu od 07 do 23 sata dan i od 23 do 22 to 06 hours, and in the summer from 07 to 23
07 sati noć [10]. hours the day and from 23 to 07 hours the night
Prilikom mjerenja nivoa buke na datim [10]. During the measurement of the noise level
lokacijama vršeno je i brojanje prolaska vozila, at the given locations, the counting of trucks and
teretnih i putničkih. cars was also performed.
Na osnovu prikupljenih podataka izvršeno je Based on the collected data, a comparison was
poređenje sa dozvoljenim granicama prema made with the permissible limits according to
tabeli 2 za dozvoljene nivoe vanjske buke za Table 2 for the permitted levels of external
planiranje novih objekata ili izvora buke. noise for planning new facilities or noise
Prema informacijama iz Zavoda za zaštitu i sources.
ekologiju Metalurškog instituta „Kemal According to the information from the
Kapetanović“ Zenica, ne postoje tačno Department for Protection and Ecology of
definisane zone prema namjeni područja, stoga Metallurgical Institute "Kemal Kapetanović"
ih je potrebno definirati prema ličnom Zenica, there are no precisely defined zones
stanovištu. according to the purpose of the area, so it is
Također je izvršena i tercna analiza buke, necessary to define them according to personal
odnosno, prikazani su grafikoni promjene point of view. A third analysis of noise was also
frekvencije u odnosu na nivo buke, za performed, i.e. graphs of frequency change in
posmatrane veličine Leq(A) i L1(%). relation to the noise level are presented, for the
observed quantities Leq(A) and L1(%).

Slika 3. Prikaz načina mjerenja nivoa buke na lokaciji ulice Dr. Abdulaziza Aska Borića 20, Zenica,
ispred objekta Hrvatski kulturni dom
Figure 3 Presentation of noise level measuring procedure at the location of Street Dr. Abdulaziza
Aska Borića 20, Zenica, in front of the institution Croatian Cultural Center

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5. REZULTATI MJERENJA 5. MEASURING RESULTS

Prilikom mjerenja vanjske buke vladali su The following meteorological conditions
sljedeći meteorološki uslovi: prevailed during measuring external noise:

Tabela 3. Prikaz meteoroloških uslova za vrijeme snimanja nivoa buke na posmatranim lokacijama
Table 3 Meteorological conditions during the measurement of noise levels at the observed locations
Veličina Mjerna jedinica Dnevno mjerenje Noćno mjerenje
Value Measuring unit Daily measurement Night measurement
Temperatura vanjskog zraka /
°C 20 17
Outdoor air temperature
Smjer vjetra / Wind direction - SI JI
Brzina vjetra / Wind speed m/s 1,94 0,7
Prisutnost padavina /
- ne ne
Occurrence of rainfall
Vlaga / Humidity % 62 88,5
Atmosferski pritisak /
hPa 1016 1016
Atmospheric pressure

Tabela 4. Dnevno mjerenje

Table 4 Daily measurement
Vremenski Frekvencija saobraćaja Izmjereno Dopušteno
Područje interval Traffic frequency Measured Allowed
(zona) / Mjerenja /
MM Putnička Teretna
Territory Time interval
vozila / vozila / Leq L1 Leq L1
(zone) of
Cars Trucks
measurements
1 III 09:25 - 09:40 136 15 62,50 73,50 55,00 70,00
2 III 09:55 - 10:10 167 9 65,90 75,40 55,00 70,00
3 V 10:30 - 10:45 346 14 64,70 71,90 65,00 80,00
4 IV 10:58 - 11:13 546 22 67,10 75,20 60,00 75,00
5 VI 11:32 - 11:47 323 59 72,00 81,90 65,00 80,00
6 VII 12:22 - 12:37 286 17 63,60 71,90 70,00 85,00

Tabela 5. Noćno mjerenje

Table 5 Night measurement
Vremenski Frekvencija saobraćaja Izmjereno Dopušteno
Područje interval Traffic frequency Measured Allowed
(zona) mjerenja /
MM Putnička Teretna
Territory Time interval
vozila / vozila / Leq L1 Leq L1
(zone) of
Cars Trucks
measurements
1 III 00:09 - 00:24 13 5 53,60 65,60 45,00 70,00
2 III 00:32 - 00:47 22 2 59,60 72,00 45,00 70,00
3 V 23:27 - 23:42 126 1 62,20 71,70 60,00 80,00
4 IV 23:06 - 23:21 251 1 63,70 72,20 50,00 75,00
5 VI 22:41 - 22:56 94 0 67,40 75,40 55,00 80,00
6 VII 22:15 - 22:30 152 2 61,10 70,60 70,00 85,00

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Slika 4. Prikaz instrumenta nakon izvršenog dnevnog mjerenja na lokaciji Sarajevska ulica, Zenica,
ispred objekta Đački dom
Figure 4 Display of the instrument after the daily measurement at the location of Sarajevska Str.,
Zenica, in front of the Student dormitory

Slika 5. Prikaz instrumenta nakon izvršenog noćnog mjerenja na lokaciji ulice Zmaja od Bosne,
Zenica, ispred objekta Industrijska škola
Figure 5 Display of the instrument after the night measurement at the location of street Zmaja od
Bosne, Zenica, in front of the Industrial school

6. ZAKLJUČAK 6. CONCLUSIONS
Na osnovu dnevnog i noćnog mjerenja emisije Based on the daily and night measurement of
okolinske buke sa gradske saobraćajnice Glavne environmental noise emissions from the city
gradske magistrale Zenica izvršeno je poređenje road of the GGM Zenica, a comparison was
sa dozvoljenim graničnim vrijednostima prema made with the permitted limit values according
tabeli iz Zakona o zaštiti od buke ZDK. to the Table from the Law on Noise Protection /
Dnevno mjerenje Zakona o zaštiti od buke ZDK.
Na osnovu izvršenih mjerenja može se Daily measurement
konstatovati sljedeće: Based on the performed measurements, the
- izmjeren nivo buke na mjernim mjestima following can be stated:
MM1, MM2, MM4 i MM5 odstupa od - the measured noise level at the measuring
dopuštenih graničnih vrijednosti u prosjeku za 8 points MM1, MM2, MM4 and MM5 deviates
dB(A) Leq, i za 3 dB(A) L1 from the permitted limit values by an average
- najveće odstupanje od graničnih vrijednosti je of 8 dB(A) Leq, and by 3 dB(A) L1
izmjereno na mjernom mjestu MM2. - the largest deviation from the limit values was
measured at the measuring point MM2.

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80

60

40

20

0
MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6

Leq dop Leq

Slika 6. Grafikon odnosa izmjerenih i dopuštenih vrijednosti Leq za dnevno mjerenje

Figure 6 Graph of the ratio of measured and allowed values Leq for daily measurement

100
80
60
40
20
0
MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6

L1 dop L1

Slika 7. Grafikon odnosa izmjerenih i dopuštenih vrijednosti L1 za dnevno mjerenje

Slika 7 Graph of the ratio of measured and allowed values L1 for daily measurement

Noćno mjerenje Night measurement

Na osnovu izvršenih mjerenja može se Based on the performed measurements, the
konstatovati sljedeće: following can be stated:
- izmjeren nivo buke na mjernim mjestima - the measured noise level at the measuring
MM1, MM2, MM3, MM4 i MM5 odstupa od points MM1, MM2, MM3, MM4 and MM5
dopuštenih graničnih vrijednosti u prosjeku za deviates from the permitted limit values by an
10 dB(A) Leq, a na mjernom mjestu MM2 average of 10 dB(A) Leq, and at the measuring
izmjeren nivo buke L1 odstupa za 2 dB(A) point MM2 the measured noise level L1
- najveće odstupanje od graničnih vrijednosti je deviates by 2 dB(A)
izmjereno na mjernom mjestu MM2. - the largest deviation from the limit values was
measured at the measuring point MM2.

80

60

40

20

0
MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6

Leq dop Leq

Slika 8. Grafikon odnosa izmjerenih i dopuštenih vrijednosti Leq za noćno mjerenje

Figure 8 Graph of the ratio of measured and allowed values Leq for night measurement

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 15 – 28, (2020) N. Turčinović: ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE….

100
80
60
40
20
0
MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6

L1 dop L1

Slika 9. Grafikon odnosa izmjerenih i dopuštenih vrijednosti L1 za noćno mjerenje

Figure 9 Graph of the ratio of measured and allowed values of L1 for night measurement

Snimljeni nivoi buke pokazuju da je potrebno The recorded noise levels show that measures
poduzeti mjere da se intenzitet buke smanji need to be taken to reduce the intensity of noise
kako bi se stanovništvu obezbijedili humaniji in order to provide the population with more
uslovi za život. Prema izmjerenim podacima humane living conditions. According to the
vidi se da vrijednosti buke, utvrđene tokom measured data, it can be seen that the noise
mjerenja emisije buke, su najviše za dnevni values determined during the measurement of
period, a tada je i najveći intenzitet saobraćaja. noise emission for the daily period are the
Stoga bi se navedeni period mjerenja trebao highest, and have the highest traffic intensity.
uzeti kao referentni pri određivanju i Therefore, the specified measurement period
definiranju mjesta s potrebnom ugradnjom should be taken as a reference when
zaštite od buke. determining and defining places with the
necessary installation of noise protection.

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6

Leq dop Leq

Slika 10. Grafikon odnosa nivoa granične vrijednosti s izmjerenim vrijednostima Leq za dnevno
mjerenje
Figure 10 Graph of the relationship between the limit value level and the measured Leq values for
daily measurement

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 15 – 28, (2020) N. Turčinović: ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE….

100

80

60

40

20

0
MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6

L1 dop L1

Slika 11. Grafikon odnosa nivoa granične vrijednosti s izmjerenim vrijednostima L1 za dnevno
mjerenje
Figure 11 Graph of the relationship between the limit value level and the measured L1 values for daily
measurement

Na osnovu dosadašnjih istraživanja pokazalo se Based on previous research, it has been shown
da mnoge mjere u zaštiti od buke znatno utiču that many noise protection measures
na poboljšanje okoline, ponašanje i zdravlje significantly affect the improvement of the
ljudi, zaštitu okoliša i samo uređenje grada. No, environment, human behavior and health,
hoće li se i koje mjere koristiti najviše zavisi od environmental protection and the city itself. But
vladajućih organa. Cjenovno visoke mjere whether and what measures will be used
zaštite okoliša od buke uglavnom su na kraju depends mostly on the governing bodies. High-
dnevnog reda, ali savjesnim i pravičnim cost environmental protection measures against
djelovanjem kako pojedinca tako i šireg nivoa, noise are mostly at the end of the agenda, but
moguće je postići pozitivne rezultate. with conscientious and fair action of both the
Prije svega trasa Glavne gradske magistrale individual and the wider level, it is possible to
(GGM) Zenica polazi od Bulevara Kralja Tvrtka achieve positive results.
I kod Direkcije kompanije Arcelor Mittal Zenica First of all, the route of the GGM Zenica starts
i Zavoda za medicinu rada Zenica i završava se from Bulevar Kralja Tvrtka I at the Management
na lokalitetu Bojin vir, odnosno na raskrsnici building of Arcelor Mittal Zenica and the
Sarajevske ulice i Bulevara Kulina Bana, a ima Institute of Occupational Medicine Zenica and
ukupnu dužinu L=3,25 km, [5]. Za ovu dužinu ends at the site Bojin vir, i.e. at the intersection
ugrađeno je 230 518 m2 asfaltnih slojeva [4]. of Sarajevska Street and Bulevar Kulina Bana,
Prema [10] cijena koštanja poroznog asfalta kao and has a total length of L = 3.25 km, [5]. For
mjere zaštitite od buke je minimalno 23 €/m2, što this length, 230,518 m2 of asphalt layers were
za ovu dionicu iznosi nešto više od 11 mil. €. installed [4]. According to [10], the cost price of
Ova cijena premašuje cijenu SMA 11 asfaltnog porous asphalt as a noise protection measure is a
sloja, koji je ugrađen u sloju od 4 cm i koji minimum of 23€/m2, which is slightly more than
prema projektantskoj cijeni košta 25 KM/m2 što 11 million € for this section. This price exceeds
bi za ovu dionicu iznosilo oko 12 mil. KM. the price of SMA 11 asphalt layer, which is
Još jedan razlog zašto se ova mjera ne razmatra installed in a layer of 4 cm and which, according
kao jedna od potencijalnih jeste to što porozni to the design price, costs 25 KM/m2, which is
asfalti zahtijevaju održavanje i praćenje about 12 mil. KM for this section.
saobraćaja, a posvećenost nadležnih institucija Also another reason why this measure is not
ovom problemu nije na nekom zavidnom nivou, considered as the potential one is that porous
što se može vidjeti na osnovu količina rigola i asphalts require maintenance and monitoring of
slivnika koji su zabušeni i začepljeni već duže traffic, and the commitment of the relevant
vrijeme bez ikakve intervencije. Iako bi takav institutions to this problem is not at a good
sistem od poroznog asfalta odgovarao level, which can be seen based on the amount
vremenskim prilikama u BiH, preporučljiv je of gutters and drains clogged for a long time
tamo gdje su velike padavine, a tamo gdje su without any intervention. Although such a
temperature ispod nule sistem zahtijeva system of porous asphalt would be suitable for

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 15 – 28, (2020) N. Turčinović: ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE….

odgovorno održavanje [2]. the weather conditions in BiH, it is

Kako se objekti na posmatranim lokacijama recommended where there is heavy rainfall, and
uglavnom nalaze veoma blizu ivice kolovozne where temperatures are below zero the system
konstrukcije Glavne gradske magistrale, zvučne requires responsible maintenance [2].
barijere se također mogu odbaciti kao moguće As the facilities at the observed locations are
rješenje. Stvarale bi dodatnu prenatrpanost na generally located very close to the edge of the
trotoarima, koja je danas sve više prisutna, main construction of the GGM, sound barriers
nesavjesnim ponašanjem većine vozača koji ne can also be rejected as a possible solution. They
vode računa o parkiranju. would create additional congestion on the
Tiši motori, električna vozila i posebne gume sidewalks, which is increasingly present today,
mogu relativno smanjiti nivo buke, ali za due to the reckless behavior of most drivers
primjetne rezultate potrebno je djelovati na who do not pay attention to parking.
većem nivou. Kako Bosna i Hercegovina nije More silent motors, electric vehicles and special
ekonomski stabilna zemlja i životni standard tires can relatively reduce the noise level, but
nije na zavidnom nivou, ne može se od for noticeable results it is necessary to act at a
stanovnika očekivati masovna promjena načina higher level. As Bosnia and Herzegovina is not
i sistema kretanja. Vegetacija kao zvučna an economically stable country and the living
barijera može poslužiti na lokaciji objekta standard is not at an enviable level, a massive
Đačkog doma. change in the way and system of movement
Izmjerena vrijednost nivoa buke u dnevnom cannot be expected from the inhabitants.
periodu iznosi 62,5 dB (A), što je za 7 dB (A) Vegetation as a sound barrier can serve on the
više od dopuštenog. Prema [3] da bi se postiglo location of the Student Dormitory.
smanjenje buke za otprilike 6 dB, potrebno je The measured value of the noise level in the
izraditi barijeru od drveća i grmlja u širini od 20 daily period is 62.5 dB (A), which is 7 dB (A)
do 30 m. Iako se ispred objekta već nalazi pojas more than allowed. In order to reduce noise by
visokog drveća, potrebno je vegetaciju učiniti approximately 6 dB, it is necessary to create a
gušćom sadnjom novog grmlja u donjim barrier of trees and shrubs in the width of 20 -
dijelovima, što će obezbijediti jaču i bolju 30 m [3]. Although there is already a line of tall
zvučnu barijeru. trees in front of the building, it is necessary to
No, najatraktivnije i najjeftinije mjere make denser vegetation in the lower parts, which
predstavljaju reguliranje saobraćaja i brzine will provide a stronger and better sound barrier.
kretanja vozila. Iako je Glavna gradska However, the most attractive and cheapest
magistrala projektovana kao saobraćajnica koja measures are traffic regulation and vehicle
omogućava brzu protočnost saobraćaja, brzi speed. Although the GGM is designed as a road
prelazak iz jednog u drugi dio grada, that enables fast traffic flow, fast transition from
saobraćajnica koja povezuje vezne i pomoćne one part of the city to another, a road that
gradske saobraćajnice, potrebno je provesti connects main and auxiliary city roads, it is
određene mjere. Zabrane kretanja teretnih necessary to implement certain measures.
vozila u određenim periodima dana bi mogle Prohibitions on the movement of trucks at
znatno smanjiti buku, naročito u područjima certain times of the day could significantly
gdje se nalaze škole i ostale institucije koje reduce noise, especially in areas where schools
zahtijevaju intelektualni ili mentalni rad. are located, and other institutions that require
Smanjenjem brzine vožnje također se povećava intellectual or mental work. Reducing driving
i sigurnost vožnje kao i pješaka koji se kreću u speed also increases driving safety as well as
tim područjima. Trenutno se na Glavnoj pedestrians moving in these areas. Currently,
gradskoj magistrali Zenica vozi brzinom do 60 allowed driving speed at GGM is up to 60 km/h
km/h [4]. Prema [11] definiranje zona s [4]. The definition of zones with limited driving
ograničenom brzinom vožnje može smanjiti speed can reduce the noise level Leq by 2 dB(A),
nivo buke Leq za 2 dB(A), postavljanje ležećih the installation of road speed bumps by 4 dB(A),
policajaca za 4 dB(A), dok zabrana kretanja while the ban on the movement of trucks at night
teretnih vozila u noćnom periodu može smanjiti can reduce the noise level by 7 dB(A).
nivo buke za 7 dB(A). Kombinovanjem ovih By combining these solutions, significant
rješenja mogu se postići značajni rezultati. Tako results can be achieved. Thus, at the observed
bi se na posmatranim lokacijama nivo buke Leq locations, the noise level Leq could be reduced
mogao svesti na Zakonom ograničen nivo. to a legally limited level.

