Alexandria University

Faculty Of Engineering

Electrical Comm. Department

fourth Year

Presented to: Dr\said El Khamy

Presented by: group(3)

Definition of WIMAX

WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a

telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using
a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to portable and
fully mobile internet access. The technology provides up to 3 Mbit/s broadband
speed without the need for cables. The technology is based on the IEEE 802.16
standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access). The name "WiMAX" was
created by WiMAX Forum , which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity
and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-
based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as
an alternative to cable and DSL".

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) is a technology being developed by IEEE

802.20 and is aimed at wireless mobile broadband for operations from 75 to 220 mph
(120 to 350 km/h). The 802.20 standard committee was first to define many of the
methods which were later funneled into Mobile WiMAX, including high speed dynamic
modulation and similar scalable OFDMA capabilities. It apparently retains fast hand-
off, Forward Error Correction (FEC) and cell edge enhancements.

The terms "fixed WiMAX", "mobile WiMAX", "802.16d" and "802.16e" are frequently used
incorrectly. Correct definitions are the following:

802.16-2004 is often called 802.16d, since that was the working party that developed
the standard. It is also frequently referred to as "fixed WiMAX" since it has no support for
mobility.

802.16e-2005 is an amendment to 802.16-2004 and is often referred to in shortened

form as 802.16e. It introduced support for mobility, amongst other things and is therefore
also known as "mobile WiMAX".

Mobile WiMAX or 802.16e standard was ratified by the IEEE in late 2005 as a
potential to emerge as a real viable competitor to existing 3G technologies. This
potential gained traction when South Korea elected to take a mobile WiMAX
compatible standard called wireless broadband (Wipro - since renamed to Mobile
WiMAX) to market. This standard however, was based on a different formulation
of OFDM than that chosen for the first product profile of 802.16-2004. The 802.16-
2004 standards support both formulations---however, the OFDM 256FFT system
was chosen for 802.16-2004

The original WiMAX system was designed to operate at 10-66 GHz and it had to
change to offer broadband wireless access (BWA) in the 2-11 GHz frequency range. To
do this, the WiMAX standard includes variants (profiles) that use different
combinations of radio channel types (single carrier –vs- multicarrier), modulation types,
channel coding types to provide fixed, nomadic or portable services.

WiMAX can provide multiple types of services to the same user with different QoS levels.
For example, it is possible to install a single WiMAX transceiver in an office building and
provide real time telephone services and best effort Internet browsing services on the
same WiMAX connection. To do this, WiMAX was designed to mix contention based
(competitive access) and contention free (polled access) to provide services which have
different quality of service (QoS) levels.

WiMAX protocols are designed to allow for point to point (PTP), point to multipoint (PMP)
and mesh networks. Operators can use the mesh configuration to allow it to link base
stations without the need to install or lease interconnecting communication lines. Some of
the services WiMAX operators can provide include leased line, residential broadband,
commercial broadband and digital television (IPTV) services.

WiMAX can use radio channel bandwidths that can vary from 1.25 MHz to 28 MHz and
data transmission rates can exceed 155 Mbps. The types of data connections on WiMAX
radio channels include basic (physical connection), primary (device control), secondary
(configuration) and transport (user data).

WiMAX Applications
This figure shows some of the applications that WiMAX systems can be used for. This
diagram shows that WiMAX can provide wireless broadband Internet access, telephone
access services, television service access and mobile telephone services.
WiMAX Radio Channel Types

This figure shows that WiMAX radio channels can be single carrier or multiple carriers.
This diagram shows that the bandwidth of WiMAX radio channels can vary from 1.25
MHz to 28 MHz in steps of 1.75 MHz This example also shows that a WiMAX system
that is using multicarrier OFDMA and how some of the subcarriers have been assigned
to a specific user.

WiMAX Standard Differences

This figure shows a comparison between the original Fixed WiMAX standard and the
WiMAX standard that can be used for fixed, mobile and portable. This table shows that the
original 802.16 standard was released in 2004 and it was only capable of providing fixed
wireless data services. It used OFDM modulation and could be deployed in both TDD or
FDD formats. The 802.16e standard was released in 2005 (now merged into the original
802.16 standard) was designed for fixed, mobile and portable operation. It used OFDMA
modulation with TDD and optionally FDD duplexing capability.

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential
applications:

• Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet.

• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile" broadband access.
• Providing data and telecommunications services.
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from
unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage.
• Providing portable connectivity.

