Heat and Mass Transfer

Introduction

Sudheer Siddapuredddy

[email protected]

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institution of Technology Patna

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Course: Heat and Mass Transfer

Prerequisites
Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics
References
Incropera FP and Dewitt DP, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer, Fifth edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
Cengel YA, Heat and Mass Transfer - A Practical Approach,
Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2010.
Holman JP, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 1997.

Class Timings: ME305

Tue: 9 AM to 10 AM, Room-107
Wed, Thu, Fri: 11 AM to 12 AM, Room-107 Weblinks

www.iitp.ac.in/∼sudheer/teaching.html

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Course Content: Heat and Mass Transfer

Convection:
Introduction:
Introduction
What, How, and Where?
External and internal flows
Thermodynamics and Heat
Free convection
transfer
Boiling and condensation
Application
Heat exchangers
Physical mechanism of heat
Radiation:
transfer
Introduction
Conduction:
View factors
Introduction
Mass Transfer:
1D, steady-state
Introduction
2D, steady-state
Mass diffusion equation
Transient
Transient diffusion

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Heat Transfer - What?

The science that deals with the determination of the rates of

energy transfer due to temperature difference.

Driving force
Temperature difference
as the voltage difference in electric current
as the pressure difference in fluid flow
Rate depends on magnitude of dT

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Heat Transfer - How?

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Heat Transfer - Where?

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Heat Transfer - Where else?

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Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Thermodynamics
Deals with the amount of energy (heat or work) during a process
Only considers the end states in equilibrium
Why?

Heat Transfer
Deals with the rate of energy transfer
Transient and non-equilibrium
How long?

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Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth law - Temperature
First law Energy conserved
Second law Entropy
Third law S → constant as T → 0

Laws of Heat Transfer

Fouriers law - Conduction
Newtons law of cooling - Convection
Stephan-Boltzmann law - Radiation

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Heat Transfer - History

Caloric theory (18th Century)

Heat is a fluid like substance, ‘caloric’ poured from one body
into another.
Caloric: Massless, colorless, odorless, tasteless

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Heat Transfer - History

Kinetic theory (19th Century)

Molecules - tiny balls - are in motion possessing kinetic energy
Heat: The energy associated with the random motion of atoms
and molecules

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Heat, Rate, Flux

Heat
The amount of heat transferred during a process, Q
Heat transfer rate
The amount of heat transferred per unit time, Q̇ or simply q
Z ∆t
Q= qdt
0
Q = q∆t, if q is constant

Heat flux
The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the direction
of heat transfer:
q
q 00 =
A

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Heat, Rate, Flux

24 W
q 00 = 2
= 4 W/m2
6m

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Conduction - Macroscopic View

Viewed as
The transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less
energetic particles of a substance due to interactions between
the particles.
Net transfer by random molecules motion - diffusion of energy

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Conduction: Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

T1 − T2 dT
qcond = −kA = −kA
∆x dx

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Problem: Conduction

The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15 m thick

fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m K.
Measurements made during steady-state operation reveal
temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer surfaces,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a wall that is
0.5 × 1.2 m2 on a side?
Ans: 1.7 kW

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Convection

Comprised of two mechanisms

Energy transfer due to random molecular motion - diffusion
Energy transfer by the bulk motion of the fluid - advection

Boundary layer development in convection heat transfer

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Convection - Classification

Forced and Free/Natural Convection

Boiling and Condensation

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Convection: Newton’s Law of Cooling

qconv = hAs (Ts − T∞ )

Process h (W/m2 K)
Free convection
Gases 2-25
Liquids 50-1000
Convection with phase change
Boiling and Condensation 2500-100,000

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Thermal Radiation

Radiation
Energy emitted by matter that is at a nonzero temperature
Transported by electromagnetic waves (or photons)
Medium?
Surface Emissive Power
The rate at which energy is released per unit area (W/m2 )

Eb = σTs4

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Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Law

For a real surface:

E = εσTs4
00
= εσ Ts4 − Tsur
4


qrad

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Ein − Eout = ∆Est

In rate form:

dEst
Ėin − Ėout = = Ėst
dt

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First Law of Thermodynamics

The inflow and outflow terms are surface phenomena.

The energy generation term is a volumetric phenomenon.
chemical, electrical
The energy storage is also a volumetric phenomenon.
∆U + ∆KE + ∆P E
∆U : sensible/thermal, latent, and chemical components

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Steady state with no heat generation

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Surface Energy Balance

Ein − Eout =0
qcond − qconv − qrad =0

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Problem Solving: Methodology

Analysis of different problems will give a deeper appreciation for

the fundamentals of the subject, and you will gain confidence in
your ability to apply these fundamentals to the solution of
engineering problems.
Be consistent in following these steps:
1 known
2 Find
3 Schematic
4 Assumptions
5 Properties
6 Analysis
7 Comments

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Problem: Conduction

The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the

ambient air and its surrounding, which are at 25◦ C, by a brick wall
0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m K
and a surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady-state conditions an
outer surface temperature of 100◦ C is measured. Free convection
heat transfer to the air adjoining the surface is characterized by a
convection coefficient of 20 W/m2 K. What is the brick inner
surface temperature.
Ans: 625 K

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Problem: Convection

An experiment to determine the convection coefficient associated

with airflow over the surface of a thick stainless steel casting
involves the insertion of thermocouples into the casting at
distances of 10 and 20 mm from the surface along a hypothetical
line normal to the surface. The steel has a thermal conductivity of
15 W/m K. If the thermocouples measure temperatures of 50 and
40◦ C in the steel when the air temperature is 100◦ C, what is the
convection coefficient?
Ans: 375 W/m2 K

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Problem: Radiation

The roof of a car in a parking lot absorbs a solar radiant flux of

800 W/m2 , and the underside is perfectly insulated. The
convection coefficient between the roof and the ambient air is
12 W/m2 K.
a) Neglecting radiation exchange with the surroundings, calculate
the temperature of the roof under steady-state conditions if the
ambient air temperature is 20◦ C.
b) For the same ambient air temperature, calculate the
temperature of the roof if its surface emissivity is 0.8.
c) The convection coefficient depends on air flow conditions over
the roof, increasing with increasing air speed. Compute and
plot the roof temperature as a function of h for
2 ≤ h ≤ 200 W/m2 K.
Ans: 86.7◦ C

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