26
27
 Corresponding author:
mr. Nejra Turčinović, grad. civil eng.
Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 15 – 28, (2020) University
N. Turčinović: ANALYSIS AND ofCONTROL
Zenica, Polytechnic
OF TRAFFIC faculty
NOISE….
Email: [email protected]
Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 15 – 28, (2020) N. Turčinović: ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF TRAFFIC NOISE….
Također, moguće je djelovati na ličnom nivou, It is alsonot
depends possible
only on to the
act speed
on a personal level,
of the vehicle,
jer nivo buke pojedinačnog vozila ne ovisi because
but also the
on noise level of an individual
the transmission vehicle
ratio and the way
Također, moguće
samo o brzini je djelovati
vozila na ličnom
nego i o stepenu nivou,
prijenosa depends not only on
of acceleration andthedeceleration.
speed of the vehicle,
Passive
jer nivo buke
i načinu pojedinačnog
ubrzavanja vozila ne
i usporavanja. ovisi
Pasivna but alsocan
driving on the transmission
reduce noise levelsratio
byand the5way
about dB 27
samo
vožnjao može
brzinismanjiti
vozila nego
nivo ibuke
o stepenu
za okoprijenosa
5 dB za of acceleration
for cars and trucks,andand deceleration. Passive
7 dB for motorcycles.
iosobna
načinui teretna
ubrzavanja
vozila,i ausporavanja. Pasivna
7 dB za motocikle. driving
Therefore,canitreduce noise levels
is necessary to raisebyawareness
about 5 dB of
Stoga je potrebno osvještavati ljude na dB
vožnja može smanjiti nivo buke za oko 5 razneza for cars and trucks, and 7 dB
people in various ways and to include for motorcycles.
osobna i teretna vozila, a 7 dB za
načine i vršiti propagandu o ekološkom značaju motocikle. Therefore, itabout
propaganda is necessary to raisesignificance
the ecological awareness of
Stoga je okoline,
životne potrebno koji
osvještavati
uključujeljude na razne
i zagađenje people
the in variouswhich
environment, waysencompasses
and to include
noise
načine i vršiti propagandu o ekološkom značaju
bukom. propaganda about the ecological significance of
pollution.
životne okoline, koji uključuje i zagađenje the environment, which encompasses noise
bukom. pollution.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Brüel and Kjær, Hand-held Analyzer Types
7. 2250
REFERENCES
and 2270 – User Manual.
[1] F.
[2] Brüel and Kjær,
Čatović, A. El Hand-held
Sayed, Analyzer Types
Porozni asfalt,
2250 and 2270
Univerzitet – User
Džemal Manual.
Bijedić, Mostar, 2017.
[2] M.
[3] F. Čatović,
Dobson, J. A.Ryan
El Sayed,
J., TreesPorozni
& Shrubs asfalt,
for
Univerzitet Džemal Bijedić, Mostar,
Noise Control, Trees in focus, Practical 2017.
[3] Care
M. Dobson, J. Ryan J., Trees
and Management, ISSN&1358-8249,
Shrubs for
Noise Control, Trees in focus, Practical
2007.
Care and
[4] Grad Management,
Zenica, ISSN 1358-8249,
Projekat izgradnje Glavne
2007. magistrale.
gradske
[4] Institut
[5] Grad Zenica, ProjekatCentar
za mašinstvo, izgradnje Glavne
za ekološki
gradske magistrale.
inženjering, Univerzitet u Zenici, Mašinski
[5] fakultet,
Institut za mašinstvo,
Procjena uticaja Centar za ekološki
na okoliš Glavne
inženjering,
Gradske Univerzitetu u Zenici
Magistrale Zenici, (Gradska
Mašinski
fakultet, Procjena
dionica), uticaja na okoliš Glavne
Zenica, 2009.
Gradske Magistrale
[6] Kantonalni ekološki akcioniu Zenici
plan (Gradska
Zeničko-
dionica), Zenica, 2009.
dobojskog kantona za period 2017. – 2025.
[6] J.
[7] Kantonalni
N. E. ekološki
Ribero, akcioni plan Zeničko-
Assessment of the
CNOSSOS-EU model for road2017.
dobojskog kantona za period – 2025.
traffic noise
[7] prediction,
J. N. E. Tecnico
Ribero,Lisboa,Assessment
2016. of the
[8] E.CNOSSOS-EU
M. G. Sanchez model forThe
at al., road traffic
effect noise
of street
prediction,
canyon Tecnico
design on Lisboa, 2016. exposure
traffic noise
[8] along
E. M. G. Sanchez
roads, at al., The
Building and effect of street
Environment
canyon design
97, 96-110, 2016. on traffic noise exposure
along roads,
[9] Science Building andPolicy,
for Environment Environment
Future
97, 96-110, 2016.
brief: Noise abatement approaches, Issue
[9] 17,
Science
2017.for Environment Policy, Future
brief: Noise
[10] Zakon abatement
o zaštiti od bukeapproaches,
ZDK („Službene Issue
17, 2017.
novine ZDK“ 1/14).
[10] M.
[11] Zakon o zaštitiat od
Zappatore al.,buke
Crowd ZDK („Službene
– Sensing our
novine ZDK“ 1/14).
Smart Cities: A Platform for Noise
[11] Monitoring
M. Zappatore andat Acoustic
al., Crowd – Sensing
Urban our
Planning,
Smart Cities:
Journal A Platformsoftware
of communications for Noise and
Monitoring
systems, and
Vol. 13,Acoustic
No. 2, 2017.Urban Planning,
Journal of communications software and
systems, Vol.
Corresponding 13, No. 2, 2017.
author:
mr. Nejra Turčinović, grad. civil eng.
Corresponding
University author:
of Zenica, Polytechnic faculty
mr. Nejra
Email: Turčinović, grad. civil eng.
[email protected]
University of Zenica, Polytechnic faculty
Email: [email protected]
It is also possible to act on a personal level,
because the noise level of an individual vehicle
It is also possible to act on a personal level,
because the noise level of an individual vehicle 27
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Mašinstvo1-2 (17), 29 – 33, (2020) K. Zahirović et al.: ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST EXPERIENCES…

ANALIZA PRVIH ISKUSTAVA U IMPLEMENTACIJI FSCTM

STANDARDIZACIJE U ZENIČKO-DOBOJSKOM KANTONU

ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST EXPERIENCES IN THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF FSCTM STANDARDIZATION
IN THE ZENICA-DOBOJ CANTON

Kenan Zahirović1, Pregledni rad

Merisa Osmanović1, REZIME
Emir Đulić2 U radu su navedena prva iskustva u implementaciji FSC standarda na
području Zeničko-dobojskog kantona. Prikazan je broj korektivnih radnji
1 kroz sve intervale provođenja FSC standardizacije šuma od 2013. do
JP “ŠPD ZDK” d.o.o.
2019. godine. Najveći broj neusklađenosti sa FSC standardom se odnosio
Zavidovići na princip 4. – Odnosi sa zajednicom i prava radnika.
2
Mašinski fakultet
Univerziteta u Zenici Review article
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: The paper presented the first experiences in the implementation of FSC
FSCTM standardizacija, standards in the area of Zenica-Doboj Canton. The number of corrective
šumarstvo, drvna industrija actions through all intervals of implementation of FSC forest
standardization from 2013 to 2019 is shown. The largest number of non-
Keywords: compliance with the FSC standards referred to Principle 4 - Community
FSCTM standardization, relations and workers' rights.
forestry, wood industry

Paper received:
28.05.2020.
Paper accepted:
30.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
Šume pružaju mnogostruke ekološke, Forests provide multiple ecological, economic and
ekonomske i socijalne koristi, kao što su drvni social benefits, such as wood and non-wood forest
i nedrvni šumski proizvodi i ekološke products and ecological functions, necessary for
funkcije, neophodne za opstanak čovječanstva. the survival of mankind. The modern approach to
Moderni pristup upravljanju šumama, uz forest management, with the use of the resources
korištenje resursa koje nam pružaju, they provide us, implies the preservation of their
podrazumijeva i očuvanje njihove biodiversity, and the preservation of the stability
bioraznolikosti, te očuvanje stabilnosti of the functions of forest ecosystems.
funkcija šumskih ekosistema.
Due to the growing demand for wood and wood
Zbog sve veće potražnje za drvetom i drvnim products globally, illegal logging poses a
proizvodima na globalnom nivou ilegalna significant threat as it contributes to the process of
sječa predstavlja značajnu prijetnju, jer forest disappearance and degradation. This
doprinosi procesu nestanka i degradacije threatens biodiversity and disrupts the sustainable
šuma. Time se ugrožava bioraznolikost i use of forests, including the survival of business
narušava održivo korištenje šuma, uključujući entities that comply with relevant legislation [1].
i opstanak poslovnih subjekata koji poštuju These facts strengthen the social awareness for a
odgovarajuće zakonske propise [1]. Te more rational use of natural resources [2].
činjenice jačaju društvenu svijest za
For Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the wood
racionalnijim korištenjem prirodnih
industry is of special strategic importance. The
bogatstava [2].
wood industry is the only industry in BiH where
Drvna industrija je za Bosnu i Hercegovinu exports exceed imports. This branch is very
(BiH) od posebnog strateškog značaja. Drvna promising and employs a large number of people

29
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Mašinstvo1-2 (17), 29 – 33, (2020) K. Zahirović et al.: ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST EXPERIENCES…

industrija je jedina privredna grana u BiH gdje in BiH [3]. As a consequence of illegal actions in
je izvoz veći od uvoza. Ova grana je vrlo forests, politically supported global concepts are
perspektivna i zapošljava veliki broj ljudi u emerging that provide environmental protection,
BiH [3]. Kao posljedica ilegalnih radnji u and one of the most well-known related to forests
šumama javljaju se politički podržani globalni is the concept of sustainable forest management
koncepti koji osiguravaju zaštitu okoliša, a (SFM) [2]. FSC (Forest Stewardship Council)
jedan od najpoznatijih, koji se odnosi na šume, standardization of the use of forest resources
jest koncept održivoga korištenja šuma (engl. means a procedure in which an independent
Sustainable Forest Management – SFM) [2]. certification institution issues a written certificate
Pod FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) to a forestry company that the performance of
standardizacijom korištenja šumskih resursa forest use in a particular forest area is in line with
podrazumijeva se procedura u kojoj neovisna predefined, internationally recognized standards.
institucija za certificiranje izdaje preduzeću
Certification in forestry is not only a market
šumarstva pisanu potvrdu (certifikat) da su
instrument but also a means to promote
načini korištenja šuma na određenom području
environmentally responsible, socially useful and
usklađeni s unaprijed definiranim,
economically sustainable use of forests,
međunarodno priznatim standardima.
conservation of biodiversity and transparency [1,
Certificiranje u šumarstvu nije samo tržišni 4].
instrument već i sredstvo za promicanje
The certification process begins after the owner or
ekološki odgovornoga, društveno korisnoga i
user of the forest contacts a qualified and
ekonomski održivoga korištenja šuma,
authorized certifier in order to exercise the right to
očuvanje bioraznolikosti i transparentnosti [1,
a certificate which will prove to the buyer that
4].
products originate from sustainably managed
Postupak certifikacije započinje nakon što se forests. If the work process meets the standards of
vlasnik odnosno korisnik šuma obrati the FSC, the owner or user of the forest is issued a
osposobljenom i ovlaštenom certifikatoru radi certificate confirming that the use of forests takes
ostvarivanja prava na potvrdu, kojom će into account both environmental and sociological
kupcu dokazati da proizvodi potječu iz and economic principles [2, 5].
održivo gazdovanih šuma. Ako proces rada
zadovoljava standarde FSC-a, vlasniku
odnosno korisniku šuma se izdaje certifikat
koji potvrđuje da se prilikom korištenja šuma
vodi računa kako o ekološkim, tako i o
sociološkim i ekonomskim principima [2, 5].

2. O ŠUMAMA NA PODRUČJU 2. ABOUT FORESTS IN THE AREA OF

ZENIČKO-DOBOJSKOG KANTONA ZENICA-DOBOJ CANTON
U maju 2002. godine Parlament Federacije In May 2002, the Parliament of the Federation of
BiH je donio Zakon o šumama kojim se BiH passed the Law on Forests, which separated
šumarstvo odvaja od prerade drveta, te u forestry from wood processing, and in Zenica-
Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu dolazi do Doboj Canton, the PE "Forest Company of ZDK"
formiranja današnjeg JP „Šumsko-privredno Ltd. Zavidovići was established, which included
društvo ZDK“ d.o.o. Zavidovići, u čiji sastav all companies or parts of companies that were
ulaze sva preduzeća odnosno dijelovi engaged in forest management and forest land
preduzeća koji su se bavili gazdovanjem management on the territory of Zenica-Doboj
šumama i šumskim zemljištem na teritoriji Canton. The PE "Forest Company of ZDK" Ltd.
Zeničko-dobojskog kantona. JP ŠPD ZDK Zavidovići is a state-owned company, based in
d.o.o. Zavidovići je Društvo u vlasništvu Zavidovići encompassing ten business units which
države sa sjedištem u Zavidovićima sa deset headquarters are located in the municipalities:
poslovnih jedinica, čija su sjedišta u Olovo, Vareš, Visoko, Kakanj, Zenica, Žepče,
općinama: Olovo, Vareš, Visoko, Kakanj, Zavidovići, Maglaj and Tešanj, and the tenth
Zenica, Žepče, Zavidovići, Maglaj i Tešanj, a business unit is the nature park "Tajan “ based in
deseta poslovna jedinica je park prirode Kamenica. Legal entity is retained at the level of

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„Tajan“ i ima sjedište u Kamenici. Pravni the Company's Management Board, while the
subjektivitet je zadržan na nivou Uprave business units do not have the status of a legal
Društva, dok poslovne jedinice nemaju entity and cannot independently act in legal
svojstvo pravnog lica i ne mogu samostalno transactions with third parties.
nastupati u pravnom prometu sa trećim licima.
The PE "Forest Company of ZDK" Ltd.
JP ŠPD ZDK d.o.o. Zavidovići ukupno Zavidovići manages a total of 184,283.8 ha, where
gazduje na površini od 184.283,8 ha, pri čemu high forests with natural regeneration occupy an
na visoke šume s prirodnom obnovom otpada area 106,615.0 ha or 57.85%, degraded forests
106.615,0 ha ili 57,85%, degradirane šume occupy an area of 2376.7 ha or 1.3%, forest crops
zauzimaju površinu od 2376,7 ha ili 1,3%, occupy an area of 12,183.8 ha or 6, 61%, coppice
šumske kulture zauzimaju površinu od forests occupy an area of 21,138.7 ha or 11.47%,
12.183,8 ha ili 6,61%, izdanačke šume while bare land accounts for 9,802.7 ha or 5.31%.
zauzimaju površinu od 21.138,7 ha ili 11,47%, An area of 25,386.0 ha or 13.77% is treated as a
dok na goleti otpada 9.802,7 ha ili 5,31%. minefield.
Površina od 25.386,0 ha ili 13,77% se vodi
kao minirana površina.