WiMAX versus other systems :

WiMAX system can be compared with respect to 3G family, IEEE 802.11 [Wi–Fi], & others
as IEEE 802.20 [Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)] and IEEE 802.22 [Wireless
Regional Area Network (WRAN)]
Here is a brief comparison between some systems:
Subscriber units (Client Units)

WiMAX subscriber units are available in both indoor and outdoor versions from several
manufacturers. Self-install indoor units are convenient, but radio losses mean that the
subscriber must be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with
professionally-installed external units. As such, indoor-installed units require a much
higher infrastructure investment as well as operational cost (site lease, backhaul,
maintenance) due to the high number of base stations required to cover a given area.
Indoor units are comparable in size to a cable modem or DSL modem. Outdoor units are
roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of
a residential satellite dish.

With the potential of mobile WiMAX, there is an increasing focus on portable units.
This includes handsets (similar to cellular smart phones), PC peripherals (PC Cards or
USB dongles), and embedded devices in laptops, such as are now available for Wi-Fi.
In addition, there is much emphasis from operators on consumer electronics devices
(game terminals, MP3 players and the like); it is notable this is more similar to Wi-Fi
than to 3G cellular technologies.

BACKHAUL/ACCESS NETWORK APPLICATIONS

WiMAX is a possible replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as

GSM and CDMA, or can be used as a layover to increase capacity. It has also been
considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both
developed and poor nations.

In North America, Backhaul for urban cellular operations is typically provided via one
or more copper wire line T1 connections, whereas remote cellular operations are
sometimes "backhauled" via satellite. In most other regions, urban and rural backhaul is
usually provided by Microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is
operated by an incumbent with ready access to the copper network, in which case T1
lines may be used). WiMAX is a broadband platform and as such has much more
substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications.
Therefore traditional copper wire line backhaul solutions are not appropriate.
Consequently the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America
and existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded. Capacities of
between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order
of 1ms. In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and
then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient.

Deploying WiMAX in rural areas with limited or no internet backbone will be

challenging as additional methods and hardware will be required to procure sufficient
bandwidth from the nearest sources — the difficulty being in proportion to the distance
between the end-user and the nearest sufficient internet backbone.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Illustration of a WiMAX MIMO board

WiMAX is a term coined to describe standard, interoperable implementations of IEEE

802.16 wireless networks, similar to the way the term Wi-Fi is used for interoperable
implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard. However, WiMAX is
very different from Wi-Fi in the way it works.

MAC LAYER/DATA LINK LAYER

In Wi-Fi the media access controller (MAC) uses contention access — all subscriber
stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for
the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. This can cause subscriber stations distant
from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their
throughput.

In contrast, the 802.16 MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station
needs to compete only once (for initial entry into the network). After that it is allocated an
access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains
assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In
addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription the 802.16 scheduling
algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the
base station to control QoS parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the
application needs of the subscriber stations.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a digital multicarrier (MC) modulation
scheme. Its basic idea is to divide the transmitted bit–stream( high data rate) into many
sub–streams (narrowband subcarriers – low data rate), & then each of these on a
different carrier frequency.

Orthogonality

In order to assure a high spectral efficiency, sub–channels waveforms must have

separation of these overlapping transmit spectra. Nevertheless, to enable simple
overlapping sub–channels at receiver, they need to be orthogonal. Orthogonality is a
property that allows the signals to be perfectly transmitted over a common channel &
detected without interference. Set of functions are orthogonal to each other if they
match following condition:

OFDM Symbol :

symbol The OFDM

structure consists of three types of subcarriers:

1 Data subcarriers for data transmission

2. Pilot subcarriers for estimation & synchronization purposes (for IFFT size=256, - 88,
- 63, -38, -13/ +13, +38, +63, +88).

3. Null subcarriers for no transmission; used for guard bands (for IFFT size=256, - 128,
- 127... -101/ +101, +102... +127) & DC carriers

The number of these subcarriers will determine the required size for the FFT (or IFFT)
algorithm.
The transmitted baseband signal which is an ensemble of the signals in all the sub–
carriers can be represented as:

s[i]: Symbol carried on the in the Subcarrier

Bc: Frequency separation between two adjacent subcarriers (Subcarrier B.W).

f: Frequency of the first subcarrier.

