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Block Diagram: 4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a technique that encodes data by modulating the amplitude and phase of two carrier waves. 4-QAM and QPSK use the same modulation scheme and produce identical radio waves. 8-QAM divides input bits into I, Q, and C channels, with each channel having a bit rate of one-third the input rate. The I and Q bits determine signal polarity while the C bit determines magnitude.

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295 views2 pages

Block Diagram: 4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a technique that encodes data by modulating the amplitude and phase of two carrier waves. 4-QAM and QPSK use the same modulation scheme and produce identical radio waves. 8-QAM divides input bits into I, Q, and C channels, with each channel having a bit rate of one-third the input rate. The I and Q bits determine signal polarity while the C bit determines magnitude.

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Nes Bocio
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BLOCK DIAGRAM

4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

The 4-QAM is generated same as with QPSK (Although the root concepts


of QPSK and 4-QAM are different, the resulting modulated radio waves are
exactly the same) by using mixers and a local oscillator shifted 90 degrees to
produce in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signals that are summed.

8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

The 8-QAM is generated by using input binary data that are divided into C
channel: I, Q, C. The bit ate in each channel is equal to one-third of the input
bit rate (fb/3).
DISCUSSION

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM is a signal in which two


carriers shifted in phase by 90 degrees (i.e. sine and cosine) are modulated
and combined. As a result of their 90° phase difference, they are in
quadrature and this gives rise to the name. Often one signal is called the In-
phase or “I” signal, and the other is the quadrature or “Q” signal. The resultant
overall signal consisting of the combination of both I and Q carriers contains
both amplitude and phase variations. In view of the fact that both amplitude
and phase variations are present, it may also be considered as a mixture of
amplitude and phase modulation. QAM is the family of symbol sets where the
symbols all lie on straight lines that form a square.

One of the types of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Technique is


4-QAM which is the same as the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. The 4-QAM
is an M-ary encoding technique where M=4 and number of bits necessary is 2
that’s why it is called Dibits encoding scheme. In theory, there isn’t any
different. For PSK symbol sets the detection is done by looking at the phase
of the received symbol. For the QAM symbol sets the detection is done by
looking at both the phase and the amplitude of the symbol. Because both
constellations here (4-QAM and QPSK) actually use the same symbol set, the
detection can be done in both ways and as such, they are the same.

Another type of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is 8-QAM where is


the same as the 8-PSK in the number of bits per symbol which is 3 that’s why
called as Tribits encoding scheme and also a M-ary encoding scheme where
M=8. The input binary data of 8-QAM are divided into groups of three bits: I,
Q, C. Each stream has a bit rate equal to one-third of the incoming data rate.
The I and Q bits determine the polarity of the PAM signal at the output of the
2-to-4 level converters which logic 1=positive and logic 0 = negative and the C
channel bits determine the magnitude logic 1 = 1.307V and logic 0 = 0.541V.

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