3. ISKUSTVA U PROCESU 3. EXPERIENCES IN PROCESS OF

CERTIFIKACIJE ŠUMA CERTIFICATION
JP ŠPD ZDK d.o.o. Zavidovići se opredijelilo The PE "Forest Company of ZDK" Ltd.
da uskladi sve aktivnosti gazdovanja šumskim Zavidovići decided to harmonize all activities of
resursima s principima i kriterijima forest resources management with the principles
međunarodno priznatog programa and criteria of the internationally recognized
certificiranja FSC (Forest Stewardship certification program FSC (Forest Stewardship
Council). Council).
Prva predocjena FSC standarda na području JP The first assessment of FSC standards in the field
ŠPD ZDK d.o.o. Zavidovići (na cijelom of PE "Forest-Company ZDK" Ltd. Zavidovići (in
području) je obavljena tokom 2013. godine. the whole area) was performed during 2013.
Tokom audita je uočeno 29 neusklađenosti u During the audit, 29 non-compliances in the
postojećom radu sa standardom FSC-a. existing work with the FSC standard were noticed.
Izvještaj o predocjeni na osnovu toga je bio The pre-assessment report based on this was
negativan. Većina neusklađenosti je bila u negative. Most non-compliances were within
okviru principa 4. (Odnosi sa zajednicom i Principle 4 (Community Relations and Workers'
prava radnika) – 8 neusklađenosti, te principa Rights) - 8 non-compliances, and Principle 6
6. (Uticaj na okoliš) i principa 1. (Poštivanje (Environmental Impact) and Principle 1
zakona i FSC principa) – po 5 neusklađenosti. (Compliance with Laws and FSC Principles) - 5
U okviru principa 6. većina neusklađenosti se non-compliances each. Within Principle 6, most
odnosi na poštivanje procedura u okviru non-compliances relate to compliance with
zaštite na radu (slika 1.). U 2018. godini occupational safety procedures (Figure 1).
vršeno je certificiranje šuma na
In 2018, forest certification was performed in the
šumskogospodarskom području
forest management area "Gornjebosansko". The
„Gornjebosansko“. Međunarodni FSC
international FSC certificate was provided for the
certifikat je obezbijeđen za područje PJ
area of business unit Vareš and business unit
„Šumarija“ Vareš i PJ „Šumarija“ Visoko, a
Visoko, and the total certified area was 29,742.06
ukupna certificirana površina iznosila je
ha. The total number of non-compliances was 7.
29.742,06 ha. Ukupan broj neusklađenosti je
The largest number of non-compliances was again
iznosio 7. Najveći broj neusklađenosti je
within the framework of Principle 4 - 3 non-
ponovo bilo u okviru principa 4. – 3
compliances and Principle 9 (High-value protected
neusklađenosti i principa 9. (Visokovrijedne
forests) - 3 non-compliances (Figure 1).
zaštićene šume) – 3 neusklađenosti (slika 1.).
After obtaining the FSC certificate for the forest
Nakon dobijanja FSC certifikata za
management area "Gornjebosansko", PE "Forest-
šumskogospodarsko područje
Company ZDK" Ltd. Zavidovići has committed to
“Gornjebosansko“, JP “ŠPD ZDK“ d.o.o.
start the certification process for other forest

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Zavidovići se obavezalo da će početi proces management areas as well. In 2019, the FSC
certificiranja i za ostala šumskogospodarska certification procedure was completed for the
područja. U 2019. godini završen je postupak forest management area "Olovsko" (area
FSC certifikacije i za šumskogospodarsko 32,371.38 ha). The total number of non-
područje „Olovsko“ (površina 32.371,38 ha). compliances was 4. The largest number of non-
Ukupan broj neusklađenosti je iznosio 4. compliances was again within Principle 1 - 2 non-
Najveći broj neusklađenosti je ponovo bio u compliances, and Principle 2 (Rights and
okviru principa 1. – 2 neusklađenosti, te responsibilities of ownership and use) and
principa 2. (Prava i odgovornosti vlasništva i Principle 4 - 1 non-compliance (Figure 1). After
korištenja) i principa 4. – po 1 neusklađenost the positive audit certificate is provided on a total
(slika 1.). Nakon pozitivnog audita je area of 62,113.44 hectares. If we observe non-
obezbijeđen certifikat na ukupnoj površini od compliances within certain principles for the entire
62.113,44 ha. Ako se posmatraju time of FSC standardization of forests, it is evident
neusklađenosti unutar pojedinih principa za that within Principle 1, the largest number of non-
čitavo vrijeme FSC standardizacije šuma, compliances was in Principle 1.2. - 3 non-
vidljivo je da unutar principa 1. najveći broj compliances. Within Principle 2, these are 2.1. and
neusklađenosti je bio u vezi s principom 1.2. – 2.3. with 2 non-compliances, Principle 4, ie its
3 neusklađenosti. Unutar principa 2. su to Principle 4.2. - 7 non-compliances, Principle 5, ie
principi 2.1. i 2.3. s po 2 neusklađenosti, its 5.5. - 1 non-compliance, Principle 6, ie its 6.5.
principa 4. je to princip 4.2. – 7 and 6.6. - 2 non-compliances, Principle 7 and its
neusklađenosti, principa 5. je to princip 5.5. – 7.2. and 7.4. - 1 non-compliance, Principle 8 and
1 neusklađenost, principa 6. su to principi 6.5. its 8.1. and 8.2. - 2 non-compliances, and Principle
i 6.6. po 2 neusklađenosti, principa 7. su to 9, ie its 9.4. with 3 non-compliances (Figure 2).
principi 7.2. i 7.4. po 1 neusklađenost,
principa 8. su to principi 8.1. i 8.2. po 2
neusklađenosti i principa 9. je princip 9.4. sa 3
neusklađenosti (slika 2.).

Slika 1. Broj neusklađenosti sa FSC standardom u različitim vremenskim intervalima

Figure Number of non-compliance with FSC standard at different time intervals

Slika 2. Broj neusklađenosti sa FSC standardom unutar različitih principa

Figure 2 Number of non-compliance with FSC standard within different principles

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4. ZAKLJUČNA RAZMATRANJA 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS

Certificiranje je relativno nov koncept Certification is a relatively new concept of
unapređenja kvaliteta gazdovanja šumskim improving the quality of forest resources
resursima, koji se u potpunosti zasniva na management, which is completely based on the
principu dobrovoljnosti. Smisao svakog oblika principle of voluntariness. The purpose of any
certificiranja sastoji se u obezbjeđivanju form of certification is to provide confirmation
potvrde da je nešto (proizvod, usluga ili that something (product, service or process) has
proces) urađeno na propisan način. FSC been done in the prescribed manner. FSC
standardizacijom šumskih resursa se postižu standardization of forest resources achieves the
sljedeći efekti: following effects:
1. Unapređenje performansi poslovanja, sa 1. Improves business performance, with the aim
ciljem da se dostigne održivo korištenje of achieving sustainable use of forest resources.
šumskih resursa. 2. Increases the competitiveness of forestry
2. Povećanje konkurentskih sposobnosti companies by maintaining a stable position in
preduzeća šumarstva kroz očuvanje existing markets and providing better access to
stabilne pozicije na postojećim i bolji new and attractive ones.
pristup novim i atraktivnim tržištima.
In addition to these effects, certification achieves
Pored navedenih efekata, certificiranjem se transparency in the operations of forestry
postiže transparentnost poslovanja šumarskih companies and improves relations with the public,
preduzeća i unapređuju odnosi sa javnošću, business partners, end customers and other
poslovnim partnerima, krajnjim kupcima i stakeholders. Products originating from forests,
ostalim interesnim grupama. Proizvodi koji which management performance is certified as
potiču iz šuma u kojima su performanse sustainable, are labeled in a unique and
gazdovanja certificirane kao održive, recognizable way, so that end consumers can spot,
označavaju se na jedinstven i prepoznatljiv distinguish and purchase them. The paper shows
način tako da ih krajnji potrošači mogu uočiti, that in the process of FSC standardization in the
razlikovati i kupiti. Kroz rad je vidljivo da se u past period there were many inconsistencies, and
procesu FSC standardizacije u proteklom the process of correcting them led not only to the
periodu javio veliki broj neusklađenosti, čijom improvement of business operating but, as well, to
je korekcijom došlo do unapređenja ne samo the improvement of working conditions for
poslovanja preduzeća nego i poboljšanja workers, and the environment for company
uslova rada za radnike, i samog ambijenta development.
razvoja preduzeća.

5. REFERENCES [4] D. Čomić: Analiza potreba i mogućnosti FSC

sertifikacije privatnih šuma u Republici
[1] I. Martinić, M. Lovrić: Predavanja iz
Srpskoj, Šumarski fakultet Univerziteta u
predmeta Šumarska politika i
Banja Luci, str. 1 – 30., 2011.
zakonodavstvo. Šumarski fakultet
[5] T. Lazibat, T. Baković: Primjena
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2010.
međunarodnih normi u hrvatskoj šumarskoj i
[2] M. Bakarić, I. Martinić, M. Landekić, Z.
drvnoj industriji, Ekonomski fakultet
Pandur, A. Orlović: Certifikacija šuma
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, str. 1 – 18., 2006.
kao mehanizam unaprjeđenja
gospodarenja šumskim resursima, Nova
Corresponding author:
meh. šumar. 36, str. 63 – 76., 2015.
Kenan Zahirović
[3] L. Panić: Proces FSC™ CoC certifikacije
JP „ŠPD ZDK“ d.o.o. Zavidovići
- praktična iskustva, 9th International
Alije Izetbegovića br. 25
Scientific Conference on Production
72 220 Zavidovići
Engineering Development and
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Modernization of Production; str. 201 –
Email: [email protected]
206., 2003.

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 34, (2020) …

NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA

SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE OF

SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE

Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad

Ajdin Jeleč2 REZIME
Danas, numerička analiza uz pomoć softvera CAD/CAE predstavlja
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
Faculty of Mechanical provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
Ansys. Osim osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica, geometrije za simulaciju u oba softvera.
B&H
2
University of Zenica
Polytechnic Faculty,
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
B&H Professional paper
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Ansys, SolidWorks, analysis is accomplished by two pieces of commercial software. So,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used. In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
Ansys, SolidWorks,
pipe

Paper received:
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća je zastupljena masovna decades, the massive use of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE i CAD (Computer Aided Design) pieces of
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, are: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisi od numerical analysis usually depends on a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, number of factors, such as the limitations of
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

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PRIMJER PRIMJENE CMM-a I CAD-a

U REVERZIBILNOM INŽENJERSTVU

AN EXAMPLE OF CMM AND CAD APPLICATION

IN REVERSE ENGINEERING

Anel Baručija Stručni rad

Josip Kačmarčik REZIME
Samir Lemeš Pojam reverzibilnog inženjerstva u mašinstvu podrazumijeva proces
Faruk Unkić kopiranja postojećeg dijela ili sklopa, za koji nije dostupna tehnička
dokumentacija ili digitalni model. Reverzibilno inženjerstvo je proces
otkrivanja tehnoloških principa nekog proizvoda kroz analizu njegove
University of Zenica strukture, funkcije i rada. Ovaj proces uključuje mjerenje dimenzija i
oblika proizvoda, te rekonstruiranje njegovog 3D modela. Korištenjem
Ključne riječi: CAD softvera, reverzibilno inženjerstvo je prihvatljiva metoda za izradu
reverzibilno inženjerstvo, 3D modela već postojećih fizičkih objekata. Takvi 3D modeli mogu se
CAD, CMM dalje koristiti u CAD/CAM/CAE programskim paketima.
Keywords: Cilj ovog rada jeste demonstracija praktične primjene reverzibilnog
Reverse Engineering, inženjerstva na osnovu kontaktnog mjerenja pomoću CMM-a. Rezultat
CAD, CMM ovog rada je uspješno kreiran parametarski CAD model, korištenjem
IGES datoteke dobivene mjerenjem dimenzija realnog modela pomoću
CMM-a.

Paper received: Professional paper

18.06.2020. SUMMARY
Paper accepted: The term of reverse engineering in mechanical engineering is related to
29.06.2020. the process of copying an existing part or assembly, when technical
documentation or digital model are not available. Reverse engineering is
a process of discovering technological principles of a product through
analysis of its structure, function and operation. This process includes
measuring dimensions and shape and reconstructing the 3D model of the
product. Using CAD software, reverse engineering is an acceptable
method for creating 3D models of existing physical objects. Such 3D
models can be further used in CAD/CAM/CAE software packages.
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the practical application of reverse
engineering based on contact measurement using CMM. The result of this
work is successfully created parametric CAD model, using IGES file
obtained by measuring dimensions of a real model using CMM.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
Reverzibilno inženjerstvo (RE) moćan je način Reverse engineering (RE) is a powerful way to
stvaranja digitalnog dizajna iz fizičkog dijela i create digital design from physical part and can
može biti vrijedan alat za izradu prototipa be a valuable tool for prototyping along with
zajedno s tehnologijama poput 3D skeniranja i technologies such as 3D scanning and 3D
3D printanja [1-4]. Osnovna zamisao RE-a nije printing [1-4]. The basic idea of RE is not a
puko kopiranje originalnog entiteta koji se mere copying of the original entity being
analizira, bez ikakvog razumijevanja njegove analyzed, without any understanding of its
funkcije i namjene, nego dobivanje informacija function and purpose. The idea is in obtaining
neophodnih za uspješnu popravku, tekuće information necessary for successful repair,
održavanje ili razvoj sličnog ili boljeg preemptive maintenance or development of
proizvoda koji vrši istu funkciju. similar or better product performing the same
function.

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Postoje tri glavne metode za mjerenje, tj. There are three main methods for measuring, ie.
prikupljanje podataka o tačkama na tijelu u collecting point cloud of the body for RE: a
svrhu RE-a: kontaktna, beskontaktna i metoda contact, a non-contact and a destructive
sa razaranjem. Koordinatne mjerne mašine method. Coordinate measuring machines
(CMM) su osnovni mjerni uređaji za kontaktnu (CMM) are basic measuring devices for contact
akviziciju podataka [5, 6] i cilj ovog rada jeste, data acquisition [5, 6] and the aim of this paper
na praktičnom primjeru, istražiti primjenljivost is to investigate the applicability and
i mogućnost RE-a na osnovu kontaktnog possibilities of RE based on contact
mjerenja pomoću CMM-a pri izradi measurements using CMM in the development
parametarskog CAD modela. Kao primjer of parametric CAD model, through a practical
upotrijebljen je poklopac pumpe (slika 3.), sa example. As an example, a pump cover (Figure
složenom geometrijom koja je dobivena 3) was used, which has a complex geometry
livenjem i naknadnom mašinskom obradom. manufactured by casting followed by
machining.
2. KOORDINATNA METROLOGIJA
Koordinatna metrologija i koordinatne mjerne 2. COORDINATE METROLOGY
mašine su u upotrebi već dugi niz godina, ali Coordinate metrology and the coordinate
njihov razvoj je naročito izražen u zadnjim measuring machines are used for many years,
desetljećima što se može vezati uz razvoj but their development was emphasized in the
informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija koje last decades, which could be related to the
su osnov kontrolnog i evaluacionog sistema development of information technology, which
CMM-ova. Integracijom CMM-a u proizvodno is the basis of the control and evaluation system
okruženje može se ostvariti optimiranje veze of CMMs. By integrating CMM in production
koordinatne metrologije s preliminarnim environment, one can optimze the connection of
područjima razvoja proizvoda i planiranja rada. coordinate metrology with areas of preliminary
Najčešći zadatak koordinatne metrologije jeste product development and work planning.
određivanje geometrijskih odstupanja stvarnog The most common task of coordinate metrology
radnog komada od dizajniranog. Međutim, kako is to determine the deviation of the actual
je to pokazano i u ovom radu, zadatak može biti workpiece geometry from the designed one.
i određivanje nepoznatih konstrukcionih However, as it is presented in this paper, it can
dimenzija radnog komada. also be the determination of unknown
Stvarni oblik radnog komada dobije se workpiece dimensions.
mjerenjem pojedinačnih tačaka na površini The actual workpiece shape is obtained by
nekog objekta. Koordinatna mjerna mašina measuring individual points on the surface of an
koristi senzor (engl. probe) da locira, tj. izmjeri, object. The coordinate measuring machine uses
tačke na radnom komadu. Svaka mjerna tačka sensor probe to locate points on the workpiece.
je izražena u smislu izmjerenih koordinata. Zato Each measuring point is expressed in terms of
se koristi analitički model radnog komada radi measured coordinates. Therefore, an analytical
evaluacije potrebnih parametara. Model se model of the workpiece is used to evaluate the
obično sastoji od idealnih geometrijskih oblika required parameters. The model usually
(ravnina, cilindara i sl.), takozvane zamjenske consists of ideal, so-called substitute geometry
geometrije. Takvi elementi se određuju (planes, cylinders etc.). Such elements are
primjenom odgovarajućih best-fit algoritama na identified by applying appropriate best-fit
set izmjerenih tačaka. Slika 1. prikazuje algorithms to a set of measured points. Figure 1
osnovni princip rada CMM-a i modeliranje shows the basic principle of CMM operation
geometrije radnog komada na jednostavnom and modelling of simple workpiece geometry.
primjeru. The coordinate measuring machine contains
Koordinatna mjerna mašina ima hardverski i both hardware and software. The hardware
softverski dio. Hardver obuhvata sistem includes the probing system, rotary table and
senzora, rotaciono pomični sto i razne dodatke. various accessories. The software consists of
Softverski dio ima osnovni sistem, specijalni basic system, special system and a connection
sistem i vezu s CAD/CAM sistemima [5, 6]. to CAD/CAM systems [5, 6].