T: Total useful symbol duration (without the C

OFDMA:

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is the way that users share subcarriers
& time slots (resources) “this technique can be compared relative to TDMA, FDMA, &
CDMA – Multiple access techniques –”. OFDMA is the classical extension of the
OFDM & essentially a hybrid of FDMA TDMA; users are dynamically assigned
subcarriers (FDMA) in different time slots (TDMA).

One significant advantage of OFDMA relative to OFDM is its potential to

reduce the transmit power & to relax the peak – to – average – power ratio( PAPR
)problem.

OFDMA Frame Structure:

Sub–Channel & Sub–Carrier Permutations:

Different ways of grouping subcarriers (tons) into channels called

Permutations. Permutations are summarized in the following table:

SOFDMA:
Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access allows
adjusting the number of sub carriers (FFT size) to the transmission
channel bandwidth. SOFDMA guarantees a higher spectral efficiency
due to a constant sub carrier spacing in different channel bandwidths.
That is

only achievable if a different number of sub carriers are used for

different channel bandwidths. The number of carriers should be a
multiple of 128.

So far there are 4 sets of sub carrier sets: 128, 512, 1024, & 204.

PHYSICAL LAYER

The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802.16)
specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a, updated in
2004 to 802.16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802.16-2004 was
updated by 802.16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequency-division
multiple access (SOFDMA) as opposed to the Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802.16d.
More advanced versions, including 802.16e, also bring Multiple Antenna Support
through MIMO. See: WiMAX MIMO. This brings potential benefits in terms of
coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth
efficiency. 802.16e also adds a capability for full mobility support. The WiMAX
certification allows vendors with 802.16d products to sell their equipment as WiMAX
certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long
as they fit the same profile.

Most commercial interest is in the 802.16d and 802.16e standards, since the lower
frequencies used in these variants suffer less from inherent signal attenuation and
therefore give improved range and in-building penetration. Already today, a number of
networks throughout the world are in commercial operation using certified WiMAX
equipment compliant with the 802.16d standard.

Transmitter:
1- Randomizer:

As described in the standard, the information bits must be randomized before the
transmission. Randomization process is used to minimize the Possibility of
transmissions of non–modulated subcarriers. The process of Randomization is
performed on each burst of data on the downlink & uplink, & on each allocation of a
data block (sub–channels on the uplink, & on each allocation of a data block (sub–
channels on the frequency domain and OFDM symbols on the time domain ).

2- Frame Error Correction (FEC):

WiMAX define many types of encoders as:

-Concatenated Reed–Solomon–Convolutional Code (RS–C) [Mandatory].

-Block Turbo Coding (BTC) [Optional ].

-Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) [Optional ] .

-Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) [Optional ].

3- Concatenated Reed–Solomon–Convolutional Code:

Concatenated Reed–Solomon–convolutional code (RS–CC) as a mandatory channel

encoder for the system.
The Reed–Solomon encoding shall be derived from a systematic RS (N=255, K = 239,
T = 8) code using GF(28), where:

N: number of overall bytes after encoding.

K: number of data bytes before encoding.

T: number of data bytes which can be corrected.

The following polynomials are used for the systematic code:

Field Generator Polynomial:

For the binary convolutional encoder, which shall have native rate of 1/2

constraint length equal to 7, & shall use the generator polynomials:

Interleaver:

Data interleaving is generally used to scatter error bursts & thus, reduce

error concentration to be corrected with the purpose of increasing

efficiency of FEC by spreading burst errors introduced by the transmission channel over
a longer time. Interleaving result is that burst of errors in the channel after interleaving
becomes in few scarcely spaced single symbol errors, which are more easily correctable.

All encoded data bits shall be interleaved by a block interleaver with a

block size corresponding to the number of coded bits per the allocated

sub channels per OFDM symbol, N cbps The interleaver is defined by a two step
permutation. First ensures that adjacent coded bits are mapped onto nonadjacent
subcarriers. The second permutation insure

that adjacent coded bits are mapped alternately onto less or more significant bits of the
constellation, thus avoiding long runs of lowly reliable bits. coded bits are mapped
alternately onto less or more significant bits of the constellation, thus avoiding long runs
of lowly reliable bits.

The first permutation is defined by Equation:

The second permutation is defined by Equation:

N cbpc: number of coded bits per subcarrier, i.e., 1, 2, 4 or 6 for BPSK QPSK, 16–
QAM, or 64–QAM, respectively.

K: index of the coded bit before the first permutation.