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Slika 1. Princip koordinatne metrologije

Figure 1 Principle of coordinate metrology

3. MJERENJE POMOĆU CMM-a 3. CMM MEASUREMENTS

Mjerenje je izvršeno na koordinatnoj mjernoj The measurement was performed on a Zeiss
mašini Zeiss Contura G2 sa VAST XT Contura G2 coordinate measuring machine with
mjernom sondom [1,7] (slika 2.). Pored VAST XT measuring probe [1,7] (Figure 2). In
mjerenja koordinata pojedinačnih tačaka, addition to measuring the coordinates of
VAST XT sonda može vršiti i neprekidno individual points, VAST XT probe can also
mjerenje duž krive na radnom komadu, tj. perform continuous measurements along the
skeniranje. Skeniranje je moguće definirati i curve on the workpiece. The scanning can also
duž nepoznate krive na zadatoj ravnini, što je be defined along an unknown planar curve,
čini veoma primjenljivom i za zadatke which makes it very applicable for reverse
reverzibilnog inženjerstva. engineering tasks as well.

Slika 2. Mjerenje pomoću Zeiss Contura G2 CMMa

Figure 2 CMM measurement using Zeiss Contura G2

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Mjerenje radnog komada izvršeno je s dvije The measurement of workpiece was performed
strane (slika 3.), kako bi se izmjerile sve from two sides (Figure 3), in order to measure
geometrijske karakteristike neophodne za all the geometric characteristics necessary to
kasniju izradu parametarskog CAD modela. create parametric CAD model. The geometry of
Mjerenjem pojedinačnih tačaka određene su the circular openings and flat surfaces on the
geometrije kružnih otvora i ravnih površina na pump cover were determined by single point
poklopcu pumpe, dok su skeniranjem dobivene probing, and curved lines that define outer
krive linije koje definiraju vanjske površine. Na surfaces were obtained by scanning. Figure 4
slici 4. prikazani su rezultati mjerenja, s jedne i shows the measurement results, from both sides
druge strane poklopca pumpe, koji se sastoje od of the pump cover, consisting of lines, circles,
linija, kružnica, krivulja, cilindara i ravnina. curves, cylinders and planes.

Slika 3. Mjerenje gornje (lijevo) i donje (desno) strane radnog komada pomoću CMM-a
Figure 3 Measuring the top (left) and bottom (right) sides of the workpiece using CMM

Slika 4. Rezultati mjerenja s gornje (lijevo) i donje (desno) strane radnog komada
Figure 4 Measurement results of the top (left) and bottom (right) side of the workpiece

Geometrijski oblici (zamjenska geometrija) Geometric features (substitute geometry)

dobiveni mjerenjem na CMM-a mogu se obtained by measuring on CMM can be
eksportovati u dokumente različitih formata za exported in documents of various formats for
kasniju upotrebu u CAD softverima, a u ovom later use in CAD software, and IGES (Initial
slučaju upotrijebljen je IGES (Initial Graphics Graphics Exchange Specification) file format is
Exchange Specification) format datoteke. used in this case.

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4. IZRADA CAD MODELA 4. CREATION OF CAD MODEL

Za izradu CAD modela dijela korišten je Commercial software SolidWorks was used to
komercijalni softver SolidWorks [1,8]. Dva create the CAD model of the part [1,8]. Two
IGES dokumenta, koji predstavljaju geometrije IGES files representing the geometries obtained
dobivene mjerenjem u dva položaja, uvezena su by measuring in two positions were imported
u SolidWorks u kojem je izvršeno njihovo into the SolidWorks software where their
pozicioniranje koristeći paralelnost između positioning was performed, using parallelism
gornje i donje površine poklopca pumpe uz between the upper and lower surfaces of the
odgovarajuće rastojanje, te koncentričnost pump cover with the appropriate distance, and
cilindara izmjerenih u oba položaja. Konačni the concentricity of the cylinders measured in
sklop geometrija koje su određene mjerenjem both positions. Figure 5 shows the final set of
pomoću CMM-a, nakon uvoza i pozicioniranja geometries determined by CMM measurement,
u SolidWorksu, dat je na slici 5. after importing and positioning in SolidWorks.

Slika 5. Sklop geometrija određenih mjerenjem pomoću CMM-a, nakon uvoza

i pozicioniranja u softveru SolidWorks
Figure 5 Set of geometries determined by measurement using CMM, after import
and positioning in SolidWorks

Geometrijski oblici, dobiveni mjerenjem na Geometric shapes, obtained by measuring on a

CMM-u i koji su uvezeni i pozicionirani u CMM and imported and positioned in
softveru SolidWorks, ne mogu se smatrati SolidWorks software, cannot be considered as a
funkcionalnim 3D modelom, stoga je functional 3D model, and further modeling of
neophodno pristupiti daljem modeliranju the pump cover is necessary. By combining the
poklopca pumpe. Kombinovanjem raspoloživih available tools for making 2D sketches and 3D
alatki za izradu 2D skica i 3D modeliranje koje modeling provided by SolidWorks, it is
pruža SolidWorks, moguće je, u dovoljnoj possible, to a sufficient extent, to create a
mjeri, kreirati detaljan i precizan parametarski detailed and precise parametric CAD model of
CAD model poklopca pumpe. the pump cover.
S obzirom da dobiveni geometrijski oblici i Since the obtained geometric shapes and curves
krivulje koji predstavljaju konturu poklopca representing the pump cover contour do not
pumpe nemaju idealan oblik, potrebno ih je have an ideal shape, they need to be refined and
doraditi i poboljšati. Jedan od načina da se improved. One way to create the final 3D
kreira konačni 3D model poklopca jeste da se model of the cover is to use the resulting
dobiveni geometrijski oblici i krivulje iskoriste geometric shapes and curves as a basis for
kao osnov za crtanje dorađenih, preciznijih drawing of the refined, more precise sketches.
skica.

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Skica predstavlja osnov za izradu 3D modela. The sketch is the basis for making a 3D model.
Sastoji se od određenog broja osnovnih It consists of a number of basic geometric
geometrijskih oblika pomoću kojih se definira shapes defining the shape/contour of the object
oblik/kontura predmeta koji se modelira. being modeled. The sketch drawing can start on
Crtanje spomenute skice može se započeti na one of the two available surfaces, upper or
jednoj od dvije dostupne površine, gornjoj ili lower. The development of the CAD model
donjoj. Izrada CAD modela je započeta tako što began by drawing that new sketch over the
je započeto crtanje nove skice preko konture contour of the pump cover scanned surface
skenirane površine poklopca pumpe (slika 6.). (Figure 6). The sketch is drawn in a way that it
Skica je crtana tako da se što bolje podudara sa matches the scanned contour as good as
skeniranom konturom. U cilju dobivanja što possible. In order to obtain the most accurate
preciznije skice, pored dimenzioniranja, sketch, besides dimensioning, the relations
usvajane su i relacije između elemenata skice, between the sketch elements were adopted,
kao što su koncentričnost, paralelnost itd. Kada such as concentricity, parallelism etc. When
je ovaj proces završen, skica je izvučena u this process was completed, the sketch was
prostor i dobiven je početni 3D model poklopca extruded and the initial 3D model of the pump
(slika 7.). Na bočnim stranama poklopca cover was obtained (Figure 7). The casting
definirani su livački nagibi od 1,3° radi lakšeg slopes of 1,3° were defined on the sides of the
vađenja iz kalupa nakon livenja. Vrijednost cover for easier removal from the mold after
ovih nagiba dobivena je mjerenjem na CMM-u. casting. The slope angle was obtained by CMM
U narednim koracima bilo je neophodno measurement. In the following steps, it was
definirati preostale otvore na poklopcu, livačke necessary to define the remaining openings on
nagibe na tim otvorima, navoje itd. the cover, casting slopes on those openings,
threads etc.

Slika 6. Početna skica kreirana u softveru SolidWorks

Figure 6 Initial sketch created in SolidWorks

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Slika 7. Početni 3D model poklopca pumpe

Figure 7. Initial 3D model of the pump cover

Kreiranje preostalih kontura urađeno je na isti The remaining contours were created the same
način kao kod modeliranja vanjske konture way as the outer contour of the part. After
dijela. Po završetku izrade svih otvora i completing the creation all openings and
udubljenja na poklopcu, definirani su svi recesses on the lid, the remaining details on the
preostali detalji na modelu: nagibi površina na model were defined: bevels at the edges of all
rubovima svih kružnih otvora, navoji, te circular holes, threads and edge fillets. At the
zaobljenja ivica. Na mjestima prelaza između transition points between the machined and
obrađenih i neobrađenih površina i na dnu unmachined surfaces, and at the bottom of the
udubljenja definirani su poluprečnici zaobljenja recesses fillet radii of 2 mm were defined. The
od 2 mm. Ova vrijednost radijusa odabrana je fillet radius was selected according to the
prema preporukama u literaturi [7], shodno recommendations in the literature [7], based on
ukupnim dimenzijama poklopca pumpe. the overall dimensions of the pump cover.
Slika 8. prikazuje konačni 3D model poklopca Figure 8 shows the final 3D model of the pump
pumpe sa svim detaljima, kod kojeg su, kao cover with all details, where the data obtained
osnova za modeliranje, korišteni podaci by the contact measurement procedure on
dobiveni postupkom kontaktnog mjerenja na CMM were used as a basis for modeling. In the
koordinatnoj mjernoj mašini. Na kraju rada end, the final 3D model of the pump cover was
uspješno je kreiran konačni 3D model poklopca successfully created, with all the necessary
pumpe, sa svim neophodnim detaljima, koji se details, which can be further adjusted and
dalje može, po potrebi, prilagođavati i mijenjati. changed as needed.

Slika 8. Finalni 3D model poklopca pumpe

Figure 8 Final 3D model of the pump cover

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Na osnovu kreiranog modela finalnog Based on the created final product model, the
proizvoda, izrađen je 3D model odlivka za 3D model of the casting for the process of
proces modeliranja livačkog kalupa za izradu modeling a casting mold is created (Figure 9).
spomenutog poklopca (slika 9.). Prilikom izrade When the casting model was made, the circular
livačkog modela, uklonjeni su kružni otvori, jer openings were removed, because they were
se oni izrađuju naknadno mašinskom obradom, made later, by machining. In addition, the
te su definirani i dodaci za mašinsku obradu i machining allowances and edge fillets radii of 1
zaobljenja vanjskih ivica od 1 mm, prema mm were defined, according to the
preporukama u literaturi [7]. recommendations from the literature [7].

Slika 9. 3D model odlivka

Figure 9 3D model of the casting

4. ZAKLJUČAK 4. CONCLUSION
Ovaj rad doprinosi razumijevanju reverzibilnog This paper contributes to the understanding of
inženjerstva, te načina i mogućnosti primjene reverse engineering, and the ways and
ove tehnologije pri konstruiranju i izradi possibilities of applying this technology in
različitih proizvoda složene geometrije. design and manufacture of various products
Na primjeru složenog geometrijskog oblika with complex geometry.
pokazano je da se na temelju mjerenja realnog It was shown in an example of complex
modela izvršenog na CMM-u uspješno može geometric shape that a parametric CAD model
kreirati parametarski CAD model. can be successfully created from the real part
Proces reverzibilnog inženjerstva protekao je bez measurements performed by means of CMM.
većih poteškoća rezultirajući parametarskim The part was reverse engineered without major
modelom koji ima konstruktivno opravdane i difficulties, resulting with the parametric model
funkcionalno zadovoljavajuće karakteristike i with structurally justified and functionally
preciznost. satisfactory characteristics and precision.

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5. LITERATURA / REFERENCES Corresponding author:

[1] A. Baručija, Primjena reverzibilnog Anel Baručija
inženjerstva i brze izrade prototipa pri University of Zenica,
konstruiranju i izradi modela za livenje u Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, B&H
pijesku, Magistarski rad, Mašinski fakultet Email: [email protected]
u Zenici, Zenica, 2020. Phone: +387 (0)62 347 306
[2] V. Raja, K. J. Fernandes, Reverse
Engineering - An Industrial Perspective,
Springer Series in Advanced
Manufacturing, Springer-Verlag, London,
2008.
[3] E. Bešlagić, D. Spahić, J. Kačmarčik, D.
Petković, Reverzibilni inžinjering
kompleksne geometrije na osnovu
skeniranog modela, Quality 2019.
[4] J. Kačmarčik, N. Zaimović-Uzunović, S.
Lemeš (2020) Reverse Engineering Using
3D Scanning and FEM Analysis. In: I.
Karabegović (eds) New Technologies,
Development and Application III. NT
2020. Lecture Notes in Networks and
Systems, vol 128. Springer, Cham,
DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-46817-0_32
[5] R. J. Hocken, P. H. Pereira, eds.
Coordinate measuring machines and
systems, CRC press, 2016.
[6] N. Zaimović-Uzunović, Mjerna tehnika,
Univerzitet u Zenici, Mašinski fakultet,
Zenica, 2006.
[7] ZEISS, ZEISS CONTURA: The Reference
Machine in the Compact Class,
https://www.zeiss.com/metrology/products
/systems/bridge-type-cmms/contura.html
(17.06.2020)
[8] SolidWorks, https://solidworks.com
(14.06.2020)
[9] L. L. Chen et al., Casting Design and
Performance, ASM International - The
Materials Information Society, Materials
Park, Ohio, USA, 2009.

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NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA

SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE OF

SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE

Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad

Ajdin Jeleč2 REZIME
Danas, numerička analiza uz pomoć softvera CAD/CAE predstavlja
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
Faculty of Mechanical provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
Ansys. Osim osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica, geometrije za simulaciju u oba softvera.
B&H
2
University of Zenica
Polytechnic Faculty,
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
B&H Professional paper
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Ansys, SolidWorks, analysis is accomplished by two pieces of commercial software. So,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used. In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
Ansys, SolidWorks,
pipe

Paper received:
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća je zastupljena masovna decades, the massive use of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE i CAD (Computer Aided Design) pieces of
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, are: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisi od numerical analysis usually depends on a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, number of factors, such as the limitations of
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

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PRORAČUN TRANSPORTA OTKRIVKE DO ODLAGALIŠTA

„BIJELE VODE“ DAMPERIMA BELAZ 75135

OVERBURDEN TRANSPORT CALCULATION TO LANDFILL

„BIJELE VODE“ WITH DUMP TRUCKS BELAZ 75135

Kasim Bajramović1 Stručni rad

Husref Bajramović2 REZIME
Distribucija masa s etaža utovara u kopu na etaže istovara na odlagalištu
1 izvršena je na osnovu sveukupnog obračuna potrebnih masa otkrivke.
Mašinski fakultet
Materijal za formiranje završnih platoa odlagališta „Bijele Vode“ je otkrivka
Univerziteta u Zenici/ iz otkopnog prostora P. K. „Vrtlište“ koja se kamionski odlaže na
ZD RMU „Kakanj“ projektovane kote odlagališta i planira buldožerima do konačnih
d.o.o. Kakanj projektovanih nivoa. Sve etaže formiraju se dovozom otkrivke kamionima
2
Industry 4B d.o.o BELAZ 75135.
Kakanj/Rudarski Da bi se materijal za formiranje završnih platoa ispravno dimenzionirao,
institut Tuzla potrebno je izračunati transport otkrivke, što je tema ovoga rada.

Ključne riječi: Professional paper

damper, transport, SUMMARY
kompleks The distribution of masses from the loading floors in the mine to the
unloading floors at the landfill was performed on the basis of the overall
Keywords: calculation of the required overburden masses. The material for the formation
kipper, transport, of the final plateaus of the "Bijele Vode" landfill is a discovery from the
complex excavation area of P.K. "Vrtlište" which is deposited by truck at the projected
elevation of the landfill and planned by bulldozers to the final projected
levels. All floors are formed by the delivery of overburden by BELAZ 75135
Paper received: trucks.
15.06.2020. In order to properly dimension the material for the formation of the final
Paper accepted: plateaus, it is necessary to calculate the transport of the overburden, what is
28.06.2020. the topic of this paper.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
Transport otkrivke iz kopa P. K. “Vrtlište” do Transport of the excavation P. K. „Vrtlište“
odlagališta „Bijele Vode“ vrši se kamionima from the mine to the landfill "Bijele Vode" is
CAT 777 D i kamionima BELAZ 75135 u carried out with trucks CAT 777 D and trucks
svrhu formiranja završnih platoa iznad etaže E- BELAZ 75135 for the purpose of forming the
620 m.n.m. i kamionima kiperima nosivosti od final plateau above the storey E-620 m.n.m. and
25 do 55 tona u svrhu formiranja južne završne trucks with a tipping capacity of 25 to 55 tons
kosine odlagališta ispod etaže E-620 m.n.m. Za for the purpose of forming the southern end of
formiranje završnih platoa iznad etaže E-620 the landfill under the floor E-620 m.n.m. For
m.n.m. otkrivka će se dovoziti iz istočnog the formation of final plates above the floor E-
otkopnog prostora, gdje se trenutno vrši 620 m.n.m., the detection will be brought from
otkrivanje uglja, a za formiranje kosine the eastern digging area where coal is currently
odlagališta ispod nivoa E-620 m.n.m. birani being detected and for the formation of the
materijal iz P. K. „Vrtlište“, na način kako je slope of the landfill below the level of E-620
1987. propisano tehničkim projektom sanacije m.n.m. selected material from P. K. "Vrtlište"
klizišta na području odlagališta „Bijele Vode“. in the manner prescribed in 1987 by the
technical project of landslide remediation in the
area of the „Bijele Vode“ landfill.

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1. PRORAČUN TRANSPORTA 1. OVERBURDEN TRANSPORT

OTKRIVKE DO ODLAGALIŠTA CALCULATION TO LANDFILL
„BIJELE VODE“ DAMPERIMA BELAZ „BIJELE VODE“ WITH DUMP
75135 TRUCKS BELAZ 75135
Distribucija masa s etaža utovara u kopu na Distribution of mass from the loading floor in
etaže istovara na odlagalištu izvršena je na the excavation floor to the landing unloading
osnovu sveukupnog obračuna potrebnih masa site was made on the basis of the total
otkrivke za formiranje završnih platoa calculation of the required masses of defects for
odlagališta i južne završne kosine. Projektovane the formation of the final landfills of the landfill
etaže iznad nivoa E-620 m.n.m. formirat će se and the southern end slope. Projected floors
kamionima CAT 777 D i kamionima BELAZ above level E-620 m n.m. will be formed by
75135, dok će se etaže ispod nivoa E-620 trucks CAT 777 D and trucks BELAZ 75135
m.n.m. (etaže završne kosine odlagališta) while they will be below the level E-620 m n.m.
formirati kamionima kiperima manje nosivosti (floors of the final slopes of the landfill) are
(25 do 55 tona). Pet kamiona BELAZ 75135 formed by trucks with smaller capacity (25 to
nosivosti 110 tona nabavljeni su u 2014. godini 55 tons). Five BELAZ 75135 trucks with a
za potrebe P. K. „Vrtlište“. Za ovo projektno capacity of 110 tons were purchased in 2014 for
rješenje planirani transport otkrivke vršit će se i the needs of P.K. "Vrtlište". For this project
ovim transportnim sredstvima te se daje prikaz solution, the planned transportation of the
njihovih osnovnih tehničkih karakteristika. detection will also be carried out by these
means of transport, therefore an overview of
their basic technical characteristics is provided.

Tabela 1. Tehničke karakteristike dampera BELAZ 75135

Table 1 Technical characteristics of damper BELAZ 75135
Nosivost / Load capacity 110 000 kg
Vlastita masa / Local mass 100 000 kg
Ukupna masa / Gross weight 210 000 kg
Zapremina korpe / Bucket volume
Geometrijska / Geometric 45,5 m3
SAE ( 2 : 1) 71,2 m3

Pogonski motor: dizel - motor CUMMINS Propulsion engine: diesel - engine CUMMINS
KTA 38 – C, snaga - 882 kW. Transmisija: KTA 38 - C, power - 882 kW.
električna, preko generatora i elektromotornih Transmission: electric, over generators and
točkova. electric motors.

Slika 1. BELAZ 75135

Figure BELAZ 75135

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Slika 2. Osnovne dimenzije BELAZ 75135

Figure 2 Basic dimensions BELAZ 75135

2.1. Proračun transporta 2.1. Transport calculation

Proračun transporta P. K. „Vrtlište“ – vanjsko The transport calculation of PK "Vrtlište" - the
odlagalište „Bijele Vode“ vršen je softverom external landfill „Bijele Vode“ is carried out by
razvijenim na Rudarskom institutu (RI) Tuzla, a software developed at the Mining Institute (RI)
na osnovu shema putnih mreža (slika 3. i slika Tuzla, and based on the scheme of road
4.) i karakteristika transportnih dionica datih u networks (Figures 3 and 4), and characteristics
tabelama 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11. i 12. of transport sections given in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.

Slika 3. Transportna shema dionica sa P. K. „Vrtlište“ na vanjsko odlagalište

„Bijele Vode” – etaže završnog platoa odlagališta
Figure 3 Transportion scheme of sections from P. K. "Vrtlište"
to the external landfill „Bijele Vode” - the level of the final landfill surfice

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Slika 4. Transportna shema dionica sa P. K. „Vrtlište“ na vanjsko odlagalište

„Bijele Vode” - etaže južne završne kosine
Figure 4 Transportation scheme of sections from P. K. "Vrtlište" to the external landfill
„Bijele Vode” - the level of the southern end slope

Tabela 2. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-566 na O-640

Table 2 Characteristics of the road network for the E-566 to O-640
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Altitude Vrsta podloge
Section length Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0,260 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00 Flat road
Etažni put
3 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Flat road
Stacionarni put
4 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
5 0,935 622,00-645,00 23,00 2,45
Stationary road
Odlagališni put
6 0,412 645,00-640,00 5,00 -1,21
Landfill road

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Tabela 3. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-554 na O-645

Table 3 Characteristics of the road network for the E-554 to O-645

Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Altitude Vrsta podloge
Section length Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0,243 554,00-566,00 12,00 4,93
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,372 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Etažni put
3 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Flat road
Etažni put
4 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Flat road
Stacionarni put
5 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
6 1,182 622,00-645,00 23,00 1,21
Stationary road
Odlagališni put
7 0,227 645,00-645,00 0,00 0,00
Landfill road

Tabela 4. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-554 na O-650

Table 4 Characteristics of the road network for the E-554 to O-650
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Section length Altitude Vrsta podloge
Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0,243 554,00-566,00 12,00 4,93
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,372 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Etažni put
3 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Flat road
Etažni put
4 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Flat road
Stacionarni put
5 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
6 0,935 622,00-645,00 23,00 1,21
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
7 0,340 645,00-650,00 5,00 1,47
Stationary road
Odlagališni put
8 0,303 650,00-650,00 0,00 0,00
Landfill road

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Tabela 5. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-554 na O-655

Table 5 Characteristics of the road network for the E-554 to O-655
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Section length Altitude Vrsta podloge
Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0,243 554,00-566,00 12,00 4,93
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,372 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Etažni put
3 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Flat road
Etažni put
4 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Flat road
Stacionarni put
5 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
6 1,182 622,00-645,00 23,00 1,21
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
7 0,549 645,00-655,00 5,00 1,82
Stationary road
Odlagališni put
8 0,365 655,00-655,00 0,00 0,00
Landfill road

Tabela 6. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-554 na O-660

Table 6 Characteristics of the road network for the E-554 to O-660
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Section length Altitude Vrsta podloge
Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0,243 554,00-566,00 12,00 4,93
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,372 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Etažni put
3 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Flat road
Etažni put
4 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Flat road
Stacionarni put
5 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
6 1,182 622,00-645,00 23,00 1,21
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
7 0,590 645,00-660,00 15,00 2,54
Stationary road
Odlagališni put
8 0,365 660,00-660,00 0,00 0,00
Landfill road

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Tabela 7. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-566 na O-620 kamioni 25 t nosivosti

Table 7 Characteristics of the road network for the E-566 to O-620 trucks of 25 t capacity
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Section length Altitude Vrsta podloge
Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0,260 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Stacionarni put
2 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
3 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
4 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
5 0,935 622,00-645,00 23,00 2,45
Stationary road
Etažni put
6 0,560 645,00-620,00 25,00 -4,50
Flat road

Tabela 8. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-554 na O-620 kamioni 25 t nosivosti

Table 8 Characteristics of the road network for the E-554 to O-620 trucks of 25 t capacity
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Section length Altitude Vrsta podloge
Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0.243 554,00-566,00 12,00 5,00
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,372 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Stacionarni put
3 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
4 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
5 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
6 0,935 622,00-645,00 23,00 2,45
Stationary road
Etažni put
7 0,560 645,00-620,00 25,00 -4,50
Flat road

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Tabela 9. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-554 na O-550 kamioni 25 t nosivosti

Table 9 Characteristics of the road network for the E-554 to O-550 trucks of 25 t capacity
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Section length Altitude Vrsta podloge
Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0.243 554,00-566,00 12,00 5,00
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,372 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Stacionarni put
3 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
4 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
5 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
6 0,935 622,00-645,00 23,00 2,45
Stationary road
Etažni put
7 0,560 645,00-620,00 25,00 -4,50
Flat road
Etažni put
8 1,950 620,00-550,00 70,00 -3,50
Flat road

Tabela 10. Karakteristike putne mreže za dionicu sa E-554 na O-530 kamioni 25 t nosivosti
Table 10 Characteristics of the road network for the E-554 to O-530 trucks of 25 t capacity
Visinska razlika
Dužina dionice Kota Uspon / pad
Dionica Altitude Vrsta podloge
Section length Elevation Rise / fall
Section difference Substrate type
(km) (m.n.m.) (%)
(m)
Etažni put
1 0,243 554,00-566,00 12,00 5,00
Flat road
Etažni put
2 0,372 566,00-566,00 0,00 0,00
Flat road
Stacionarni put
3 0,239 566,00-578,00 12,00 5,00
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
4 0,419 578,00-605,00 27,00 6,44
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
5 0,930 605,00-622,00 17,00 1,82
Stationary road
Stacionarni put
6 0,935 622,00-645,00 23,00 2,45
Stationary road
Etažni put
7 0,560 645,00-620,00 25,00 -4,50
Flat road
Etažni put
8 1,950 620,00-550,00 70,00 -3,50
Flat road
Etažni put
9 0,615 550,00-530,00 20,00 -3,20
Flat road

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2.2. PRORAČUN KOMPLEKSA BAGER - 2.2. EXCAVATOR - TRUCK COMPLEX

KAMION CALCULATION
U tabeli 11. dati su ulazni podaci i rezultati Table 11 gives the input data and the results of
proračuna vremena utovara, koji će se koristiti the load time calculation which will be used in
u proračunu kamionskog transporta od mjesta the truck transport calculation from the point of
utovara do mjesta istresanja na odlagalištu, za loading to the place of landing at the landfill for
navedene utovarno-transportne komplekse. the above loading transport complexes.

Tabela 11. Rezultati proračuna utovara za bager BUCUYRUS RH-90C i kamione Belaz i CAT 777
Table 11 Results of the load calculation for the BUCUYRUS RH-90C excavator and the Belaz and
CAT 777 trucks
Jedinica BELAZ CAT 777
NAZIV Oznaka mjere
Vrijednost Vrijednost
NAME
Index Unit of Value Value
measure
Zapremina kašike bagera / utovarivača
V m3 10 10
Bucket / loader bucket volume
Koeficijent punjenja
kp - 0,94 0,94
Filling coefficient
Koeficijent rastresitosti
kr - 1,5 1,5
Coefficient of growth
Zapreminska masa stijene
γ t/m3 2,21 2,21
Rock volume mass
Koeficijent zbijanja
kz - 0,95 0,95
Coefficient of compaction
Zapremina korpe kamiona
Vk m3 71,2 60,1
Volume of the truck basket
Nosivost kamiona
q t/m3 110 90,9
Truckload
Vrijeme ciklusa bagera
Tc s 30 30
Time of the excavator's cycle
Vrijeme zamjene, manevra i istovara kamiona
Time of replacement, maneuver and Tz s 0 0
unloading of trucks
REZULTATI PRORAČUNA / CALCULATION RESULTS
Masa materijala u kašici
Gs t 13,85 13,85
Mass of the material in the excavator bucket
Zapremina stijene u kašici bagera
The volume of the rock in the excavator Vs m3.r.m 8,93 8,93
bucket
Broj kašika potreban za punjenje preko
zapremine kamiona preko nosivosti kamiona
kašika
The number of buckets required to charge nk 7,97 6,73
bucket
over the volume of the truck over the load
capacity of the truck
Usvojen broj kašika
nk - 7 6
Adopted number of buckets
Masa stijene u sanduku kamiona G t 96,95 83,10

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Mass of the rock in the box of trucks

Zapremina stijene u sanduku kamiona
V m3.r.m 62,51 53,58
The volume of the rock in the box of trucks
Zapremina stijene u sanduku kamiona
V m3.č.m 41,67 35,72
The volume of the rock in the truck box
Koeficijent iskorištenja nosivosti
kq - 0,88 0,91
Coefficient of load utilization
Koeficijent iskorištenja zapremine kamiona
kv - 0,59 0,59
Coefficient of volume utilization of trucks
Vrijeme utovara kamiona
Tu h 0,058 0,050
Time of truck loading

Tabela 12. Rezultati proračuna utovara za bager kašikar 5 m3 i kamion nosivosti 25 tona
Table 12 The results of the load calculation for a 5 m3 bucket excavator and a truck with a capacity of
25 tons
NAZIV Oznaka Jedinica mjere Vrijednost
NAME Index Unit of measure Value
Zapremina kašike bagera / utovarivača
V m3 5
Bucket / loader bucket volume
Koeficijent punjenja
kp - 0,94
Filling coefficient
Koeficijent rastresitosti
kr - 1,5
Coefficient of growth
Zapreminska masa stijene
γ t/m3 2,21
Rock volume mass
Koeficijent zbijanja
kz - 0,95
Coefficient of compaction
Zapremina korpe kamiona
Vk m3 13,5
Volume of the truck basket
Nosivost kamiona
q t/m3 25
Truckload
Vrijeme ciklusa bagera
Tc s 30
Time of the excavator's cycle
Vrijeme zamjene, manevra i istovara kamiona
Tz s 0
Time of replacement, maneuver and unloading of trucks
REZULTATI PRORAČUNA / CALCULATION RESULTS
Masa materijala u kašici
Gs t 6,92
Mass of the material in the bucket
Zapremina stijene u kašici bagera
Vs m3.r.m 4,47
The volume of the rock in the excavator bucket
Broj kašika potreban za punjenje preko zapremine kamiona
preko nosivosti kamiona
nk kašika 3,02
The number of buckets required to charge over the volume
of the truck over the load capacity of the truck
Usvojen broj kašika
nk - 3
Adopted number of buckets

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NAZIV Oznaka Jedinica mjere Vrijednost

NAME Index Unit of measure Value
Masa stijene u sanduku kamiona
G t 20,77
Mass of the rock in the box of trucks
Zapremina stijene u sanduku kamiona
V m3.r.m 13,40
The volume of the rock in the truck box
Zapremina stijene u sanduku kamiona
V m3.č.m 8,93
The volume of the rock in the truck box
Koeficijent iskorištenja nosivosti
kq - 0,83
Coefficient of load utilization
Koeficijent iskorištenja zapremine kamiona
kv - 0,66
Coefficient of volume utilization of trucks
Vrijeme utovara kamiona
Tu h 0,025
Time of truck loading

U tabeli 13., 14. i 15. date su karakteristike Tables 13, 14, and 15 give the characteristics
kompleksa bager - kamion koji će raditi na of the excavator-truck complex that will work
utovaru i transportu otkrivke. on loading and transporting the discovery.