:mk: Index of that coded bit after the first & before the second permutation

jk: index after the second permutation, just prior to modulation mapping

C=Ceils (Nbpc/2).

4-Symbol Mapping:

After bit interleaving, the data bits are entered serially to the constellation mapper.
BPSK, Gray–mapped QPSK, 16–QAM, & 64–QAM.
5-Pilot Symbol:

Pilot symbols can be used to perform frequency offset compensation at the receiver.
Additionally, they can be used for channel estimation in fast time–varying channels.
Pilot symbols allocate specific subcarriers in all OFDM data symbols. These pilots are
obtained by a pseudo–random binary sequence (PRBS) generator that is based on the
polynomial

6-Training Sequences :

In WiMAX systems, preambles, both in DL & UL, are composed using training
sequences. Although three types of training sequences are specified. All preambles are
structured as either one of two OFDM symbols.

For DL transmissions, the first preamble as well as the initial ranging preamble consists
of two consecutive OFDM symbols. The first symbol is a short training sequence, P
SHORT, used for synchronization. The frequency domain sequence for this first DL
preamble is defined in following equation:

The second OFDM symbol uses a long training sequence, necessary in the receiver for
channel estimation. It is called P EVEN, The following equation defines the frequency
domain sequence for this long training:
aim of equating the root–mean–square (RMS) power with the power of the data
symbols.

Another training sequence shall be used when transmitting space–time Coded (STC)
downlink bursts. Because the STC scheme achieves diversity

By transmitting with two antennas, a preamble has to be transmitted from both transmit
antennas simultaneously. Thus, the first antenna transmits a preamble using P EVEN&
preamble transmitted from the second antenna is set according to the sequence P ODD

7- Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT):

IFFT is used to produce a time domain signal, as the symbols obtained after modulation
can be considered the amplitudes of a certain range of sinusoids. This means that each
of the discrete samples before applying the IFFT algorithm corresponds to an individual
subcarrier. Besides ensuring the orthogonality of the OFDM subcarriers, the IFFT
represents also a rapid way for modulating these subcarriers in parallel, and thus, the use
of multiple modulators & demodulators (multi crystal oscillators) spend a lot of time &
resources to perform this operation, is avoided. Furthermore, the FFT (or IFFT) should
be of length (where r is an integer number) to facilitate the realization of the
algorithm. For this reason, the FFT length is given by:

&OFDM symbol can be written as:

s[i]: symbol carried on thesubcarrier

Bc: frequency separation between two adjacent subcarriers (subcarrier bandwidth).

f: frequency of the first subcarrier.

T: total useful symbol duration (without the cyclic prefix).

8- Cyclic Prefix (CP):

robustness of any OFDM transmission against multipath delay spread is achieved by

having a long symbol period with the purpose of minimizing the inter–symbol
interference (ISI).

Sometimes it’s called guard time or guard interval & usually its 1/4.

9- RF stage:

The Previous stages were the baseband processing of the system. After that, the radio
frequency stage (RF) completes the job. It consists of D/A having the system frequency.
Resultant signal is at the operating frequency.

Receiver

Receiver carries out the reverse operations of the transmitter. It starts by a filter to limit
the noise, than down conversion of the frequency by RF stage to the intermediate
frequency (IF) to be ready for the baseband processing.

The first step of the baseband processing is to remove the cyclic prefix then FFT,
removing null sub–carriers & taking pilot symbols to be used later in channel
estimation, than signal enters the symbol de–mapper, after words it goes to the de–
interleaver & channel decoder, after words data goes to the higher layers.

The WiMAX de–interleaver performed in two steps

The first permutation is defined by Equation:

The second permutation is defined by Equation:

which Noting that the convolutional encoder decoder is the viterbi decoder may operate
in different modes like:

- Un quantized operation .

Hard decoding (decision) which takes samples of , determines whether each sample is
the received signal over or under a given threshold and thus decides whether the
incoming signal represents a ‘1’ or a ‘0.