Tabela 13. Kompleks UTK1 (bager kašikar BUCUYRUS RH-90C-10 m3 - kamion CAT 777D 90t)
Table 13 Complex UTK1 (excavator bucket BUCUYRUS RH-90C-10 m3 - truck CAT 777D 90t)
KOMPLEKS
POKAZATELJ OZNAKA
COMPLEX
INDICATOR INDEX
UTK 1
Transportno sredstvo Kamion (Vs = 60,1m3)
Transport device Truck (Vs = 60,1m3)
Snaga pogonskog motora (kW)
S 746,00
Drive engine power (kW)
Snaga pomoćnih uređaja (kW)
SO 112,00
Auxiliary devices power (kW)
Snaga za istresanje (kW)
SIS 522,00
Shaking power (kW)
Koeficijent iskorištenja snage u prijenosnom
mehanizmu ETM 0,88
Power utilization coefficient in transmission
Vlastita masa dampera (t)
G 70,00
Dumper weight (t)
Deklarirana nosivost dampera (t)
DND 90,90
Dumper load capacity (t)
Prosječna nosivost dampera (t)
WPR 85,52
Dumper carrying capacity (t)
Prosječno punjenje dampera (m3.č.m)
WO 38,70
Average dumper filling (m3.č.m)
Nadmorska visina rada dampera (m)
H 580,00
Dumper operation altitude (m)
Dozvoljeni koeficijent opterećenja
DKN 0,88
Permissible load factor
Brzine (km/h): Vmax1
Wmax1 40,00
Speed (km / h): Vmax1

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Vmax2 Wmax2 30,00

Vmax3 Wmax3 20,00
Vrijeme utovara dampera (h)
TU 0,050
Dumper loading time (h)
Vrijeme istovara dampera (h)
TIS 0,017
Dumper unloading time (h)
Vrijeme manevra dampera (h)
TM 0,022
Dumper maneuver time (h)
Koeficijent iskorištenja kapaciteta dampera
ETAQ 0,910
Dumper capacity utilization factor
Specifični utrošak goriva (kg/(KW*m*)
BM 0,200
Specific fuel consumption (kg / (KW * m *)

Tabela 14. Kompleks UTK1 (hidraulični bager kašikar BUCUYRUS RH-90C - kamion Belaz 110 t)
Table 14 Complex UTK1 (hydraulic bucket excavator BUCUYRUS RH-90C - truck Belaz 110 t)
KOMPLEKS
POKAZATELJ OZNAKE
COMPLEX
INDICATOR INDEX
UTK 1
Transportno sredstvo Kamion (Vs = 71,2m3)
Transport device Truck (Vs = 60,1m3)
Snaga pogonskog motora (kW)
S 895,00
Drive engine power (kW)
Snaga pomoćnih uređaja (kW)
SO 179,00
Auxiliary devices power (kW)
Snaga za istresanje (kW)
SIS 626,00
Shaking power (kW)
Koeficijent iskorištenja snage u prijenosnom
mehanizmu ETM 0,88
Power utilization coefficient in transmission
Vlastita masa dampera (t)
G 100,00
Dumper weight (t)
Deklarirana nosivost dampera (t)
DND 110,00
Dumper load capacity (t)
Prosječna nosivost dampera (t)
WPR 103,40
Dumper carrying capacity (t)
Prosječno punjenje dampera (m3.č.m)
WO 46,78
Average dumper filling (m3.č.m)
Nadmorska visina rada dampera (m)
H 580,00
Dumper operation altitude (m)
Dozvoljeni koeficijent opterećenja
DKN 0,88
Permissible load factor
Brzine (km/h): Vmax1
Wmax1 40,00
Speed (km / h): Vmax1
Vmax2 Wmax2 30,00
Vmax3 Wmax3 20,00
Vrijeme utovara dampera (h)
TU 0,058
Dumper loading time (h)
Vrijeme istovara dampera (h)
TIS 0,017
Dumper unloading time (h)
Vrijeme manevra dampera (h)
TM 0,022
Dumper maneuver time (h)

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KOMPLEKS
POKAZATELJ OZNAKE
COMPLEX
INDICATOR INDEX
UTK 1
Koeficijent iskorištenja kapaciteta dampera
ETAQ 0,880
Dumper capacity utilization factor
Specifični utrošak goriva (kg/(KW*m*)
BM 0,200
Specific fuel consumption (kg / (KW * m *)

Tabela 15. Kompleks UTK2 (bager kašikar 5 m3 - kamion 25 t)

Table 15 Complex UTK2 (excavator bucket 5 m3 - truck 25 t)
KOMPLEKS
POKAZATELJ OZNAKE COMPLEX
INDICATOR INDEX UTK 1
Transportno sredstvo Kamion (Vs=10-15m3)
Transport device Truck (Vs=60,1m3)
Snaga pogonskog motora (kW)
S 228
Drive engine power (kW)
Snaga pomoćnih uređaja (kW)
SO 45,60
Auxiliary devices power (kW)
Snaga za istresanje (kW)
SIS 159,6
Shaking power (kW)
Koeficijent iskorištenja snage u prijenosnom
mehanizmu ETM 0,87
Power utilization coefficient in transmission
Vlastita masa dampera (t)
G 11
Dumper weight (t)
Deklarisana nosivost dampera (t)
DND 25
Dumper load capacity (t)
Prosječna nosivost dampera (t)
WPR 20
Dumper carrying capacity (t)
Prosječno punjenje dampera (m3.č.m)
WO 8,93
Average dumper filling (m3.č.m)
Nadmorska visina rada dampera (m)
H 560
Dumper operation altitude (m)
Dozvoljeni koeficijent opterećenja
DKN 0,96
Permissible load factor
Brzine (km/h): Vmax1
Wmax1 50
Speed (km / h): Vmax1
Vmax2 Wmax2 40
Vmax3 Wmax3 30
Vrijeme utovara dampera (h)
TU 0,025
Dumper loading time (h)
Vrijeme istovara dampera (h)
TIS 0,015
Dumper unloading time (h)
Vrijeme manevra dampera (h)
TM 0,017
Dumper maneuver time (h)
Koeficijent iskorištenja kapaciteta dampera
ETAQ 0,66
Dumper capacity utilization factor
Specifični utrošak goriva (kg/(KW*m*)
BM 0,246
Specific fuel consumption (kg / (KW * m *)

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Potreban broj kamiona, prosječna godišnja The number of trucks required, the average
potrošnja goriva i maziva računa se na osnovu annual fuel consumption and lubricants are
slijedećih izraza. calculated based on the following terms.
Smjenski kapacitet kamiona: Truck's shift capacity:

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄č ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 , 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 3 č. 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (1)

gdje su: where are:

Qč → časovni kapacitet kamiona, m3 č.m./h, Qč → truck time capacity, m3 h / h,

Tsmj → vrijeme trajanja smjene (8 sati), Tsmj → shift time (8 hours),

kv → koeficijent vremenskog iskorištenja kv → coefficient of time shift utilization.

smjene.

Godišnji kapacitet kamiona: Annual truck capacity:

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔) , 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 3 č. 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (2)

Potreban broj kamiona u radu: Required number of trucks in operation:

𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = , kamiona (3) 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = , trucks (3)
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

nsmj(g)→ broj smjena godišnje nsmj(g)→ number of shifts per year

Raspoloživo vrijeme rada kamiona u godini: Truck time available in the year:

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘−𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (4)

Utrošak goriva po kamionu godišnje: Fuel consumption per truck per year:

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (5)

N → snaga motora kamiona (kW) N → truck engine power (kW)

ks → koeficijent iskorištenosti snage motora ks → power utilization coefficient

Utrošak maziva po kamionu godišnje: Lubricant consumption per truck per year:

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0,02 ∙ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 , 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔/𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (6)

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3. REZULTATI PRORAČUNA 3. RESULTS OF THE TRUCK

KAMIONSKOG TRANSPORTA CALCULATION
Rezultati proračuna kamionskog transporta Calculation results of truck transport of the
otkrivke sa P. K. „Vrtlište“ Kakanj do open road from P. K. "Vrtlište" Kakanj to
odlagališta: časovni kapacitet, ukupna landfill: time capacity, total fuel consumption,
potrošnja goriva, vrijeme trajanja ciklusa (od cycle time (from loading point to unloading
mjesta utovara do mjesta istovara i nazad), point and back), average fuel consumption per
prosječna potrošnja goriva po ciklusu vožnje i driving cycle and per MS, number of MS
po MČ, potreban broj MČ, za date putne trase, required, for given routes, are shown in Table
prikazani su u tabeli broj 16. i za kamione 25 t 16 and for trucks with 25 t payload in Table
nosivosti u tabeli 17. 17.

Tabela 16. Rezultati kamionskog transporta na P. K. „Vrtlište“ RMU Kakanj za kompleks bager
zapremine kašike 10m3 i kamion CAT 777D i BELAZ
Table 16 Results of truck transport on P. K. "Vrtlište" RMU Kakanj for a 10 m3 bucket excavator
complex volume and truck CAT 777D and BELAZ
Ukupna Trajanje Časovni Prosječna
Količina Utrošak goriva
TRASE dužina jednog kapacitet potrošnja
materijala za jedan ciklus
trase ciklusa Qč goriva
(m3) 3 (kg/ciklusu)
(km) (min) (m /MČ) (kg/MČ)
The
total Duration Time Average Fuel
Material
length of one capacity fuel con- consumption
SECTIONS quantity
of the cycle Qč sumption per cycle
(m3) 3
route (min) (m /MČ)
(kg/MČ) (kg/cycle)
(km)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E-566-O-640 CAT 777 3,19 27,67 351.580,915 76,38 44,52 22,56

E-566-O-640 BELAZ 3,19 28,01 455.938,085 88,19 62,87 33,35

E-554-O-645 CAT 777 3,61 29,47 252.140,67 74,14 54,31 28,35

E-554-O-650 BELAZ 3,78 32,53 227.746,33 75,94 59,68 36,76

E-554-O-655 CAT 777 4,05 31,47 238.198,83 69,44 54,76 30,52

E-554-O-660 BELAZ 4,16 35,09 136.271,34 70,40 59,81 39,75

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Tabela 17. Rezultati kamionskog transporta na P. K. „Vrtlište“ RMU Kakanj za kompleks bager
zapremine kašike 5 m3 i kamion 25 tona
Table 17 Truck transportation results at P.K. RMU Kakanj "Vrtlište" for a 5 m3 bucket excavator
complex and a 25 ton truck
Ukupna Trajanje Časovni Prosječna
Količina Utrošak goriva
dužina jednog kapacitet potrošnja
TRASE materijala za jedan ciklus
trase ciklusa Qč goriva
(m3) (kg/ciklusu)
(km) (min) (m3 /MČ) (kg/MČ)
The
Time
total Duration Material Fuel consumption
of one capacity Average fuel
SECTIONS length quantity consumption per cycle
cycle Qč
of the (m3) (kg/MČ)
(min) (m3/MČ) (kg/cycle)
route

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E-566-O-620 3,34 20,81 859.720 16,99 16,36 8,60

E-554-O-620 3,70 22,52 98.010 15,70 16,51 9,39

E-554-O-550 5,65 32,25 286.500 10,96 15,67 12,76

E-554-O-530 6,26 34,93 475.211 10,12 15,46 13,64

4. ZAKLJUČAK 5. CONCLUSION
Rezultati proračuna kamionskog transporta The results of the calculation of the truck
otkrivke sa P. K. „Vrtlište“ Kakanj do transport of the excavation with P. K.
odlagališta vršeni su za časovni kapacitet, "Vrtlište" Kakanj to the landfill are completed
ukupnu potrošnju goriva, vrijeme trajanja for time capacity, total fuel consumption, cycle
ciklusa (od mjesta utovara do mjesta istovara i duration (from loading point to unloading
nazad), prosječnu potrošnju goriva po ciklusu point and back), average fuel consumption per
vožnje i po MČ, potreban broj MČ, za date cycle of defects in truck transport is carried
putne trase, i prikazani su u ovome radu. out by trucks and bulldozers. Transport of the
Odlaganje otkrivke kod kamionskog transporta excavation from the mine to the landfill „Bijele
vrši se kamionima i buldožerima. Transport Vode” is carried out with trucks CAT 777 D
otkrivke iz kopa do odlagališta „Bijele Vode“ and trucks BELAZ 75135 for the purpose of
vrši se kamionima CAT 777 D i kamionima forming final plates and trucks with tippers
BELAZ 75135 u svrhu formiranja završnih with a capacity of 25 to 55 tons for the purpose
platoa i kamionima kiperima nosivosti od 25 of forming the southern final slope of the
do 55 tona u svrhu formiranja južne završne landfill. The distribution of mass from the
kosine odlagališta. Distribucija masa sa etaža loading floor in the excavation floor to the
utovara u kopu na etaže istovara na odlagalištu landings unloading was made on the basis of
izvršena je na osnovu sveukupnog obračuna the total calculation of the required masses of
potrebnih masa otkrivke za formiranje završnih defects for the formation of the final plates of
platoa odlagališta i južne završne kosine. the landfill and the southern end slope. The
Proračun transporta P. K. „Vrtlište“ – vanjsko transport calculation of P. K. "Vrtlište" - the
odlagalište „Bijele Vode“ vršen je softverom external landfill „Bijele Vode” was carried out
razvijenim na RI Tuzla, a na osnovu shema by software developed at RI Tuzla based on
putnih mreža. the road network scheme.

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6. REFERENCES
[1] Dopunski rudarski projekat odlaganja
otkrivke iz površinskog kopa “Vrtlište” na
odlagalište „Bijele Vode” MRMU
“Kakanj” d.o.o. Kakanj.
[2] Zakon o rudarstvu Federacije Bosne i
Hercegovine (Službene novine 26/10 –
05. 05. 2010. godine).
[3] Pravilnik o tehničkim normativima za
površinsku eksploataciju ugljena
(„Službeni list SFRJ“, br. 4/86 i 62/87).

Corresponding author:
Kasim Bajramović
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici /
ZD RMU „Kakanj“ d.o.o. Kakanj
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Phone: +387 (0)61 136 095

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 62, (2020) …

NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA

SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE OF

SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE

Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad

Ajdin Jeleč2 REZIME
Danas, numerička analiza uz pomoć softvera CAD/CAE predstavlja
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
Faculty of Mechanical provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
Ansys. Osim osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica, geometrije za simulaciju u oba softvera.
B&H
2
University of Zenica
Polytechnic Faculty,
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
B&H Professional paper
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Ansys, SolidWorks, analysis is accomplished by two pieces of commercial software. So,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used. In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
Ansys, SolidWorks,
pipe

Paper received:
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća je zastupljena masovna decades, the massive use of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE i CAD (Computer Aided Design) pieces of
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, are: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisi od numerical analysis usually depends on a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, number of factors, such as the limitations of
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

60
62
Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 63 – 71, (2020) A. Bajtarević et al.: NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA …

NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA

SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE OF

SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE

Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad

Ajdin Jeleč2 REZIME
Danas, numerička analiza uz pomoć softvera CAD/CAE predstavlja
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
Faculty of Mechanical provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
Ansys. Osim osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica, geometrije za simulaciju u oba softvera.
B&H
2
University of Zenica
Polytechnic Faculty,
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
B&H Professional paper
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Ansys, SolidWorks, analysis is accomplished by two pieces of commercial software. So,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used. In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
Ansys, SolidWorks,
pipe

Paper received:
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća je zastupljena masovna decades, the massive use of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE i CAD (Computer Aided Design) pieces of
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, are: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisi od numerical analysis usually depends on a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, number of factors, such as the limitations of
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

60
63
Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 63 – 71, (2020) A. Bajtarević et al.: NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA …

U cilju usporedbe načina provođenja analize In order to compare methods of analysis and the
kao i dobivenih rezultata, u okviru rada je obtained results, the paper presents a numerical
proveden numerički proračun napona u cijevi stress calculation in central heating pipe using
centralnog grijanja pomoću dva komercijalna two commercial software, namely: SolidWorks
softvera, i to: SolidWorks Premium 2019 i Premium 2019 and Ansys Academic R1 2020.
Ansys Academic R1 2020. Analiza je The analysis was performed in case of static
provedena za slučaj statičkog opterećenja. load. Effects of temperature and welding
Uticaji temperature i zaostalih napona uslijed residual stresses are not considered.
zavarivanja cijevi su zanemareni.

2. TEHNIČKI OPIS 2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Za potrebe analize izvršeno je modeliranje For the purposes of the analysis, a simple
jednostavnog sklopa dvije bakrene cijevi i dva assembly of two copper pipes and two holders
držača (slika 1.). Spoj cijevi je izveden u obliku was performed (Figure 1). The pipe connection
zavarenog koljenastog priključka pod uglom od is made in form of a welded elbow connection
90°. Vanjski prečnik obje cijevi je 28 mm, a at an angle of 90°. The outer diameter of both
debljine stijenke 1 mm. Dužine cijevi su 1000 i pipes is 28 mm, and the wall thickness is 1 mm.
500 mm. Pipe lengths are 1000 and 500 mm.

Slika 1. Dimenzijske karakteristike posmatranog modela

Figure 1 Dimensional characteristics of the observed model

Modeliranje je izvršeno na način da su obje The modeling was performed in such a way that
cijevi i odgovarajući priključak kreirani iz both pipes and corresponding connection were
jednog dijela (SolidWorks Part). Također, created from one part (SolidWorks Part). Also,
držači cijevi su modelirani kao posebni pipe holders are modeled as special elements,
elementi, širine 30 mm i vanjskog prečnika 35 30 mm wide and 35 mm outer diameter. In
mm. U cilju pojednostavljenja analize, order to simplify the analysis, screw
izostavljene su zavrtanjske veze kojima se connections that make a tight connection
ostvaruje čvrsti spoj između cijevi i držača. between pipe and holder are omitted. The
Spajanje držača i cijevi je provedeno connection between holder and pipe was carried
postavljanjem uslova koncentričnosti, out by setting conditions of concentricity,
ograničenja rotacije i definirane udaljenosti rotation restrictions and defined distance of the
držača od priključka (po 250 mm). Dodijeljeni holder from the connection (250 mm each). The
materijal za cijevi i priključak je bakar, a za assigned material for pipes and fitting is copper

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 63 – 71, (2020) A. Bajtarević et al.: NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA …

držače konstrukcioni čelik (EN 10025:2004 and for holders structural steel (EN 10025:2004
S355JR). Kompletan postupak modeliranja i S355JR). The complete process of modeling
pripreme sklopa za simulaciju je proveden uz and preparing simulation circuit was performed
pomoć softvera SolidWorks. Model je kreiran by using of SolidWorks software. The model
po uzoru na realne primjere cijevnih was based on real examples of pipe
konstrukcija koji se koriste u sistemu constructions used in the central heating
centralnog grijanja. Optimalan unutrašnji system. The optimal internal pressure in such a
pritisak u ovakvom sistemu je 1,5 bar [1]. system is 1.5 bar [1].

3. ANALITIČKI PRORAČUN 3. ANALYTICAL CALCULATION

U cilju verifikacije rezultata ostvarenih For the verification purpose of the results
numeričkim pristupom, moguće je izvršiti achieved by the numerical approach, it is
analitički proračun obodnih i uzdužnih napona possible to perform an analytical calculation of
koji se javljaju u stijenci cijevi, pod dejstvom circumferential and longitudinal stresses that
unutrašnjeg pritiska. Prema tome, u okviru occur in pipe wall, under effect of internal
ovog rada, vanjsko opterećenje je definirano u pressure. Therefore, within this work, the
obliku unutrašnjeg pritiska koji ravnomjerno external load is defined in the form of an
djeluje na unutrašnjoj površini cijevi u internal pressure that acts evenly on the inner
vrijednosti od 2 bara (0,2 MPa). Što znači da je surface of the pipe at a value of 2 bar (0.2
prema [2], obodni napon unutar stijenke cijevi MPa). According to [2], the circumferential
definiranih mjera jednak: stress of the pipe wall of defined dimensions is
equal to:
p∙r 0,2∙13
σ1 =
t
= 1
= 2,6 MPa ...(1)
p∙r 0,2∙13
σ1 =
t
= 1
= 2,6 MPa ...(1)
Uzdužni napon unutar stijenke cijevi, prema [2]
se određuje izrazom: Longitudinal stress of the pipe wall, according
to [2] is determined by the expression:
p∙r 0,2∙13
σ2 =
2t
= 2
= 1,3 MPa ...(2)
p∙r 0,2∙13
σ2 =
2t
= 2
= 1,3 MPa ...(2)

4. NUMERIČKA ANALIZA U SOFTVERU 4. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IN

SOLIDWORKS PREMIUM 2019 SOLIDWORKS PREMIUM 2019
4.1. Definiranje graničnih uslova 4.1. Defining boundary conditions
U sistemu centralnog grijanja, cijevi koje služe In a central heating system, pipes used to
za dovod/odvod vode do/iz radijatora se obično supply/drain water to/from the radiator are
montiraju pomoću određenih nosača i usually mounted with certain brackets and
zavrtanjskih veza za zid, tako da je pomjeranje screw connections to the wall, so moving is
onemogućeno. Po uzoru na takvu praksu je disabled. Following the example of such
izvršeno i postavljanje graničnih uslova u practice, setting of boundary conditions in the
slučaju simulacije posmatranog modela. Prema case of simulation of observed model was
tome, na oba nosača je definiran fiksni oslonac, performed. Therefore, a fixed support is defined
čime je onemogućeno kretanje u svim on both supports, which prevents movement in
pravcima. Pored definiranja oslonca, all directions. In addition to defining the
postavljeno je opterećenje u obliku unutrašnjeg support, a load in the form of an internal
pritiska u vrijednosti od 0,2 MPa (slika 2.). pressure of 0.2 MPa was set (Figure 2).

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Slika 2. Postavljanje fiksnog oslonca i unošenje radnog opterećenja

Figure 2 Defining of fixed support and entering workload

U narednom koraku kreirana je mreža konačnih In the next step, a finite element mesh size of 5
elemenata veličine elementa od 5 mm. mm is created.

4.2. Ispis rezultata 4.2. Results overview

Kako se može vidjeti na slici 3., prema Von As it is presented in Figure 3, according to the
Misesovoj hipotezi, maksimalne vrijednosti Von Mises, maximum stress values reach up to
napona dostižu do 6,191 MPa. Na mjestima 6,191 MPa. At the weld points, the stress is
zavara, napon je oko 1,5 MPa (zbog zadebljane approximately 1.5 MPa (due to the thickened
stijenke). Na mjestima izvan zavara (u ZUT-u), wall). In places outside the welds (in the HAZ),
vrijednosti napona su oko 2,3 MPa. the stress values are about 2.3 MPa.

Slika 3. Von Misesovi naponi u SolidWorksu

Figure 3 Von Mises stresses in SolidWorks

Vrijednosti obodnih napona u zoni uticaja The values of the circumferential stresses in
toplote (neposredno uz zavar) su prikazane na heat affected zone (immediately next to the
slici 4., i to za cijev dužine 1 m (slika 4. lijevo) weld) are shown in Figure 4, for a 1 m long
i za cijev dužine 0,5 m (slika 4. desno). pipe (Figure 4 on the left) and for a 0.5 m long
pipe (Figure 4 on the right).

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Slika 4. Obodni naponi u SolidWorksu

Figure 4 Circumferential stresses in SolidWorks

Analogno obodnim naponima, vrijednosti The values of longitudinal stresses are

uzdužnih napona su predstavljene na slici 5. presented in Figure 5. Right figure shows stress
Desna slika pokazuje vrijednosti napona na values on shorter pipe (0.5 m) and left on the
kraćoj cijevi (0,5 m), a lijeva na dužoj (1 m). longer one (1 m).

Slika 5. Uzdužni naponi u SolidWorksu

Figure 5 Longitudinal stresses in SolidWorks

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4.3. Analiza rezultata 4.3. Analysis of results

Na slici 4. prikazano je da su vrijednosti Figure 4 shows that the values of the
obodnih napona proračunatih u stijenci duže circumferential stresses calculated in the wall of
cijevi za nekih 0,2 MPa u prosjeku više od the longer pipe are about 0.2 MPa higher than
vrijednosti ovih napona u stijenci kraće cijevi. values of these stresses in wall of shorter pipe.
Također, simulacija u SolidWorksu je pokazala Also, SolidWorks simulation showed that
da su vrijednosti u dužoj cijevi uglavnom više values in longer tube were generally higher than
od analitičke vrijednosti (2,6 MPa). S druge analytical value (2.6 MPa). On the other hand,
strane, vrijednosti napona stijenke kraće cijevi the values of the wall stress of shorter pipe are
su niže od očekivane vrijednosti u svim lower than expected value at all test points. The
probnim tačkama. Prosječna vrijednost average value of longitudinal stresses in wall of
uzdužnih napona u stijenci duže i kraće cijevi je a longer and shorter pipe is about 1.3 MPa,
oko 1,3 MPa, što se poklapa s analitičkim which coincides with the analytical calculation
proračunom (izraz 2). (expression 2).

5. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IN ANSYS

5. NUMERIČKA ANALIZA U SOFTVERU ACADEMIC R1 2020 SOFTWARE
ANSYS ACADEMIC R1 2020 5.1 Defining boundary conditions
5.1 Definiranje graničnih uslova For the purposes of analysis, geometry modeled
Za potrebe analize korištena je geometrija in SolidWorks software recorded as an IGS file
modelirana u softveru SolidWorks, koja je was used, so that it could be used in Ansys
snimljena kao IGS dokument, da bi se kao software. In order to be able to compare results
takva mogla koristiti u softveru Ansys. Da bi se of same numerical analysis through two
rezultati iste numeričke analize kroz dva different software, setting of boundary
različita softvera mogli porediti, postavka conditions for analysis in the Ansys software
graničnih uslova za analizu u softveru Ansys je was done in the same way as in SolidWorks
urađena na identičan način kao u softveru software. Therefore, a fixed support is placed
SolidWorks. Prema tome, postavljen je fiksni on the support surfaces, as in Figure 2, and the
oslonac na površine nosača, kao na slici 2., te value of working pressure on inner pipe surface
uvedena vrijednost radnog pritiska na is introduced. To create a finite element mesh a
unutrašnjoj površini cijevi. Za kreiranje mreže tetrahedral form with size of 5 mm is used
konačnih elemenata korišten je tetraedralni (Figure 6).
oblik osnovne veličine 5 mm (slika 6.).

Slika 6. Definirana mreža konačnih elemenata

Figure 6 Defined finite element mesh

5.2. Ispis rezultata 5.2. Results overview

Nakon provedene simulacije prikazani su After the simulation, von Mises stress results
rezultati napona po Von Misesu pomoću were presented using Ansys software (Figure
softvera Ansys (slika 7.). Vrijednosti napona na 7). Stress values on the outside of the pipe
vanjskoj strani cijevnog priključka se poklapaju connection match according to two different
prema dva različita softvera. S druge strane, software. On the other side, values at points in
vrijednosti u tačkama u neporednoj blizini close proximity of the weld are lower according
zavara su niže prema analizi u softveru Ansys. to Ansys analysis.

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Slika 7. Von Misesovi naponi u Ansysu

Figure 7 Von Mises stresses in Ansys

Analogno analizi u SolidWorksu, prikazane su By analogy with the SolidWorks analysis, there
vrijednosti obodnih i uzdužnih napona u are shown the values of circumferential and
tačkama izvan zavara koje su proračunate longitudinal stresses at points outside the welds,
analizom u softveru Ansys. Na slici 8. date su calculated by Ansys analysis. Figure 8 shows
vrijednosti obodnih napona unutar stijenke duže values of circumferential stresses inside the
(lijevo) i kraće (desno) cijevi. wall of the longer (left) and shorter (right) pipe.

Slika 8. Obodni naponi u Ansysu

Figure 8 Circumferential stresses in Ansys

Slika 9. prikazuje rezultate numeričke analize Figure 9 shows results of numerical analysis of
uzdužnih napona kroz softver Ansys. Lijevi dio longitudinal stresses by Ansys software. The
slike pokazuje raspodjelu napona na cijevi left part of the figure shows stress distribution
dužine 1 m, a desni na cijevi dužine 0,5 m. on a 1 m long pipe and the right on a 0.5 m long
pipe.

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Slika 9. Uzdužni naponi u Ansysu

Figure 9 Longitudinal stresses in Ansys

5.3. Analiza rezultata 5.3. Analysis of results

Prosječna vrijednost obodnog napona u The average value of circumferential stresses in
stijenkama obje cijevi, na osnovu vrijednosti u walls of both pipes, based on values at random
proizvoljnim tačkama, iznosi 2,56 MPa (slika points, is 2.56 MPa (Figure 9). Thus, the
9.). Dakle, vrijednost obodnog napona koja je circumferential stress value obtained
dobivena numeričkim putem kroz softver Ansys numerically by Ansys software coincides with
se poklapa s analitičkom vrijednosti (2,6 MPa). analytical value (2.6 MPa). The average value
Prosječna vrijednost uzdužnog napona u stijenci of longitudinal stress in the wall of longer pipe
duže cijevi iznosi 1,21 MPa, a kraće cijevi 1,26 is 1.21 MPa, and shorter pipe 1.26 MPa.
MPa.

6. ZAKLJUČAK 6. CONCLUSION
Na osnovu provedenih analitičkih i numeričkih Based on performed analytical and numerical
proračuna može se generalno zaključiti da calculations, it can be generally concluded that
rezultati numeričke analize dobro prate results of numerical analysis are similar with
vrijednosti analitičkog proračuna. Time se analytical results. So, it is confirmed that the
potvrđuje da su granični uslovi definirani na boundary conditions are defined in the correct
pravilan način i da je numerička simulacija way and that numerical simulation was
provedena bez ikakvih smetnji, u oba slučaja. performed without any interference, in both
Također, poklapanje rezultata dokazuje da se cases. Also, matching of results proves that
geometrija modelirana u softveru SolidWorks geometry modeled in SolidWorks software can
može bez problema iskoristiti u softveru Ansys be seamlessly used in Ansys software using the
uz upotrebu odgovarajućeg formata (IGS). appropriate format (IGS). The geometry of
Geometrija cijevi centralnog grijanja je central heating pipe was modeled in form of an
modelirana u obliku sklopa (koji se sastoji iz assembly (consisting of two parts) and as such
dva dijela) i kao takva korištena za numeričku used for numerical simulation, which had no
simulaciju, što nije imalo utjecaja na rezultate u effect to results in observed part of pipe (along
posmatranom dijelu cijevi (uz cijevni the pipe connection). Finally, values obtained
priključak). Konačno, vrijednosti ostvarene by numerical analysis using both software
numeričkom analizom pomoću oba softvera deviate slightly from the analytical values
neznatno odstupaju od analitičkih vrijednosti (about 1%), which concludes that both software
(oko 1%), čime se zaključuje da su oba used are adequate for observed analysis.
korištena softvera adekvatni za posmatranu
analizu.

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REFERENCES
[1] R. Jauschowetz: HERZ TOPLOVODNO
GRIJANJE – HIDRAULIKA, Herz
Armaturen Ges.m.b.H, Beč, 2004.
[2] D. Bazjanac: Nauka o čvrstoći, Tehnička
knjiga, Zagreb, 1973.

Corresponding author:
Amna Bajtarević
University of Zenica
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Fakultetska 1, Zenica
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +387 62 162 882

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NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA

SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE OF

SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE

Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad

Ajdin Jeleč2 REZIME
Danas, numerička analiza uz pomoć softvera CAD/CAE predstavlja
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
Faculty of Mechanical provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
Ansys. Osim osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica, geometrije za simulaciju u oba softvera.
B&H
2
University of Zenica
Polytechnic Faculty,
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
B&H Professional paper
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Ansys, SolidWorks, analysis is accomplished by two pieces of commercial software. So,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used. In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
Ansys, SolidWorks,
pipe

Paper received:
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća je zastupljena masovna decades, the massive use of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE i CAD (Computer Aided Design) pieces of
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, are: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisi od numerical analysis usually depends on a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, number of factors, such as the limitations of
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

60
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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 73 – 74, (2020) INFORMATION …

NUMERIČKI PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA

SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A PIPE STRESS BY USAGE OF

SOLIDWORKS AND ANSYS SOFTWARE

Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad

Ajdin Jeleč2 REZIME
Danas, numerička analiza uz pomoć softvera CAD/CAE predstavlja
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
Faculty of Mechanical provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
Ansys. Osim osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica, geometrije za simulaciju u oba softvera.
B&H
2
University of Zenica
Polytechnic Faculty,
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
B&H Professional paper
SUMMARY
Ključne riječi: Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Ansys, SolidWorks, analysis is accomplished by two pieces of commercial software. So,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used. In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
Ansys, SolidWorks,
pipe

Paper received:
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća je zastupljena masovna decades, the massive use of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE i CAD (Computer Aided Design) pieces of
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, are: SolidWorks, Ansys, Abaqus, Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisi od numerical analysis usually depends on a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, number of factors, such as the limitations of
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

60
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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 73 – 74, (2020) INFORMATION …