Soft decoding (decision) which keeps distance of a sample value from t he decision
is threshold soft decoding shows better performance by 3dB [shows the same BER
measured, and then used to enhance the decoding process & overcome the losses of data
lower 3dB SNR] by dividing the incoming signal into many &done by hard decoding
within its incoming range & represent level using multi–bit levels

COMPLEXITIES OF DEPLOYMENT

Being a standard thought to satisfy the needs of next generation data networks, nomadic
and mobile (4G), it is distinguished by a dynamic burst algorithm that adapts the current
physical digital modulation according to field variables that are dependent on the radio
propagation conditions; the current physical mod is chosen to be spectrally more
efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol), that is, when the bursts have a high
signal strength and a high carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR) and they can be
easily decoded by the digital signal processing (DSP) Algorithms. In contrast, when
some of those conditions are bad, then the system chooses a more robust physical mode
(burst profile) which means less bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol, but with the
advantage that power per bit is higher and therefore accurate decoding is easier.
Because of this, higher order burst profiles can only be used (dynamically chosen by an
algorithm) when the attenuation is not high which means only for subscriber stations
located near the base station antenna and therefore the maximum distance can only be
achieved by means of selecting the more robust burst profile with the MAC frame
allocation inconvenience that it implies as more symbols (more portion of the MAC
frame) have to be allocated for transmitting a given amount of data than if the
subscriber station was close to the base station.

In the MAC Frame the subscriber stations are allocated and their individual burst
profiles defined as well as the specific time allocation, but even if that is done
automatically practical deployment should avoid high interference and high multipath
environments as opposed to what the average radio network planning team (and
executive staff from the adopting operator) could think, the reason for it lies in
excessive interference and competition during the Initial Ranging (IR) process due to
the usage of high transmitting power in base station (BS) and subscriber station (SS)
alike, which can result in unwanted delays and ranging attempts that effectively detracts
from a good user experience and can even result in wasted allocated symbols due to
continuous connections/re-connections.

The system therefore is very complex to deploy as it is necessary to keep in mind not
only the signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but it is also necessary to
think how the spectrum is going to be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamically
changing total available bandwidth)) to the served subscriber stations (other dynamic
burst systems have 2 or 3 burst profiles, WiMAX developments have showed up to 7 in
use at the same time), the DSP algorithms (Decodification) are tougher than in any other
wireless systems, yet they cannot reconstruct any burst in any environment; It is usually
very effective though, but coupled with OFDM/SOFDMA, it can result in a double
edged sword which means by having a tougher set of DSP algorithms, usually deployed
on specific purpose chips, the signal could (harmfully) reach farther distances than
expected due to tunnel effects (constructive interference with neighbor frequencies)
resulting in highly interfered clutters and with highly reflected signals, with very high
signal strength though which can fool the non experienced planning staff (usually
coming from 3gpp networks).

As a result the system has to be initially deployed in conjunction with product

development staff (who are usually involved in the technology development in some
way) from the given vendor as opposed to service technical staff (radio planning) from
the operator or vendor as is usual practice, thus raising the cost of deployment. As with
all new technologies, configuration and maintenance will become easier to use as more
deployments occur.

SPECTRUM ALLOCATION ISSUES

THE 802.16 SPECIFICATION APPLIES ACROSS A WIDE SWATH OF THE RF SPECTRUM,

AND WIMAX COULD FUNCTION ON ANY FREQUENCY BELOW 66 GHZ, (HIGHER
FREQUENCIES WOULD DECREASE THE RANGE OF A BASE STATION TO A FEW HUNDRED

METERS IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT).

There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, although the WiMAX
Forum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz,
in an effort to decrease cost: economies of scale dictate that the more WiMAX
embedded devices (such as mobile phones and WiMAX-embedded laptops) are
produced, the lower the unit cost. (The two highest cost components of producing a
mobile phone are the silicon and the extra radio needed for each band.) Similar
economy of scale benefits apply to the production of Base Stations.

In the unlicensed band, 5.x GHz is the approved profile. Telecommunication companies
are unlikely to use this spectrum widely other than for backhaul, since they do not own
and control the spectrum.

In the USA, the biggest segment available is around 2.5 GHz, and is already assigned,
primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clear wire. Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands
used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2.3 GHz probably being most important in
Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz, 3.3
GHz and other frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom uses 3.5 GHz.

Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available for WiMAX usage, but await the
complete roll out of digital TV, and there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum.
In the USA the FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result,
the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to
AT&T. Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE, a
technology which competes directly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane Reding
has suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication,
including WiMAX.

WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order
to have inter-operating products. The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD
and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed
profiles have channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile
profiles are 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note: the 802.16 standard allows a far
wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX
profiles.)

Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the
IMT-2000 set of standards. This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.5-2.69
GHz band at this stage) to use Mobile WiMAX equipment in any country that
recognizes the IMT-2000.