NUMERIČKI
Dear Colleagues, PRORAČUN NAPONA U CIJEVI POMOĆU SOFTVERA
SOLIDWORKS I ANSYS
Although we are working in the specific circumstances regarding COVID-19 pandemic
situation, and hoping for
NUMERICAL an improvement
ANALYSIS OF A of PIPE
the situation,
STRESS we have a great pleasure
BY USAGE OF
to invite You to take part in The 6th Conference ‘MAINTENANCE 2020’, which will be
SOLIDWORKS
organized by the Faculty of Mechanical AND ANSYSofSOFTWARE
Engineering University of Zenica and held
in November of 2020. Due to the current situation, the Conference has been resched-
uled to the end of the year (ie. 20th and 21st November 2020).
Amna Bajtarević1 Stručni rad
Ajdin desire to continue the REZIME
Our Jeleč
2
tradition of holding the conference ‘MAINTENANCE’ indi-
Danas,and
cates that we want to live, work numerička
achieveanaliza
further uz common
pomoć softvera CAD/CAE
results regardlesspredstavlja
of
1
University of Zenica neizostavni dio svakog konstrukcionog projekta. U okviru ovog rada,
these specific circumstances. provedena je numerička analiza uz upotrebu dva različita komercijalna
Faculty of Mechanical
softvera u cilju usporedbe rezultata. Korišteni su softveri SolidWorks i
Engineering,
We would like to remind You theOsim
papers presented at this Conference are printed in
Ansys. osnovnog cilja, pokazana je mogućnost upotrebe iste CAD
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
the Proceedings that has both printed
geometrije and electronic
za simulaciju version (http://www.odrzavanje.
u oba softvera.
B&H
unze.ba/index.php) and is indexed in EBSCO databases.
2
University of Zenica
In the course of the previous five conferences, there were more than 200 papers sub-
Polytechnic Faculty,
mitted by more than 500 authors, and we express here our appreciation of the impor-
Fakultetska 1, Zenica,
tance and contribution of all these participants.
B&H Professional paper
At the end, we would like toSUMMARY
emphasize all papers were, and will be, subjected to an
adequate
Ključne riječi:review procedure.
Nowadays, every construction project includes numerical analysis by
numerički proračun, CAD/CAE software. In this paper, in order to compare results, numerical
Within
Ansys, analysis is accomplished
the conference "MAINTENANCE
SolidWorks, 2020", it isbyplanned
two pieces of commercial
to hold round-tablesoftware.
talksSo,
cijev software SolidWorks and Ansys are used.
on "POTENTIALS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DUAL EDUCATION OF ENGINEERS IN THE In addition to the main goal,
possibility of usage the same CAD geometry for simulation by two
FIELD OF MAINTENANCE" within the Erasmus+ project DUALSCI.
Keywords: different pieces of software is also shown.
numerical analysis,
We kindly
Ansys, ask You to forward this Call to Your colleagues at faculties, institutes, com-
SolidWorks,
panies
pipe You work with, and to other interested parties. All important information
related to The 6th Conference ‘MAINTENANCE 2020’ (about the First Call, conference
topics,
Paper important dates, the Instructions for Authors, etc.) can be found on the web-
received:
site.
10.06.2020.
Paper accepted:
29.06.2020.
With best wishes for your good health, we hope You will find time, strength and moti-
vation to participate in The 6th Conference ‘MAINTENANCE 2020’ in Zenica, by submit-
1.tingUVOD
a paper as well as attending the Conference 1. INTRODUCTION
in November of 2020.
U modernom konstrukcionom mašinstvu već In a modern construction engineering, for
nekoliko desetljeća
If You have je zastupljena
any further questions,masovna
please don’tdecades,
hesitate thetomassive
contactuse
us.of various commercial
upotreba različitih komercijalnih CAE CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) software,
(Computer Aided Engineering) softvera koji which work is based on finite element method,
rade na bazi metode konačnih elemenata. U have been represented. Essentially, any serious
Sincerely,
suštini, svaki ozbiljniji proračun se djelomično calculation is carried out partly or completely
ili u potpunosti provodi pomoću ovih by using these software tools. Thus, on the
Assoc. Prof. Dr Fuad Hadžikadunić, President of the Organizing Committee
softverskih alata. Prema tome, na tržištu danas, market today, there are a number of powerful
postoji niz moćnih CAE i CAD (Computer CAE([email protected],
i CAD (Computer Aided +387 32 449
Design) 134)of
pieces
Aided Design) softvera, a neki od najčešće software, and some of the most commonly used
korištenih su: SolidWorks, Prof. Dr Darko
Ansys, Abaqus,Petković,
are: President
SolidWorks,of the Scientific
Ansys, Abaqus,Committee
Catia, NX,
Catia, NX, FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, ([email protected],
FreeCAD, Autodesk Inventor, +387 32 449 143)
Comsol and
Comsol i dr. Odabir odgovarajućeg softvera za others. Selecting the right software for specific
određenu numeričku analizu obično zavisiS.odA. MSc.numerical
Emir Đulić, Secretary
analysis of thedepends
usually Conferenceon a
niza faktora, kao što su ograničenja softvera, ([email protected],
number of factors, such as the 32
+387 449 128)of
limitations
poznavanje rada u softveru, cijena koštanja software, software knowledge, licence cost
licence ili slično. price or the like.

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 75 – 80, (2020) N. Surname 1 et al.: TITLE OF PAPER

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Ključne riječi: SUMMARY (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Bold)
abecedni popis ključnih Title of the paper (up to 15 words). The full list of authors (without
riječi na bosanskom, specifying their ranks and academic titles). Summary (up to 150 words).
hrvatskom ili srpskom Summary should reflect as faithfully as possible the content of the paper. It
jeziku (Style: Times New outlines the methods used and highlight the results achieved as well as the
Roman, 10pt) contribution of the paper. Authors from the former Yugoslavia may write
the title, summary of paper and keywords in the Bosnian, Croatian or
Keywords: Serbian language. Keywords are generally taken from the title of paper,
Alphabetic list of but there is a possibility also to be taken from the summary. After the
keywords in English review process, authors may be instructed to make certain changes or
(Style: Times New Roman, additions to their paper. (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Italic)
10pt)

Paper received:
xx. xx. xxxx.
Paper accepted:
xx. xx. xxxx.

1. INTRODUCTION theory, technology and application with given

(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold) remarks by the author. Such a paper ends with a
Upon its acceptance, the article is categorized list of reference literature (bibliography) with
as follows: original scientific paper, preliminary all the necessary items in the related field.
notes, subject review, professional paper and Professional papers report on the original
conference paper. design of an instrument, device or equipment
Original scientific papers should report on not necessarily resulting from the original
original theoretical or practical research results. research. The paper contributes to the
The given data must be sufficient in order to application of well-known scientific results and
enable the experiment to be repeated with all to their adaptation for practical use.
effects described by the author, measurement Papers presented at scientific conferences can
results or theoretical calculations. also be published in the journal upon the
Preliminary notes present one or more new agreement of the conference organizer and the
scientific results but without details that allow author. (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt,
the reported data to be checked. The papers of Normal)
this category inform about experimental Papers to be published in the journal
research, small research projects or progress "Mašinstvo" should be written in English. The
reports that are of interest. metrology and terminology used in the paper
Subject reviews cover the state of art and have to meet legal regulations, standards and
tendencies in the development of the specific International System of Units (SI)

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1.1. Subtitle 1 (Writing Instructions) 1.1.1. Subtitle 2 (Preparation of Manuscript)

(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)
The text of the paper is arranged in sections and The paper should be written using Latin
when necessary into subsections. Sections are characters. Greek letters may be used for
marked with one Arabic numeral and symbols. The volume of the article is limited to
subsections with two Arabic numerals, e.g. 1.1., 10 pages (A4 format). That includes blanks and
1.2., 1.3., etc. When a subsection is arranged equivalent number of characters covered by
into smaller parts, all are marked with three figures and tables. Number of pages must be
Arabic numerals, e.g. 1.1.1., 1.1.2., etc. Further even.
divisions are not allowed. The text should be sent to the Editorial Board
The text has to be organized in the following using email. For the text preparing should be
order: used only MS Word for Windows respectively
Title of the paper (up to 15 words). Paper *.doc, *.docx (Word Document) or *.rtf (Rich
should have a concise but informative title that Text Format) format of records. The text has to
clearly reflects the subject of the paper. be prepared in accordance with this template.
Authors' full names (stated without ranks and The Editorial Board may exceptionally request
academic titles). the CD-ROM with recorded articles and figures
Summary - Abstract (up to 150 words) should and tables. In that case the figures (drawings,
present a brief and factual account of content diagrams and photographs) should be submitted
and conclusions of the paper, and an indication stored on the CD-ROM in JPG/JPEG, PNG,
of the relevance of the new material presented. TIF (TIFF Bitmap) or BMP (Windows Bitmap)
Title and abstract in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian format, min. resolution of 300 dpi. Each figure
(B/C/S) only for authors from the former should be labelled in the same way in both the
Yugoslavia. An alphabetic list of keywords in paper and recorded format (e.g. fig-1.JPG). If
English and in (B/C/S) is needed. Keywords figures are inserted into the text, their resolution
normally originate from the title and from the must be of min. 300 dpi.
abstract. Latin or Greek characters in italics are used for
Introduction should state the reason for the physical symbols and normal characters for
work, with brief reference to previous work on measuring units and numerical values. Text in
the subject. It informs about the applied method figures is also written with normal letters.
and its advantages. Character size is to be chosen on the basis of
Central part of the paper may be arranged in the following criterion: after expected figure
sections. Complete mathematical procedures for size reduction, a capital Latin character should
formula derivations should be avoided. The be about 2 mm high (no less than 6pt).
necessary mathematical descriptions may be All figures in the Journal will be printed in
given in an appendix. Authors are advised to black and white technique.
use examples to illustrate the experimental Coloured figures will be seen only in the PDF
procedure, applications or algorithms. In format on the website http://www.mf.unze.ba
general, all the theoretical statements have to be Tables are created with the word processing
experimentally verified. program. Each table is positioned in the desired
In Conclusions all the results are stated, and all place in the text. In the case of decimal
the advantages of the used method are pointed numbers, use comas (e.g. 0,253) and use a
out. The limitations of the method should be small gap to separate the thousands (e.g.
clearly described as well as the application 25.000, but not in the case of 1500).
areas. The texts under figures and table titles are in
Bibliography should be given at the end of the English language and in B/C/S for authors from
article and numbered in square brackets in order the former Yugoslavia.
of appearance of references in the text. Section titles and titles of subsections are typed
Corresponding authors' full names should be in small letters only in English language.
followed by the name and address of the Equations are numbered with Arabic numerals
institution in which the work was carried out. in parenthesis at the right margin of the text. In
A List of used symbols and theirs SI units is the text an equation is referenced by its number
optional after the bibliography. in parenthesis like "... from Eq. (3) follows ...".
Create equations with MS Word Equation
Editor (some examples are given below).

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(Notice: If you convert and save your document

4
O = wi f i = wi ( pi x1 + qi x 2 + ri ) (1) as a MS Word 2010 file and then add equations
i
to it, you will not be able to use previous
versions of MS Word to change any of the new
(o i − y i ) 2 equations.).
Ei = (2)
2 Figures and tables are numbered with Arabic
numerals (1 ÷ n). In the text, a figure or table is
 n2 referenced by its number (e.g. in Fig. 1, in Tab.
G (s ) = (3) 1, etc.).
s 2 + 2n s +  n2

Figure 1 The texts within formulas (only for authors from the former Yugoslavia)
(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic)

term of copyright, effective upon acceptance for

publication.
Author's warranties. The author warrants that
the article is original, written by stated author/s,
has not been published before and it will not be
submitted anywhere else for publication prior to
acceptance or rejection by "Mašinstvo",
contains no unlawful statements, does not
infringe the rights of others, and that any
necessary written permissions to quote from
other sources have been obtained by the
author/s.
Rights of authors. Authors retain the following
Figure 2 Simplified musculoskeletal model rights:
of an arm - All proprietary rights relating to the article,
(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic) other than copyright, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article
When reference to literature is made, the in future own works, including lectures and
publication number from the bibliography in books, and
square brackets is used like "... in [7] the - The right to reproduce this article for own
authors showed ...". In the bibliography, purposes, provided the copies are not offered
literature is cited in accordance with examples for sale.
given in the section titled Style Citation Guide.
Co-authorship. If the article was prepared
jointly with other authors, the signatory of this
2. COPYRIGHT TRANSFER form warrants that he/she has been authorized
AGREEMENT by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their
behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors
Copyright assignment. The author hereby
of the terms of this agreement.
assigns to the journal "Mašinstvo" the
copyright in the above article, throughout the
world, in any form, in any language, for the full

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Figure 3 Page setup

(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic)

regarding libel, copyright infringement and

plagiarism. The editor may confer with other
editors or reviewers in making this decision.
Fair play. An editor at any time evaluate
manuscripts for their intellectual content
without regard to race, gender, sexual
orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin,
citizenship, or political philosophy of the
authors.
Confidentiality. The editor and any editorial
staff must not disclose any information about a
submitted manuscript to anyone other than the
corresponding author, reviewers, potential
reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the
Figure X Photography resolution of 300 dpi (min.) publisher, as appropriate.
(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic) Disclosure and conflicts of interest.
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted
manuscript must not be used in an editor's own
3. PUBLICATION ETHICS AND research without the written consent of the
PUBLICATION MALPRACTICE author.
STATEMENT Contribution to editorial decisions. Peer
The publication of an article in a peer reviewed review assists the editor in making editorial
journal is an essential model for our journal decisions and through the editorial
"Mašinstvo". communications with the author may also assist
It is necessary to agree upon standards of the author in improving the paper.
expected ethical behaviour for all parties Acknowledgement of sources. Reviewers
involved in the act of publishing: the author, the should identify relevant published work that has
journal editor, the peer reviewer and the not been cited by the authors. Any statement
publisher. that an observation, derivation, or argument had
Publication decisions. The editor of the been previously reported should be
"Mašinstvo" is responsible for deciding which accompanied by the relevant citation. A
of the articles submitted to the Journal should reviewer should also call to the editor's
be published. attention any substantial similarity or overlap
The editor may be guided by the policies of the between the manuscript under consideration
Journal's Editorial Board and constrained by and any other published paper of which they
such legal requirements as shall then be in force have personal knowledge.

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5. STYLE CITATION GUIDE

Table 1 Table titles Bibliography
(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal)
Engineering True
Engineering The following recommendations are from The
plastic True stress plastic
stress Chicago Manual of Style, University of
strain σt / MPa strain
σe / MPa Chicago Press, 15th ed., 2003.
εe,pl / % εt,pl / %
250,0 0,00 250,8 0,00 For further information and examples of
additional types of sources, please visit
250,0 0,21 250,8 0,21
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
285,7 1,35 290,0 1,34
322,7 2,13 330,1 2,10 In the bibliography, please state your sources in
358,4 3,06 370,0 3,00 accordance with the exmaples given below.
393,1 4,35 411,0 4,24 Also, indent the second and subsequent lines.
423,6 6,05 450,1 5,85
Online sources that are analogous to print
449,7 8,76 490,1 8,36
sources (such as articles published in online
457,0 15,79 530,1 14,59 journals, magazines, or newspapers) should be
467,9 21,58 570,0 19,45 cited similarly to their print counterparts but
475,0 29,77 617,5 25,94 with the addition of a URL. Some publishers or
(Style in table: Times New Roman, 11pt, disciplines may also require an access date. For
Normal) online or other electronic sources that do not
have a direct print counterpart (such as an
institutional website or a weblog), give as much
4. CONCLUSION information as you can in addition to the URL.
Paper manuscripts, prepared in accordance with
the Instructions for Authors, are to be submitted
to the Editorial Board of the "Mašinstvo" Books
journal. Manuscripts and the CD-ROM are not
returned to authors. When prepared for printing, One author
the text may undergo small alternations by the [1] Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference.
Editorial Board. Papers not prepared in Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
accordance with the Instructions shall be
returned to the first author. When there are Two authors
several authors, the first author will be [2] Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar.
contacted. The Editorial Board shall accept the Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago:
statements made by the first author. University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Four or more authors

[3] Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon,
Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The
Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual
Practices in the United States. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Editor, translator, or compiler instead of

author
[4] Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of
Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951.

Chapter, essay or other part of a book

[5] Wiese, Andrew. “‘The House I Live In’:
Race, Class, and African American Suburban
Dreams in the Postwar United States.” In The

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Mašinstvo 1-2 (17), 75 – 80, (2020) N. Surname 1 et al.: TITLE OF PAPER

New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M. following examples show the more formal
Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99–119. Chicago: versions of the citations. If an access date is
University of Chicago Press, 2006. required by your discipline, include it
parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in
Books published electronically the example below.
If a book is available in more than one format, [10] Evanston Public Library Board of
you should cite the version you consulted, but Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic
you may also list the other formats, as given Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach.”
below. Evanston Public Library.
[6] Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-
The founders’ Constitution. Chicago: 00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-
pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. Also available in
print form and as a CD-ROM.
Corresponding author:
Name and surname
Journals Institution
Email: [email protected]
Scholarly journal (show volume & date) Phone: + xxx xx xxxxxx
[7] Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)
Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.

Popular magazine article (show date alone)

[8] Martin, Steve. “Sports-Interview Shocker.”
New Yorker, May 6, 2002.

Article in an online journal, magazine or

newspaper
Add the article’s URL to the basic citation.
However, for articles accessed through a third-
party database (e.g., JSTOR), list the URL of
the “main entrance” page of the database
instead of the individual article, e.g.
http://www.jstor.org/ or http://muse.jhu.edu/ If
an access date is required by your discipline,
include it parenthetically at the end of the
citation.
[9] Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric
Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive
Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the
Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement
Study (HERS) Trial." Journal of the American
Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6,
2002), http://jama.ama-
assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aai
nfo.

Websites
Websites may be cited in running text (“On its
website, the Evanston Public Library Board of
Trustees states . . .”) instead of in an in-text
citation, and they are commonly omitted from a
bibliography or reference list as well. The

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Ukratko o nama
Društvo „PRIM CO COMPANY” osnovano je 1999. godi-
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Kvalitet naših proizvoda je osnov našim klijentima za
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